CompTIA linux+ complete guide

Understanding Command-Line Basics 4Exploring Your Linux Shell Options 4 Exam Essentials 37Review Questions 38Answers to Review Questions 42 Package Concepts 46 RPM Distributions and Conv

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CompTIA Linux+ Complete Study Guide

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Linux+ Complete

Study Guide (Exams LX0-101 and LX0-102)

Roderick W Smith

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Dear Reader,

Thank you for choosing CompTIA Linux+ Complete Study Guide (Exams LX0-101 and

LX0-102) This book is part of a family of premium-quality Sybex books, all of which are

written by outstanding authors who combine practical experience with a gift for teaching.Sybex was founded in 1976 More than thirty years later, we’re still committed to producing consistently exceptional books With each of our titles we’re working hard to set a new stan-dard for the industry From the paper we print on, to the authors we work with, our goal is

to bring you the best books available

I hope you see all that reflected in these pages I’d be very interested to hear your comments and get your feedback on how we’re doing Feel free to let me know what you think about this or any other Sybex book by sending me an email at nedde@wiley.com, or if you think you’ve found a technical error in this book, please visit http://sybex.custhelp.com Cus-tomer feedback is critical to our efforts at Sybex

Best regards,

Neil Edde Vice President and Publisher Sybex, an Imprint of Wiley

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From one writer to another: Lola, keep writing your stories!

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Although this book bears my name as author, many other people contributed to its creation Without their help, this book wouldn’t exist, or at best would exist in a lesser form Jeff Kellum was the Acquisitions Editor, and so helped get the book started Pete Gaughan, the Development Editor, and Liz Britten, the Production Editor, oversaw the book as it progressed through all its stages Emmett Dulaney was the Technical Editor, who checked the text for technical errors and omissions—but any mistakes that remain are my own Tiffany Taylor, the copy editor, helped keep the text grammatical and understandable The proofreader, Publications Services, Inc., checked the text for typos I’d also like to thank Neil Salkind and others at Studio B, who helped connect me with Wiley to write this book

About the Author

Roderick W Smith is a Linux consultant and author He has written over a dozen

books on Linux, FreeBSD, and computer networking, including the LPIC-1 Study

Guide and Linux Administrator Street Smarts (both from Sybex) He can be reached

at rodsmith@rodsbooks.com

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Contents at a Glance

Chapter 6 Configuring the X Window System, Localization,

Chapter 9 Writing Scripts, Configuring E-Mail, and Using Databases 427

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Understanding Command-Line Basics 4Exploring Your Linux Shell Options 4

Exam Essentials 37Review Questions 38Answers to Review Questions 42

Package Concepts 46

RPM Distributions and Conventions 48

The rpm Command Set 50Extracting Data from RPMs 54

RPM and Yum Configuration Files 59RPM Compared to Other Package Formats 60

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Configuring the BIOS and Core Hardware 106Understanding the Role of the BIOS 107

I/O Addresses 112DMA Addresses 113Boot Disks and Geometry Settings 113Coldplug and Hotplug Devices 115Configuring Expansion Cards 117Configuring PCI Cards 117Learning about Kernel Modules 119Loading Kernel Modules 120Removing Kernel Modules 122

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An Alternative to Partitions: LVM 134Mount Points 134Common Partitions and Filesystem Layouts 135Creating Partitions and Filesystems 136Partitioning a Disk 137Preparing a Partition for Use 141Maintaining Filesystem Health 147Tuning Filesystems 148Maintaining a Journal 152Checking Filesystems 153Monitoring Disk Use 155Mounting and Unmounting Filesystems 158Temporarily Mounting or Unmounting Filesystems 158Permanently Mounting Filesystems 164

Managing Files 178File Naming and Wildcard Expansion Rules 178File Commands 180File Archiving Commands 185Managing Links 191Directory Commands 192Managing File Ownership 193Assessing File Ownership 194Changing a File’s Owner 194Changing a File’s Group 195

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xiv Contents

Controlling Access to Files 195Understanding Permissions 195Changing a File’s Mode 200Setting the Default Mode and Group 203Changing File Attributes 205Managing Disk Quotas 206Enabling Quota Support 206Setting Quotas for Users 207Locating Files 208

Tools for Locating Files 212

Installing Boot Loaders 226Boot Loader Principles 227Using LILO as the Boot Loader 228Using GRUB as the Boot Loader 233Understanding the Boot Process 238Extracting Information about the Boot Process 238Locating and Interpreting Boot Messages 239The Boot Process 240Dealing with Runlevels and the Initialization Process 241Runlevel Functions 241Identifying the Services in a Runlevel 243Managing Runlevel Services 245Checking Your Runlevel 247Changing Runlevels on a Running System 247Editing Files with Vi 250Understanding Vi Modes 251Exploring Basic Text-Editing Procedures 251Saving Changes 254

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Contents xv

Configuring Basic X Features 268

X Server Options for Linux 268Methods of Configuring X 269

X Configuration Options 273Obtaining X Display Information 281Configuring X Fonts 282Font Technologies and Formats 282Configuring X Core Fonts 283Configuring a Font Server 285Configuring Xft Fonts 286Managing GUI Logins 287The X GUI Login System 288Running an XDMCP Server 289Configuring an XDMCP Server 290Using X for Remote Access 291

X Client/Server Principles 292Using Remote X Clients 292

X Accessibility 295Keyboard and Mouse Accessibility Issues 295Screen Display Settings 297Using Additional Assistive Technologies 299Configuring Localization and Internationalization 299Setting Your Time Zone 300Querying and Setting Your Locale 301Configuring Printing 305Conceptualizing the Linux Printing Architecture 305Understanding PostScript and Ghostscript 306Running a Printing System 308Configuring CUPS 309Monitoring and Controlling the Print Queue 315

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xvi Contents

Managing Users and Groups 330Understanding Users and Groups 330Configuring User Accounts 333Configuring Groups 344Tuning User and System Environments 348Using System Log Files 349

Understanding syslogd 349

Setting Logging Options 350Manually Logging Data 352Rotating Log Files 353Reviewing Log File Contents 356Maintaining the System Time 358Linux Time Concepts 358Manually Setting the Time 359

Running Jobs in the Future 366

Understanding the Role of cron 366

Creating System cron Jobs 367

Creating User cron Jobs 368

Understanding TCP/IP Networking 384Knowing the Basic Functions of Network Hardware 384Investigating Types of Network Hardware 385Understanding Network Packets 387Understanding Network Protocol Stacks 387Knowing TCP/IP Protocol Types 389Understanding Network Addressing 390Using Network Addresses 391Resolving Hostnames 397Network Ports 399Configuring Linux for a Local Network 402Network Hardware Configuration 402Configuring with DHCP 402Configuring with a Static IP Address 404

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Contents xvii

Configuring Routing 406Using GUI Configuration Tools 408

Using the ifup and ifdown Commands 408Configuring Hostnames 409Diagnosing Network Connections 412Testing Basic Connectivity 412Tracing a Route 412Checking Network Status 414Examining Raw Network Traffic 414Using Additional Tools 416

Managing the Shell Environment 428Reviewing Environment Variables 428Understanding Common Environment Variables 429Using Aliases 433Modifying Shell Configuration Files 433Writing Scripts 435Beginning a Shell Script 436Using Commands 436Using Variables 438Using Conditional Expressions 441

Using Functions 444Managing E-mail 446Understanding E-mail 446Choosing E-mail Software 448Managing E-mail 450Securing Your E-mail Server 454Managing Data with SQL 455Picking a SQL Package 455Understanding SQL Basics 456

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xviii Contents

Administering Network Security 476Using Super Server Restrictions 477Disabling Unused Servers 483Administering Local Security 490Securing Passwords 490

Limiting root Access 494Setting Login, Process, and Memory Limits 495Locating SUID/SGID Files 497Configuring SSH 499

What You’ll Find on the CD 520Sybex Test Engine 520Electronic Flashcards 520PDF of the Book 520Adobe Reader 520System Requirements 521

Troubleshooting 522Customer Care 522

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Table of Exercises

Exercise 1.1 Editing Commands 10

Exercise 2.1 Managing Packages Using RPM 57

Exercise 2.2 Managing Debian Packages 68

Exercise 3.1 Creating Filesystems 146

Exercise 4.1 Modifying Ownership and Permissions 202

Exercise 4.2 Locating Files 215

Exercise 5.1 Changing Runlevels 249

Exercise 6.1 Changing the X Resolution and Color Depth 280

Exercise 7.1 Creating User Accounts 337

Exercise 7.2 Creating User cron Jobs 370

Exercise 8.1 Configuring a Network Connection 409

Exercise 9.1 Changing Your bash Prompt 432

Exercise 9.2 Creating a Simple Script 445

Exercise 9.3 Creating a SQL Database 461

Exercise 10.1 Monitor Network Port Use 484

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The Computing Technology Industry Association (CompTIA) promotes the Linux+ exam as an introductory certifi cation for people who want to enter careers involving Linux The exam is meant to certify that an individual has the skills necessary to install, operate, and troubleshoot a Linux system and is familiar with Linux-specifi c concepts and basic hardware.

The purpose of this book is to help you pass the 2010 version of the Linux+ exams (LX0-101 and LX0-102) Because these exams cover basic Linux installation, confi gura-tion, maintenance, applications, networking, and security, those are the topics that are emphasized in this book You’ll learn enough to get a Linux system up and running and how to confi gure it for many common tasks Even after you’ve taken and passed the Linux+ exam, this book should remain a useful reference

In 2010, CompTIA announced a partnership with Linux Professional Institute, the organization behind the popular LPI Certification (LPIC) program With this partnership, CompTIA will be offering the LPIC Level 1 exams under the Linux+ umbrella The exams and the exam objectives are identical for the two programs However, Linux+ candidates have the option of receiving their LPIC-1 as well as the Novell Certified Linux Administrator certification by passing the CompTIA Linux+ exams

This book has undergone its own testing and certifi cation by ProCert Labs (http://www.procertcom.com), and has achieved the CompTIA Authorized Quality Curriculum (CACQ) status This means that you can rest assured that the book covers the Linux+ objectives

What Is Linux?

Linux is a clone of the Unix operating system (OS) that has been popular in academia and many business environments for years Formerly used exclusively on large mainframes, Unix and Linux can now run on small computers—which are actually far more powerful than the mainframes of just a few years ago Because of its mainframe heritage, Unix (and hence also Linux) scales well to perform today’s demanding scientifi c, engineering, and network server tasks

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xxii Introduction

Linux consists of a kernel, which is the core control software, and many libraries and utilities that rely on the kernel to provide features with which users interact The OS is available in many different distributions, which are collections of a specific kernel with spe-cific support programs

Why Become Linux+ Certified?

There are several good reasons to get your Linux+ certification:

Provides proof of professional achievement Certifications are quickly becoming status

symbols in the computer service industry Organizations, including members of the computer service industry, are recognizing the benefits of certification, such as Linux+ Organizations are pushing for their members to become certified Every day, more people are putting the CompTIA official certification logo on their business cards

Increases your marketability Linux+ certification makes individuals more marketable to

potential employers Also, Linux+ certified employees might receive a higher salary base because employers won’t have to spend as much money on vendor-specific training

Provides an opportunity for advancement Most raises and advancements are based on

performance Linux+ certified employees work faster and more efficiently The more ductive employees are, the more money they will make for their company; and, of course, the more money they make for the company, the more valuable they will be to the company

pro-So, if employees are Linux+ certified, their chances of getting promoted will be greater

Fulfills training requirements Each year, more and more major computer hardware vendors,

including (but not limited to) IBM, Hewlett-Packard, and Novell, are recognizing CompTIA’s certifications as prerequisites in their own respective certification programs The use of out-side certifications like Linux+ has the side benefit of reducing training costs for employers Because more and more small companies are deploying the flexible and inexpensive OS we call Linux, the demand for experienced users is growing CompTIA anticipates that the Linux+ certification, like the A+ certification, will find itself integrated into various certifi-cation programs as well

Raises customer confidence As the IT community, users, small business owners, and the

like become more familiar with the Linux+ certified professional moniker, more of them will realize that the Linux+ professional is more qualified to work in their Linux environ-ment than is a noncertified individual

How to Become Linux+ Certified

The Linux+ certification is available to anyone who passes the two required exams: LX0-101 and LX0-102 You don’t have to work for a particular company It’s not a secret society.The exam is administered by Thomson Prometric and Pearson VUE The exam can be taken at any Thomson Prometric or Pearson VUE testing center If you pass, you will get a certificate in the mail from CompTIA saying that you have passed, and you will also receive

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Introduction xxiii

a lapel pin and business cards To fi nd the Thomson Prometric testing center nearest you, call (800) 755-EXAM (755-3926) Contact (877) 551-PLUS (551-7587) for Pearson VUE information

To register for the exam with Thomson Prometric, call (800) 776-MICRO (776-4276),

or register online at http://securereg3.prometric.com To register with Pearson VUE, call (877) 551-PLUS (551-7587), or register online at http://www.vue.com/comptia How-ever you do it, you’ll be asked for your name, mailing address, phone number, employer, when and where you want to take the test (i.e., which testing center), and your credit card number (arrangement for payment must be made at the time of registration)

As noted above, if you pass the CompTIA Linux+ exams, you do have the option of also obtaining your LPIC-1 certification from LPI, as well as your Novell Certified Linux Administrator (CLA) certification at the same time All that is required is authorization to submit your information to LPI You are given this option at the testing site

Who Should Buy This Book

Anybody who wants to pass the Linux+ exams may benefi t from this book If you’re new

to Linux, this book covers the material you will need to learn the OS from the beginning, and it continues to provide the knowledge you need up to a profi ciency level suffi cient to pass the LX0-101 and LX0-102 exams You can pick up this book and learn from it even if you’ve never used Linux before, although you’ll fi nd it an easier read if you’ve at least casu-ally used Linux for a few days If you’re already familiar with Linux, this book can serve as

a review and as a refresher course for information with which you might not be completely familiar In either case, reading this book will help you to pass the Linux+ exams

This book is written with the assumption that you know at least a little bit about Linux (what it is, and possibly a few Linux commands) I also assume that you know some basics about computers in general, such as how to use a keyboard, how to insert a disc into a CD-ROM drive, and so on Chances are, you have used computers in a substantial way in the past—perhaps even Linux, as an ordinary user, or maybe you have used Windows or Mac

OS I do not assume that you have extensive knowledge of Linux system administration, but if you’ve done some system administration, you can still use this book to fi ll in gaps in your knowledge

As a practical matter, you’ll need a Linux system with which to practice and learn in a hands-on way Neither the exams nor this book covers actually installing Linux on a computer from scratch, although some of the prerequisites (such

as disk partitioning) are covered You may need to refer to your distribution’s documentation to learn how to accomplish this task Alternatively, several vendors now sell computers with Linux pre-installed

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xxiv Introduction

How This Book Is Organized

This book consists of 10 chapters plus supplementary information: a glossary, this duction, and the assessment test after the introduction The chapters are organized as follows:

intro-Chapter 1, “Exploring Linux Command-Line Tools,” covers the basic tools you need

Chapter 3, “Configuring Hardware,” focuses on Linux’s interactions with the

hard-N

N

ware on which it runs Specific hardware and procedures for using it include the BIOS, expansion cards, USB devices, hard disks, and the partitions and filesystems used on hard disks

Chapter 4, “Managing Files,” covers the tools used to manage files This includes

up Linux to use a printer

Chapter 7, “Administering the System,” describes miscellaneous administrative tasks

Chapter 10, “Securing Your System,” covers security Specific subjects include network

N

security, local security, and the use of encryption to improve security

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Exam Essentials This section summarizes important information that was covered in

the chapter You should be able to perform each of the tasks or convey the information requested

Review Questions Each chapter concludes with 20 review questions You should answer

these questions and check your answers against the ones provided after the questions If you can’t answer at least 80 percent of these questions correctly, go back and review the chapter, or at least those sections that seem to be giving you diffi culty

The review questions, assessment test, and other testing elements included

in this book are not derived from the Linux+ exam questions, so don’t

mem-orize the answers to these questions and assume that doing so will enable you to pass the exam You should learn the underlying topic, as described

in the text of the book This will let you answer the questions provided with

this book and pass the exam Learning the underlying topic is also the

approach that will serve you best in the workplace—the ultimate goal of a certification like CompTIA’s

To get the most out of this book, you should read each chapter from start to fi nish and then check your memory and understanding with the chapter-end elements Even if you’re already familiar with a topic, you should skim the chapter; Linux is complex enough that there are often multiple ways to accomplish a task, so you may learn something even if you’re already competent in an area

Bonus CD-ROM Contents

This book comes with a CD-ROM that contains several additional elements Items able on the CD-ROM include the following:

avail-Sample tests All of the questions in this book appear on the CD-ROM—including the

30-question assessment test at the end of this introduction and the 200 questions that make

up the 20-question review question sections for each chapter In addition, there are two 50-question bonus exams The test engine runs on both Windows and Linux

Electronic “flashcards” The CD-ROM includes 150 questions in fl ashcard format (a

ques-tion followed by a single correct answer) You can use these to review your knowledge of the Linux+ exam objectives The fl ashcards run on both Windows and Linux

Book contents as a PDF file The entire book is available as a fully searchable PDF that

runs on all Windows platforms as well as on Linux

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xxvi Introduction

Conventions Used in This Book

This book uses certain typographic styles in order to help you quickly identify important information and to avoid confusion over the meaning of words such as on-screen prompts

In particular, look for the following styles:

Bold monospaced text

N is information that you’re to type into the computer, usually at

a Linux shell prompt This text can also be italicized to indicate that you should tute an appropriate value for your system (When isolated on their own lines, commands are preceded by non-bold monospaced $ or # command prompts, denoting regular user

substi-or system administratsubsti-or use, respectively.)

In addition to these text conventions, which can apply to individual words or entire paragraphs, a few conventions highlight segments of text:

A note indicates information that’s useful or interesting but that’s what peripheral to the main text A note might be relevant to a small number of networks, for instance, or it may refer to an outdated feature

some-A tip provides information that can save you time or frustration and that may not be entirely obvious A tip might describe how to get around a limitation or how to use a feature to perform an unusual task

Warnings describe potential pitfalls or dangers If you fail to heed a ing, you may end up spending a lot of time recovering from a bug, or you may even end up restoring your entire system from scratch

warn-Sidebars

A sidebar is like a note but longer The information in a sidebar is useful, but it doesn’t fi t into the main fl ow of the text

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Introduction xxvii

Real World Scenario

A real world scenario is a type of sidebar that describes a task or example that’s

par-ticularly grounded in the real world This may be a situation I or somebody I know has encountered, or it may be advice on how to work around problems that are common in real, working Linux environments

E X E R C I S E S

Exercises

An exercise is a procedure you should try out on your own computer to help you learn about the material in the chapter Don’t limit yourself to the procedures described in the exercises, though! Try other commands and procedures to really learn about Linux

The Exam Objectives

Behind every computer industry exam you can be sure to fi nd exam objectives—the broad topics in which exam developers want to ensure your competency The offi cial Linux+ objectives are listed here (They’re also printed at the start of the chapters in which they’re covered, as well as in the front of the book in a useful tear-out card that also maps the objectives to the chapters in which they are covered.)

Exam objectives are subject to change at any time without prior notice and

at CompTIA’s sole discretion Please visit the Linux+ Certification page of CompTIA’s website (http://www.comptia.org/certifications/listed/linux.aspx) for the most current listing of exam objectives

LX0-101 Objectives

The following are the areas (or domains according to CompTIA) in which you must be

pro-fi cient in order to pass LX0-101

101 System Architecture 14%

102 Linux Installation and Package Management 18%

103 GNU and Unix Commands 43%

104 Devices, Linux Filesystems, Filesystem Hierarchy Standard 25%

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xxviii Introduction

101 System Architecture

101.1 Determine and Configure hardware settings

Enable and disable integrated peripherals

101.2 Boot the System

Provide common commands to the boot loader and options to the kernel at boot time

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Introduction xxix

101.3 Change runlevels and shutdown or reboot system

Set the default runlevel

102 Linux Installation and Package Management

102.1 Design hard disk layout

Allocate filesystems and swap space to separate partitions or disks

102.2 Install a boot manager

Providing alternative boot locations and backup boot options

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102.3 Manage shared libraries

Identify shared libraries

102.4 Use Debian package management

Install, upgrade and uninstall Debian binary packages

installation status (whether or not the package is installed)

The following is a partial list of the used files, terms and utilities:

102.5 Use RPM and YUM package management

Install, re-install, upgrade and remove packages using RPM and YUM

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103 GNU and Unix Commands

103.1 Work on the command line

Use single shell commands and one line command sequences to perform basic tasks on

N

the command line

Use and modify the shell environment including defining, referencing and exporting

103.2 Process text streams using filters

Send text files and output streams through text utility filters to modify the output

N

using standard UNIX commands found in the GNU textutils package

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103.3 Perform basic file management

Copy, move and remove files and directories individually

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103.4 Use streams, pipes and redirects

Redirecting standard input, standard output and standard error

103.5 Create, monitor and kill processes

Run jobs in the foreground and background

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xxxiv Introduction

103.6 Modify process execution priorities

Know the default priority of a job that is created

103.7 Search text files using regular expressions

Create simple regular expressions containing several notational elements

103.8 Perform basic file editing operations using vi

Navigate a document using vi

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Introduction xxxv

104 Devices, Linux Filesystems, Filesystem Hierarchy Standard

104.1 Create partitions and filesystems

Use various mkfs commands to set up partitions and create various filesystems such as:

104.2 Maintain the integrity of filesystems

Verify the integrity of filesystems

104.3 Control mounting and unmounting of filesystems

Manually mount and unmount filesystems

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104.4 Manage disk quotas

Set up a disk quota for a filesystem

104.5 Manage file permissions and ownership

Manage access permissions on regular and special files as well as directories

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Introduction xxxvii

104.7 Find system files and place files in the correct location

Understand the correct locations of files under the FHS

The following are the areas (or domains according to CompTIA) in which you must be

pro-ficient in order to pass LX0-102

105 Shells, Scripting and Data Management 17%

106 User Interfaces and Desktops 8%

107 Administrative Tasks 20%

108 Essential System Services 17%

109 Networking Fundamentals 23%

105 Shells, Scripting and Data Management

105.1 Customize and use the shell environment

Set environment variables (e.g PATH) at login or when spawning a new shell

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105.2 Customize or write simple scripts

Use standard sh syntax (loops, tests)

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