discovery box how is milk made

Then it goes to a dairy or milk processing plant.. Like all mammals, a cow’s body is programmed to make milk to feed her baby.. 15 Science The hormone makes the milk flow and also mak

How is milk made?

Can’t you see?

I’m flattening this flower!

Hey, Tony!

That’s funny!

It looked like you were smelling it!

No way!

Do you think I’m a sissy?

STAMPSTAMP

That’s amazing isn’t it?

To find out more go to

Jellyfish attack!

You probably drink milk every day

Have you ever wondered:

How is milk made?

To find go to

Our best friend!

To show obedience, a dog puts:

its tail between its legs

its ears back

To find out go to

Super

fire engine

The latest truck

has a long arm that can

rise 32m up into the air

To find out more

go to page 38

This panel sends you to

the DIY section at the back of

DiscoveryBox where there will

be an activity for you to do.

DiscoveryBox

is printed on free paper from managed forests

funfacts (pages 10,

18, 28 and 36).

Yuri Gagarinwas the first man:

How many people suffer from pollen allergies?

Sometimes we will have extra stuff

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Look out for

these symbols:

a jellyfish attack!

Nature

of the third kind

Jellyfish are made almost totally of water They have no head, brain, heart, bones or tail Their jelly-like bodies are shaped like bells and contain a mouth and a stomach From the bell’s edges hang poisonous tentacles that can be up to 35m long! The smallest jellyfish are tiny (with bells of less than 1cm) and the biggest can have a bell that’s 2.5m in diameter and weigh 220kg These strange creatures look a bit like extraterrestrials!

Rhizostoma pulmo

Real size: bell can be up to

50cm across

Lives: in the Mediterranean

Sea and the Black Sea

Lives: in warm waters in the

Atlantic Ocean As it floats on

top of the water and is carried

by sea currents, it’s often seen quite far north Its common

name refers to a kind of 18th

century armed sailing ship

For at least 500 million years, jellyfish have haunted the oceans, pushed by currents, like ghosts Their transparent tentacles stretch out behind them, sometimes so thin that they are invisible Bad luck for any shrimps or fish that touch those deadly wisps…

Jellyfish tentacles are covered in tiny stinging cells These cells have a sharp sting and a sac of

poison At the slightest touch or pressure, the sting springs up, cuts the skin of its prey and the

venom is injected into the cut This poisonous liquid is so powerful that it can kill a shrimp

immediately The tentacles then slowly push the prey towards the mouth of the jellyfish… so it

Real size: bell up to 3cm across

Lives: in the waters around

Australia

o

Weird

One thousand spiders

were found in luggage

belonging to a British

tourist leaving Brazil

The spiders were

alive, too! He was

bringing them back to

sell in his pet shop.

London’s new tower

This huge tower is being built in London for the

2012 Olympic Games.

It was designed by the British artist Anish Kapoor Visitors will be able to climb it, or go up

views of the city.

Atishoo! show us this very rare Right, Miss Harriet,

parchment you have discovered…

Er…

Free meals in Korea!

2,700 volunteers got together

in Seoul, the capital, to cook an

enormous kimchi,

a traditional dish made with radishes,

cabbage and spices They used

100 tonnes of cabbage!

2,700 volunteers got together

Cool!

Is this a new cross between

a zebra and a frog? No! It’s a photo that’s been touched up on the computer Clever, isn’t it?

Sweet zebroggie!

Photo touch up

Arup/London2012.c om

on it, Professor!

We drink milk every day But where does it come from? Milk is made by cows that have calves Then it goes to a dairy

or milk processing plant

How is milk made? in

Science

Milk recipe

1 cow with a calf

+ 60–80kg of feed per day

+ 80–100 litres of water

per day

= 20 litres of milk per day

4. The brain receives the message.

It reacts by releasing a hormone into the blood Hormones are special chemicals that the body makes They send messages to other parts of the body to control how those parts act

This hormone travels to the udders.

Pressure on the udder makes

the nerves there send

a message to the brain to say,

“Suckling is beginning!”

milks the cow.

This machine is attached to the cow’s

teats It copies the action of a calf’s

mouth when it sucks Like all

mammals, a cow’s body is

programmed to make milk to

feed her baby.

You need a cow…

This is how a cow makes milk.

Blood vessels

Udder

Milk producing cells

Teat Nerves

1

2

3

6 5

Intestine

Stomach

Food is broken down in the cow’s

stomach The grass chewed by

the cow is broken down into

water, sugar, fat and calcium

Those elements pass into

the blood through

the wall of the

intestine.

15

Science

The hormone makes the milk flow and also makes the four teats open After 10 minutes the hormone runs out and the teats close up again Each teat produces about 2.5 litres of milk at each milking.

The hormone causes the udder to

make milk, using certain elements

from the cow’s blood, such as

water and calcium.

Brain

20 litres of milk This is the amount of milk

an average cow produces in

a day Usually the cow is milked twice a day So it

of milk in a year

You need a dairy or

Milk made by cows is treated here and put into bottles.

The milk is then re-mixed with

a precise amount of cream

This produces standardised milk

with a known amount of fat in it

The milk is warmed to around 50°C and spun very quickly in

a centrifuge This machine causes the cream to separate from the milk

This silo can hold 100,000 litres of milk,

or the contents of several tankers

checked…

Samples are taken

to be analysed and the quality is checked

A tanker visits many

dairy farms It collects

the milk and carries it to

the processing plant (it

was called a dairy when

there were no machines)

The milk has to be kept

chilled at 4°C to stop

the bacteria in it from

multiplying

The milk is heated to 65°C and passed through a filter This makes the fat globules smaller and more even in size

The milk is now homogenised The

cream no longer rises to the surface

processing plant

Science

fast!

It’s heated to 72°C for 15 seconds,

then cooled The heating-cooling

process destroys bacteria This is

pasteurisation Pasteurised milk

must be kept cool and used within

seven days or it will go off

and faster!

The milk can be heated to 140–

150°C for 2 or 3 seconds Then it’s

cooled This is UHT

(ultra heat treated) sterilisation

Sterilised UHT milk must be

stored at less than 15°C (so it

doesn’t need to be kept in the

fridge) It will keep for up to

five months if the packaging isn’t

opened

the shops.

Pasteurised and sterilised UHT milk is put into bottles or cartons There’s no air contact to avoid bacteria

200,000 litres

This is the volume of milk that can be bottled in one day in

a large milk- processing plant.

Skimmed

Colour-coded bottle tops*

Full fat Semi-skimmed

UHT MILK

UHT MILK

UHT MILK

UHT MILK UHT MILK

Hello, puffer!

The scent of roses has been popular with

These are pieces of ostrich

eggshells found in South

Africa Prehistoric people

used these eggshells as

containers 60,000 years ago

Researchers think that the

symbols carved on them may

have been labels so people

knew what was inside

en records until the middle of the 19

th century So these figures are all guesstimates (worked outusing reasoning rather than facts) In 8,000

BCE

when farming started, there were 5 millionhumans on Earth By 1CE, there were 300 million In 1880 it was more than 1 billion Today there are almost 7 billion of us!

Nelson Mandela

came out of prison

20 years ago

Mandela spent 27 years in prison

He fought for the rights of black

people in South Africa, which had

a racist white government It believed that white people

were superior to black people and practised apartheid,

a system that kept black people down and didn’t allow

them access to education and jobs When Mandela

came out of prison, he helped abolish apartheid and

became president of his country

DR

The scent of roses has been popular with men and women since ancient times Roses were first grown 5,000 years ago in China and Persia (called Iran today)

The scent of roses has been popular with

ation: G Chapr

the first man

It was time to go

Sergei Korolev, who built the

Vostok spacecraft, put

his face up against Yuri Gagarin’s helmet visor and kissed him on the cheek

It’s not easy to kiss a cosmonaut** trapped inside his suit! Korolev was very emotional

Yuri reassured him and said with a big smile, “Don’t worry, Sergei I’m about to do what human beings have dreamed of doing since the dawn of time It will be fine!”

Then he turned to those around him “All for one and one for all!”

Everyone cheered as Yuri went

up in the lift to the cabin of the

spacecraft Vostok was shaped like

a large ball, a little more than 2m wide Fortunately Yuri was only 1.59m tall! He boarded the rocket

and two engineers strapped him into his chair

All the controls were in automatic mode so Yuri would not be piloting His job was to keep a flight log, writing down

everything he saw and felt A camera in the cabin would send images back to the base.

6.07am – Lift-off!

Vostok shook violently as it

accelerated Yuri was calm The different sections of the rocket broke away into the atmosphere

as planned

Then the payload shroud flew off This was a special cover pro- tecting the rocket during the launch The cabin window was un- covered and Yuri saw the Earth It looked beautiful!

“I watched the horizon, the black sky… and the stars! The Earth is surrounded by a beautiful blue…”

Life

History 21

* part of the spacecraft that would carry Yuri back to Earth.

“Yoo-hoo! I have just

come down from space and

I need to find a telephone!”

the Earth and Yuri experienced weightlessness, although he was safely strapped to his chair

“What an amazing feeling!

Everything is swimming! I feel

as if I’m hanging from my safety straps!”

In his flight log, Yuri noted that he had no problem drinking the water and eating the tubes of meat paste he had been given But then his pencil floated away! How would he write? Luckily, he had a tape recorder

Suddenly at 6.49am, everything

went da rk

T he s p ac e - craft was now

in the Earth’s shadow.

Back at the base, they were

worried because Vostok was

orbiting the Earth higher than planned The spacecraft was

370km above the Earth But Yuri knew nothing about this and was amazed at what he saw.

“I can see the stars going by! It’s fantastic!”

T he spacecraft had gone once around the Earth when Yuri felt

it jolt and then steady itself as it prepared to return to Earth.

At 7.25am the retrorocket that would push the spaceship back to Earth fired up Then it switched itself off and everything began

to shake violently Yuri knew that something had gone wrong…

The descent module* hadn’t separated from the equipment module as planned He didn’t panic but sent a message to say that he could see the Mediterranean Sea as

Vostok spun through space.

Finally, the separation took place, ten minutes late The most dangerous stage of the flight

Go to our

website:

www bayard-magazines.co.uk

A dog called Laika

was sent into space

on board the Russian spacecraft Sputnik 2

The International Space

Station (ISS) was started

in 1998 and is going to be

completed next year

It’s the largest object in orbit around the Earth.

Yuri Gagarin was

the first man in space on board

Vostok 1 The flight

lasted 1 hour and

began: re-entry into the Earth’s

atmosphere Yuri could see a

purple light around the edge of the

window The outside of the capsule

caught fire but the spacecraft

survived…

Y uri was ejected from Vostok at

an altitude of 7,000m, without

so much as a scratch His first

parachute opened, followed by

a second He could see the River

Volga through the clouds At 7.55am

Yuri landed gently on soft ground

He was safe and sound!

He spotted a woman and a child

in the distance He waved wildly

at them.

“Yoo-hoo! I’m a Soviet, like you,

who has just come down from

space and I must find a telephone!”

The woman and child were

scared by this man in a space suit

but they took him to their farm.

The Americans

20 th July 1969

History

V ostok hit the ground 4km from

where Yuri landed A farmer,

Anatoli Michanine, saw a burning

ball falling to Earth and a white

parachute He hurried over on

his motorbike to have a look He

was the first person to touch the

machine in which a man had

flown into space.

Inside he found the tubes of

food that would have kept Yuri

alive for ten days: redcurrant jelly,

meat puree, chocolate paste…

When the soldiers arrived at the

landing site, all the local children

had chocolate round their mouths!

P eople all over the world listened

to the radio and were stunned

when they heard the news: “Yuri

Gagarin, a 27-year-old Russian, has

orbited the Earth in space!”

The news came as a surprise

because the mission had been

kept top secret The Soviets were

afraid it might fail and they were worried about spies Even Yuri’s family didn’t know! His wife Valentina was

the only one who knew that her husband had been chosen

to be the world’s first cosmonaut

But she didn’t know the date of the flight She heard about it on the radio like everybody else, as she had breakfast with her two daughters.

DIY

Mo re in

Yuri Gagarin, a Soviet hero

●Yuri was born in 1934 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the USSR At that time, this huge country had a communist government

Yuri went to school and then became a metal worker He joined a flying club and learned to fly

a plane He joined the air force when he was 20.

●After the Second World War, the two superpowers, the USSR and the United States, were in a race to see who would get

a man into space first The Russians won

when they sent Gagarin into the cosmos

(meaning ‘space’ in Russian, we can use this word in English too).

●Gagarin received many medals and became a famous Soviet hero

He died in 1968 in a plane crash.

daughters.

Yuri Gagarin, a Soviet hero

●Yuri was born in 1934 in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, the USSR At that time, this huge country had a communist government

Yuri went to school and then became a metal worker He joined a flying club and learned to fly

a plane He joined the air force when he was 20.

●After the Second World War, the two superpowers, the USSR and the United States, were in a race to see who would get

a man into space first The Russians won when they sent Gagarin into the

(meaning ‘space’ in Russian, we can use this word in English too).

●

became a famous Soviet hero

He died in 1968 in a plane crash.

Turn the page and pull out your poster

Dogs are pack animals

Our pet dogs are descended from wolves

Like wolves, they’re pack animals, so

are used to living in a group This young

Samoyed is showing the adult dog it will

do as it wants Later, it will think of its

human master as the leader of its pack

A leader provides food and must be obeyed People who own dogs control what their pets eat, when they reproduce and even when they do wees and poos That’s why dog owners have to take their dogs out several times a day!

The puppy puts its ears

back to show obedience

to the adult dog.

This male’s ears are pricked

up and he’s looking into the distance to check for danger

He’s protecting the puppy

Male Lapphunds have a thick mane around their neck.

in Siberia

Type: Nordic* sl ed dogs

* of the north

Breed: Samoyed Fact sheet

Samoyeds’ fur is

pure white or cream

in colour.

Shoulder

Samoyed puppy with Finnish Lapphund