mad about dinosaurs

Fossils of dinosour bones show us how they moy hqve looked.. Thot meqnt there wos plenty of food for plont-eoting dinosours, ond they grew bigger qnd bigger.. It moy hove used its crest

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03: DlnoSdurS

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It

Whclt were dinosclurs?

Dinosqurs were reptiles thqt first

wolked on Eorth between 203 ond

225 million yeors ogo, during o

Then suddenly, 65 million yeors

ogo, they oll died out Fossils of

dinosour bones show us how they

moy hqve looked.

There were mony different kinds

of dinosour Some were peoceful

Others, such qs Deinonychus,

were fierce hunters

Apotosourus

wos o giont, slow-moving plont-eoter

Plqnt-eoting Stegosourus hqd two rows of bony plotes thot ron olong

its bock ond toil

\\

ft,x

ltt

you con downloqd o poster of different dinosours from

Time of the dinosours

The Mesozouc ero wos divided

into three periods: the Tricrssic,

Jurcrssic ond Cretqceotls.

Eoch period hod o different

climcrte ond its own type

\i

\,,.

\ of plonts Dinosours

olso chonged from

period to onother.

Other creotures shqred the dinosour world

Some, cqlled pterosqurs, flew in the skies.

TRIASSIC

200-250

million yeors ogo

JURASSIC CRETACEOUS

one

L45-200 65-r45

8

million yeors crgo million yeors ogo

E

of birds It hod feothered wings ond o feothered toil.

Mqny leofy plonts grew In the Jurossic period Thot meqnt there wos plenty

of food for plont-eoting dinosours, ond they grew bigger qnd bigger

Brochiosourus

t(,i *"*,

Archoeoptery

Ichthyosourus, swctm in the seos

A11 dinosours hqd similqr

skeletons These included o skull

spine, ribs, hips, shoulders, legs,

body shopes, depending on how

they lived.

Meqt-eqters' teeth were different to plont-eqters'

teeth Meot-eqters hqd shorp teeth for gripping

qnd teoring flesh Plont-eqters hqd flotter or

rounder teeth for grinding up plonts

Diplodocus wos

o plont-eoter

Allosoul'tts wcls

o meot-eoter

Lorge

meot-eoters, like

Albertosourus, hod huge skulls

to corry the weight of their

tooth-filled jaws

1

I

I sottor'urus

The first dinosqurs wolked

on two legs As dinosours

become lo.rger, some of them wqlked on four legs to hold

up their lorge stomochs

t)|

iir I

rF'

nt

11

Weird ond wonderful

Dinosours come in mony shopes

orrd sLzes Some of them looked

bock Blood vessels inside the soil moy hqve

wqrmed up in the sltlr Thcrt would hove

kept this dinosour worm

Corythosourus had o

to ottrqct q mote

very stronge!

Spinosourus hod o bony soil olong its

L2

brightly coloured heod crest

It moy hove used its crest

Tricerotops hod three lorge horns on its foce.

Tricerotops herds mqy hove grouped together

to moke on outword-fqcing circle Their

bobies would hove been sofe inside the circle Oviroptor's beok wq.s just

like o bird's

Huge pldnt-edters

Some of the lqrgest dinosours were

plont-eqters They hod to eot huge

omounts of food to stlrvive The

plonts they qte were tough ond

difficult to digest.

Cetioscrurus wcrs cur enormous dinosqur

It wos 16 metres long

When it wos first

discovered, scientists thought Cetiosqurus wos

q whole becouse

it wqs so big!

thqt's the height of a

fully-grown mon!

Some lorge plont-eoting dinosqurs swqllowed stones to help breok down the food inside their stomqchs

Tricerotops'heod tn

#;LT#"""n

l

Sperm whole

Diplodocus hod on extremely long bock

snd toil It wqs os long qs two buses Its four,

pillor-like legs helped to keep it upright

Brqchiosqurus hod o very long neck It wos held

up by incredibly strong

muscles Brochiosourus

wcrs os toll trs cr

four-storey

Meot-eqting dinosqurs usuolly hqd

long, strong legs They used them

to run quickly, so they could cqtch

their prey They qlso hod strong

jows, shorp teeth ond deqdly clows.

Allosourus could open its

jows for oport ond move i

them outwords to eqt huge ' * {

chunks of flesh

Tyronnosourus rex used

its forword-focing

eyes to see exoctly

how fff owoy its

prey wos before

it ottocked

Tyronnosourus

3#

rex's shorp teeth were qbout

18 centimetres long

eosily cotch

its prey.

Deinonychus used its rozor-shorp, swivelling toe clqws to slosh into the flesh of

dinosqurs By hunting in pocks, Deinonychus could bring down dinosours much bigger thon itself

Defence

Mony plqttt-eqting dinosours hod

horns or spikes, which they used to

defend themselves Others simPlY

used their enormous Srze to Score

owoy enemies.

Edmontonio hod shorP spikes olong eoch side of

its body Tough, bony ridges on its bock

gove it more protection

Euoplocepholus hqd o lorge club qt the end of Tyronnosourus rex itS tOiI It coUld

bring down qn

qttqcker just by

l.r,rr ffi giving it oshorp

top on the shin

shorp spikes

themselves bigger

Sgme dinosqurs could reor up ontd'their two bqck legs to moke

Living together

Some dinosours lived together.

Plont-eoters often lived in lorge

groups, or herds Some meot-eoters

lived in smoll groups, or pocks.

A few dinosours moy hqve even

communicctted with

eoch other.

ffi

Porqsqurolophus could

moke o trumpeting

sound with its qir-filled crest The sound moy

hove worned other dinosqurs thqt on enemy wos neqr.

o-rms of dinosour

protecting eggs

I

I

F ossili zed nests show

us thqt boby dinosours

stoyed in their nests \<

for o long time This moy

meon thot mother dinosours

nurtured their young

Hypsilophodon t

Iived in herds

eggs

{?r

-*r*mcgcElmli

\,,

Ii

Dinosour fossils hove been found

o11 over the world However, it is

very unusuol to find o complete

dinosour skeleton Scientists who

hunt for ond study dinosctur fossils

ore colled pqlqeontologists

Dinosour fossils ore often found

by occident Roin

ond wind con weor

owoy rock to show fossils beneqth its

surfo"ce Fossils ore olso found when the eqrth crocks open, such qs during on

eorthquoke

Polqeontologists cleon up fossils ond piece them together to moke o dinosour's skeleton

(p ay -lee- on- r oLLo-ils fs ) .

The most commonly

found fossils ore bones,

clows qnd teeth Footprints,

nests ond even dung fossils

ctre qlso sometimes found

Tyronnosourus rex

Alberta lizord

deceptive lizord

qncient wing orm lizord

elegont jow

terrible clow

double beom

lizord from Momen

mouse lizord

egg thief

beside Sourolophus

of Solto

thorn lizqrd

tyrant lizord ultrq lizord

Dinosour nomes ore usuqlly mqde

Dinosours ore often given their

nomes becquse of the woy they look.

For exomple, Tyronnosourus meons

otl the dinosours in this book.

It tells you how to soy

whcft they meolt.

Corythosourus, the helmet lizqrd

Tricerotops mectns

three-horned foce

lllome

Albertosourus Allosourus Apotosourus Archoeopter;m Brochiosourus Cetiosourus

Compsognothus

Corythosourus Deinonychus Diplodocus Edmontonio Euoplocepholus Gigonotosourus Herrerosourus Hypsilophodon Ichthyosourus Iguonodon Mamenchissurus Mussaurus

Oviroptor

Poehycepholoscurus

Porqsourolophus Pterosour Soltoscurus Spinosourus

Stegosaurus

Tricerotops Troodon

Ultrqsourus

Velociroptor

soy

ol-esnt-oh-soRp-us el-oh-soRE-us qh-par-oh-sonn-us ork-ee-oP'l-er-ix

BR.AK-ee-oh-soRn-us ssn-tee-oh-soRp-us

KoMP-soh-xav-thus

ron-rith-oh-sonp-us

die-NoN-i-kus di-pr,oH-doh-kus

ed-mon-tolln-ee-oh you- op-loh-snr'-oh-lus

g i g -erv-oh -toe- soRE -u s

he-nnH-ro-sonE-us

hip-sih-los-foh-don

m-thi-oh-soRE-us ig-wue-noh-don

MAH-men-chi-soRn-us

InUS-SORE-US

oHv-ih-nep-tor

PAK- e e - snr- q- loh - soRE -u s

tnnn-oh-soRE

selt-oh-soRE-us

spwn-oh-soRE-us

srnc-oh-sonE-us try-snnna-tops

rnon-oh-don

tie-naN-oh-sone-us rex

ULT.TO-SORE-US

vrl-o-si-nep-tor

24

I

25

Fontostic facts

O Dinosour hunters

look of fossilized

dinosour dung, colled

coprolites, to find out

whot dinosours qte.

O Some huge plont-eoters,

such os Diplodocus ond Brochiosourus,

mqy hqve lived for qbout 100 yeqrs

Some people think dinosqurs become

extinct when o meteor hit the Eqrth

ond wiped them out

Mqrty dinosqur fossils hove been found

in Mongolio's Gobi Desert

The smqllest dinosour skeleton

ever found is the skeleton of

o boby dinosour cqlled

Mussqurus, or'mouse

lizqrd' It cqn fit

in the pqlm of o

person's hond

o 'Dinosqur' meons 'terrible lizord' in Lcftin

Smqll, boneless creotures

colled qmmonites died

out with the dinosqurs

Lots of ommonite fossils con be found todoy.

So for, obout 700 different kinds

of dinosour hqve been found

Dinosqurs usuolly wqlked on their toes, just like dogs, cqts ond chickens A pqd

of tissue on the bqck of the dinosqur's foot octed os o shock qbsorber

O Dinosqur fossils hqve been found qll over the world Perhops there ore some where you live!

South

Americo

il-s

rrl)

)

27

Brqchiosqurus looked like o

mossive giroffe It weighed

between 30 qnd 50 tonnes

-the some os ten elephonts!

Am o,zing dinoso vr clwclrdS

Uomg@St

m@Gk

Momenchisourus hqd the longest neck of oll dinosours

It hod 19 bones in its neck,

which wos 14 metres long

Thot's obout four times longer thon o giroffe's neck!

Troodon wos probobly the brightest dinosour For its body size, its broin wos bigger thqn cmy other dinosour It

Iived in the Cretqceous period

ond wos o fierce hunter

U@wg@st

.ffiirffiirffii

-Ultrosourus wos o huge

plont-eqter thot lived in

the Jurqssic Period It wos

up to 39 metres long - the length of three buses!

Tyronnosourus rex

Compsognothus wos only

one metre long ond weighed

obout the some os o chicken

Although it wos smoll, it wos

o fost, successful hunter

Gigonotosourus wcrs the

biggest of qll meqt-eqting

dinosqurs It wos L4.3 metres

long Thqt's qbout qs long

os cr lorge lorry

29

)i_ .,'-l.r

Closscr ry

climote - the woy the

weqther is over o long period

of time.

communicate - to 'tqlk'

to onotheq usuolly through

noise or touch.

creSt - o tuft of feqthers, fur

or skin olong the top of on

qnimol's heod.

CretoceouS - the lqst period

of the Mesozoic ero, obout

65-144 million yeors ogo.

digest - to breok food down

in the stomoch.

deceptive - to give the

wrong ideo obout something.

extinct - to hove died out.

fossils - bones or other body

ports found in the ground.

herJ - o lorge group of

plont-eoting onimols thot

live ond feed together.

Jurossic - the middle period

of the Mesozoic ero, obout

L44-208 million yeors ogo.

Lotin - on old longuoge often

used by scientists to nome

onimqls ond plonts.

30

Mesozoicerd-qtime between 65 ond 248 million

yeors ogo when dinosours lived on Eorth

meteot - o lorge rock thqt

trqvels through spoce.

nurture - to look ofter.

pack - o smoll group of

meot-eoting onimqls of the some type.

pdloeontologist

-o scientist who studies the fossils of extinct onimols.

plunderer - person or onimol

thot steols from others.

prey - qn onimol hunted by onother for food.

reptile - o cold-blooded qnimol whose body temperoture is controlled by the temperoture of the sun, crir or wqter thqt surrounds it

survive - to keep on living

Triossic - the first period

of the Mesozoic ero, qbout 208-248 million yeors o.go.

InCex

B bqbies bones

c

clows

L3,20,26 6,22,27,29

L6-L7,22,25

crests L3,2I,30

F

food 7 ,9, 10, 14-15,

L6-r7,26

fossils 6,20,22-23,

tl

herds L3,20-21, 30

horns 13, 18, 24-25

J

jows IL, L6,25 Jurossic period 8-9, 28, 30

t/l meot-eoters 10-1L, L6-I7,

20,28

L5,29 20,22

P

poloeontologists 22-23

plorrt-eoters 7,9, L0,

20,26,28

prey 16-17, 30

s

skeletons L0,22-23,26

skin 6

spikes 18-19

T toils teeth

7,9, 10, 14, 18

Triossic period 8, 30

n, necks nests

TT

31

lAsd abG)utu"u

Dlnoscturs

Frorn food qnd fossils to herds qnd horns, this

book is pdcked with foscinoting fqcts for qll

children who dre mod about dinosdurs.

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I Dinoscurs I

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