Báo cáo TYPES OF STEM CELL

What are stem cells?• Stem cells are undifferentiated biological cells that can differentiate into specialized cells and can divide through mitosis to produce more stem cells... • Embr

TYPES OF STEM CELL

GROUP 10

Introduction

Introduction of stem cell

Presenter: Pham Quynh Hoa

What are stem cells?

• Stem cells are

undifferentiated biological cells that can differentiate into

specialized cells and can divide (through mitosis) to produce more stem cells

Stem cell potency

Stem cell properties

Different types of stem cell

Embryonic stem cells

Presenter: Bach Thi Hoai Phuong

Different kinds of stem cells

• Embryonic stem cells (ES): the cells of the

inner cell mass blastomeres when cultured, which remain pluripotent.

• Pluripotent stem cells are generated from germ cells derived from spontaneously

aborted fetuses (bào thai không phát triển):

embryonic germ (EG) cells.

Obtained ES cells

(Thomson et al 1998 – Gearhart 1998)

Differentiation of ES cells

(Brustle et al 1999- McDonald et al 1999)

Parkinson disease

(Laz M.Bjorklund et al 2002)

Directing the differentiation of ES cells

(Shuibing Chen, Nature Chemical Biology, 2009)ILV molecule can induce Pdx1 expression in ES cells, directing them into the pancreatic lineage

=> Available source of cells to heal damaged tissue in adult men and women

Infertile men cure

Renee Reijo Pera

Stem cells from some infertile men form germ cells when transplanted into

mice, study finds

(http://med.stanford.edu/ism/2014/may/germcell.html#sthash.A1fdKLFR.dpuf)

• Stem cells made from the skin of adult, infertile men yield primordial germ cells — cells that normally become sperm — when transplanted into the reproductive system of mice, according to researchers at the Stanford

University School of Medicine and Montana State University

• The infertile men in the study each had a type of genetic mutation that

prevented them from making mature sperm — a condition called

azoospermia The research suggests that the men with azoospermia may have had germ cells at some point in their early lives, but lost them as they matured to adulthood

• Although the researchers were able to create primordial germ cells from the infertile men, their stem cells made far fewer of these sperm progenitors than did stem cells from men without the mutations The research provides

a useful, much-needed model to study the earliest steps of human

reproduction

• The research used skin samples from five men to create what are known as

induced pluripotent stem cells, which closely resemble embryonic stem cells in their ability to become nearly any tissue in the body Three of the men carried a type of mutation on their Y chromosome known to prevent the production of sperm; the other two were fertile

• The germ cells made from stem cells stopped differentiating in the mice

before they produced mature sperm (likely because of the significant

differences between the reproductive processes of humans and mice)

regardless of the fertility status of the men from whom they were derived However, the fact that the infertile men’s cells could give rise to germ cells

at all was a surprise

Adult stem cells

Presenter: Trinh Thi Thu Hien

Adult stem cells

Adult stem cells (ASCs)

 undifferentiated

 found throughout the body after development

 multiply by cells division to replenish dying cells

and regenerate damaged tissue

Adult stem cells reside in a specific area

of each tissue called a “stem cell niche”.

Adult stem cells

• can become all cell types of the body

because they are pluripotent • are thought to be limited to differentiating into different cell types

of their tissue of origin

• can be grown relatively easily in

culture

• rare in mature tissues, difficult to isolate and culture

• be obtained from the other person,

thereby these cells are “strange” with

the patient , leads to immune

rejection

• can circumvent the problems associated with immune rejection

Adult stem cells

Adult stem cells

produce some

daughter cells

(Asymmetrical division)

differentiated

remain stem cells

Regulate the proliferation and differentiation by

paracrine factors.

Cells that leave the niche paracrine factors

cannot reach them cells and begin differentiating

Adult stem cells

Asymmectrical division of stem cell niche

Drosophila testes

Scott F Gilbert, Developmental Biology 9th Edition

Types of ASCs - Differentiation

pathway

• Normal differentiation pathways: give

rise to mature cell types that have functions of a particular tissue

• Plasticity (Transdifferentiation)

Types of ASCs – Normal differentiation pathways

Hematopoietic stem cells

All types of blood cells (red blood cells, B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, neutrophil, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, macrophages)

Mesenchymal stem cells

(multipotent stromal cells)

Osteocytes (bone cells)Chondrocytes (cartilage cells)Adipocytes (fat cells)

Connective tissues

Neural stem cells (in the brain) Neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes

Types of ASCs – Normal differentiation pathways

http://stemcells.nih.gov/info/basics/pages/basics4.aspx

Types of ASCs - Plasticity/ Transdifferentiation

• Differentiate into cell types in organs /

tissues other than those expected from the cells predicted lineage

(i.e: brain stem cells differentiate into blood cells

or blood-forming cells differentiate into cardiac muscle cells )

• Reprogrammed

Types of ASCs- Plasticity/ Transdifferentiation

What tests are used for identifying adult stem cells

1 Label the cells in a living tissue with molecular

markers and determine the specialized cell

types they generate

2 Remove the cell from a living animal, label

them in cell culture, and transplant them back

to another animal to determine whether the

cells replace ( or “repopulate”) their tissue of origin

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)

Presenter: Ngo Van Thinh

The concept and characteristic of induced

pluripotent stem cells.

• Induced pluripotent stem cells or IPSCs are a type of

pluripotent stem cells that can be generated directly from adult cells

• IPSCs can be able seft-renewing and pluripotent.

• The most well-known type of pluripotent stem cell is the

embryonic stem cell.

• They can give rise to other cell type in the body of the patient such

as neurons, liver cells, and using to replace those lost to damage or disease.

Adult stem cells will be converted iPSCs due

to many reprogramming factors.

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS) pathway

An experiment discover the role of

reprogramming factors that form iPSCs.

mRNA from mouse

ES cellscDNA

Place onto viral promoter

Transfect in Fibroblast

Activation Fbx 15 gene Neo-R is activated

Future applications in iPS cells.

Derivation and applications in iPS cells.

REGENERATION THERAPIES

Presenter: Nguyen Thi Phuong

• Some adult stem cells might be directed to form numerous cell types by altering conditions to resemble in the embryo and providing the

surfaces on which the stem cell might grow

1.Cardiac regeneration

• Mesenchymal stem cell from bone marrow

injected into heart (of heart attack patients)

=>differentiate into heart and vessel cells and improve patient’s outcomes

• In many instances,stem cells secrete

paracrine factors to activate the heart's own stem cells to repair the damage rather than create new structures to circumvent the

blokage

2.Bone rgeneration

• Purpose : forming new adult bone

• A)the collagen gel containg plasmids carrying the human parathyroid hormone gene->for large bone fracture and osteoporosis

• B) mixture of paracrine factors->recruit stem cells and produce normal bone

• C) tissue engineering:make scaffold

resembling of bone and seed them with bone marrow stem cells=>place into the existing bone=>form bone

• D) cells in periosteum differentiate into the

new cartilage,bone and ligments to fill the

crack=> transplanted into sites where bone damaged

1 The Peripheral Nervous System

2 The Central Nervous System

- The neurons of the central nervous system cannot regenerate their axons under normal conditions

Spinal cord injuries can cause permanent paralysis

- There are 2 strategies:

Enlarging the population of adult neural stem cells

and to direct their development in ways that circumvent the lesions caused by disease or trauma.

Create environments that encourage axonal growth.