wonders california content reader

Students know an object’s motion can be described by recording the change in position of the object over time.. Students know the way to change how something is moving is by giving it

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Grade 2

B

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Physical Sciences

1 The motion of objects can be observed

and measured As a basis for understanding

this concept:

a Students know the position of an object can

be described by locating it in relation to

another object or to the background.

b Students know an object’s motion can be

described by recording the change in position

of the object over time

c. Students know the way to change how

something is moving is by giving it a push or

a pull The size of the change is related to the

strength, or the amount of force, of the push

or pull.

d Students know tools and machines are used

to apply pushes and pulls (forces) to make

things move.

e Students know objects fall to the ground

unless something holds them up

f Students know magnets can be used

to make some objects move without

being touched.

g Students know sound is made by vibrating

objects and can be described by its pitch

and volume

Life Sciences

2 Plants and animals have predictable

life cycles As a basis for understanding

this concept:

a Students know that organisms reproduce

offspring of their own kind and that the

offspring resemble their parents and one

another.

b Students know the sequential stages of life

cycles are different for different animals, such

as butterflies, frogs, and mice.

c Students know many characteristics of an

organism are inherited from the parents Some characteristics are caused or influenced by the environment

d Students know there is variation among

individuals of one kind within a population.

e Students know light, gravity, touch, or

environmental stress can affect the germination, growth, and development

of plants

f Students know flowers and fruits are

associated with reproduction in plants

Earth Sciences

3 Earth is made of materials that have distinct

properties and provide resources for human activities As a basis for understanding this concept:

a Students know how to compare the physical

properties of different kinds of rocks and know that rock is composed of different combinations of minerals.

b Students know smaller rocks come from the

breakage and weathering of larger rocks.

c Students know that soil is made partly from

weathered rock and partly from organic materials and that soils differ in their color, texture, capacity to retain water, and ability to support the growth of many kinds of plants

d Students know that fossils provide evidence

about the plants and animals that lived long ago and that scientists learn about the past history of Earth by studying fossils

e Students know rock, water, plants, and

soil provide many resources, including food, fuel, and building materials, that humans use.

Science

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PS 2.1.a

PS 2.1.b

PS 2.1.c

PS 2.1.d

PS 2.1.e

PS 2.1.f

PS 2.1.g

LS 2.2.a

LS 2.2.c

LS 2.2.b

LS 2.2.d

How Can You Describe Where Something Is? 6

Poetry in Motion 8

Compare/Contrast Writing Frame 10

Critical Thinking CAPTION 11

Objects in Motion 12

What Are Forces? 13

Amazing Machines 14

Cause/Effect Writing Frame 16

Gravity 18

Up in the Air 20

Description Writing Frame 22

Critical Thinking DIAGRAM 23

Magnets Push and Pull 24

Trains That Run on Magnets 26

Critical Thinking LABEL 29

What Is Sound? 30

Turn the Volume Down 32

Problem/Solution Writing Frame 34

Traits from Parents 36

Follow the Herd 38

Critical Thinking CAPTION 4 1 A Butterfly’s Life/A Frog’s Life 42

Monarch Butterflies 44

Sequence Writing Frame 46

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LS 2.2.b

LS 2.2.d

LS 2.2.e

LS 2.2.f

ES 2.3.a

ES 2.3.b

ES 2.3.c

ES 2.3.d

The Life Cycle of Black Bears 48

What Is a Population? 49

Daddy Day Care 50

How Plants Change to Get What They Need 54

From Seed to Pumpkin 56

What Do Flowers, Fruits, and Seeds Do? 60

Bees, Bats, Bears, and Bison 62

What Are Rocks Made Of? 66

Monumental Material 68

How Do Rocks Change? 72

Secret Life of Rocks 74

What Is Soil? 78

A Martian Garden 80

What Are Fossils? 84

A Rain Forest in Illinois 86

Critical Thinking PHOTOGRAPH 89

ES 2.3.e How We Use Natural Resources 90

It’s Crowded on Earth! 92

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HSS 2.1.1

HSS 2.1.2

HSS 2.1.3

HSS 2.2.1

HSS 2.2.2

HSS 2.2.3

HSS 2.2.4

HSS 2.3.1

HSS 2.3.2

Then and Now 96

Same Place, Different Times! 98

Critical Thinking TIME LINE 1 0 1 All About Location 102

Grid Fun 104

Critical Thinking MAP 107

North America 108

Two Maps: One New, One Old 11 0 Compare/Contrast Writing Frame 112

Our Ancestors in California 11 4 Coming to America 116

Cause/Effect Writing Frame 11 8 Critical Thinking PHOTOGRAPH 119

From City to Country 120

Whose Habitat Is It? 122

Rules and Laws 126

Too Young to Work 128

Critical Thinking CAPTION 13 1 Governments of Other Countries 132

Remembering Rosa Parks 134

HSS 2.3.2 Countries Work Together 138

One Tough Job 140

Problem/Solution Writing Frame 142

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HSS 2.4.1

HSS 2.4.2

HSS 2.4.3

HSS 2.5

Farming Yesterday and Today 144

Spinach Detectives 146

From Farm to Home 150

Picking the Perfect Apple 152

Producers and Consumers 156

Kids In Charge 158

Trading with Other Countries 162

Kids Selling to Kids 164

People Making Differences 168

Women Make History 170

Leaders for Freedom 174

Dr King’s Journey 176

George Washington Carver 180

Golda Meir 1 81 Their Stamp on History 182

Credits 186

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How Can You Describe

Where Something Is?

Position is the place where something is You

can tell the position of an object Compare it tosomething that does not move Use words such asabove, below, left, right, near, far, next to, in, on, and under These words describe, or tell, position

↓The orange fish is to the left of the chest.

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When something moves, its position changes You can describe its new position You can

compare it to other objects You can compare

it to the background

↓The orange fish is above the chest.

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Amazing riders can

Look at the picture How many bicycles do you see?

There is just one bicycle This picture is many pictures inone All of the pictures show the same bicycle The bicycle

is moving, or in motion The rider is doing a backflip!

He starts on the right side of the picture He rides up

a brown ramp He lands on the sand on the left side

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To start a backflip the rider

leans back Look at the picture

Where does he lean back? His

front wheel is pointing at the

sky His back wheel is pointing

at the ground

In the middle of the

backflip, the rider is upside

down Look at the picture

Where is he upside down?

Look at his helmet When the

rider is upside down, his

helmet is pointing at the

ground! The bicycle wheels

are pointing at the sky

Look at the picture Where

is the rider landing? When therider lands, his wheels touchthe ground The front wheellands first The rider is no longer above the truck and the ramp Riders need a lot

of practice to learn to do

a backflip This rider is

an expert! —Susan Moger

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Compare/Contrast Writing Frame

Use the Writing Frame below to orally summarize

“How Can You Describe Where Something Is?”

The photographs on these pages are like each other

in many ways They are the same because

The photographs are also similar because they both

In one way, though, the photographs are different.

They are different because

So the photographs on these pages are the same

in many ways, but also different in one way

Use the frame to write the summary on another

sheet of paper Include the bold signal words You

can use this Text Structure to write a summary of

an article or selection

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3 Look at the text on page 7 Find how you can

describe the new position of something

4 Find the first photograph in “How

Can You Describe Where Something

Is?” and read aloud the caption

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Objects in Motion

When something is moving, it is in motion.

Motion is a change in position The swimmer is

in motion She starts at the top of the diving

board She jumps into the air She ends in the

pool Her position changes

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What Are Forces?

You have to use force to

put something in motion

A force is a push or a pull

If you push something, it will

move away from you A kick is

a push If you pull something,

it will move closer to you

When you open a drawer, you

pull If you push or pull hard,

the thing will move a lot

A simple machine can help

you push or pull something

A wheel is a simple machine.Pushing and pulling with awheel is easier because it rolls A ramp is another simplemachine It is easier to push something up a ramp

↑In this game, the children pull.

The man pushes the box.→

ramp

↑The girl pushes the stroller.

↓The man pushes the cart.

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Look at these machines

You will say “Wow!”

These new inventions are cool They’re fun

The inventors used their imaginations

They said, “Let’s try this!”

Murata Boy

Murata Boy is the world’s first robot that

can ride a bike Murata Boy has sensors

in its body It has a camera in its head

They help it ride a bike

We use our feet to make a bike move

First we push down on one pedal

The other pedal comes up We

push down on that pedal The

pedals are connected to the bike’s

wheels When we push on the

pedals the wheels turn If you

push hard, you go fast

Koichi Kamoshida/Getty Images

Amazing Machines

Murata Boy →

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Diving Dolphin

Look at the machine below It

looks like a dolphin Dolphins

use their fins and tails to

move through the water This

machine does the same thing

The fins and tail make it

move The tail pushes back

and forth against the water

The fins push up or down

against the water

The Wovel

Have you ever shoveled snow?

It is hard work! This machine makes it easier It works like

a seesaw On a seesaw youpush down on your side, andyou lift up your friend When your friend comes down, you

go up

The Wovel is like a seesaw

on a wheel First you pushdown on the handle Theshovel lifts up snow If you push down hard the snow flies through the air —Susan Moger

↑ The man uses a wovel to shovel snow ow.

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Cause/Effect Writing Frame

“Objects in Motion” and “What Are Forces?”

Motion is a change in position To cause something

The effect of a push or pull is

can use this Text Structure to write a summary

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2 Find the sentence in “What Are Forces?” that

tells what happens when you push something

3 Look at the text on page 13 Where does it say what happens if you push hard?

4 Find a photograph with a caption

Talk about this caption with a

partner What information does the

caption give that is not in the text?

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Gravity is a force Gravity pulls things toward

each other All things have a force of gravity Thelarger an object is, the stronger the force of gravity

it has You can not see gravity, but you can feel it.Gravity keeps you on the ground It pulls you back

to the ground when you jump Without gravity, youwould fly into space

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Earth is very big Earth has a strong force of

gravity The gravity of Earth is stronger than the

gravity of smaller things A ball in the air will fall

back down to Earth

Gravity pulls the ball to the ground.

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A brother and sister do a

juggling act and set a record!

J

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e.

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Description Writing Frame

Use the Writing Frame below to orally

summarize “Gravity.”

All things have a force of gravity Gravity is

You can feel gravity For instance, when you jump in

the air, you can feel gravity

Without gravity, you would

Earth has a strong force of gravity because of its size

For example, a ball in the air

sheet of paper Include the bold signal words

You can use this Text Structure as a model

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2 Find the sentences in “Up in the Air” that tell

what Vova and Olga Galchenko do

3 Find the sentence in this article that

tells how many clubs Vova and Olga

juggle at the same time

4 What does the diagram on page 19

tell you? Discuss this with a partner

www.macmillanmh.com

A diagram is drawing or a

It explains the parts

of something or the way it works.

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Magnets Push and Pull

A magnet can push and pull This is called

magnetic force A magnet can attract, or pull,

objects made of iron A magnet will not attract

a penny A penny is not made of iron Is a quarter

made of iron? How can you find out?

←This machine uses a very large magnet to pick up large objects.

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Magnets can move things

without touching them

Magnets can pull through

solids like paper, plastic, or

glass They can pull through

liquids and gases, too Every

magnet has a magnetic

field A magnetic field is the

area around a magnet The

magnet’s force pulls in

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What kind of train has no wheels

and ﬂ oats on air? Read to ﬁ nd out!

The train is moving very fast

It can go up to 310 miles per

hour It feels like an

amusement park ride This is

the world’s fastest train The

train is in Shanghai, China It

takes people from the city

center to the airport The trip

takes 55 minutes in a car In

the world’s fastest train, it

takes less than 8 minutes

This train never touchesthe ground! The train doesn’trun on steel tracks It doesn’t have wheels It doesn’t have amotor inside Its motion

comes from magnets! It is called a maglev train The magnets are in a special track

Trains That Run

on Magnets

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The track is called the

guideway Magnets in the

guideway make the train

move The train is about a

half inch off the track

Maglev trains are faster and

quieter than other trains

They also use less energy

How a Maglev Train Works

The magnets push apart and

keep the maglev train up in

the air The magnets in the

guideway and on the train

push the train up An electric

motor in the guideway

creates a magnetic field The

magnetic field pulls the train

along the guideway

The world’s only maglev train is in Shanghai, China There are plans to make another maglev train Itwill go from Shanghai to Beijing France, Germany, and the United States are very interested in maglev trains —Susan Moger

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Description Writing Frame

“Magnets Push and Pull.”

A magnet can

For example, a magnet will not attract a penny

because

Magnets can pull through things such as

Every magnet has a magnetic field, which is

can use this Text Structure as a model

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2 Find the sentence in “Magnets Push and Pull”

that tells what a magnet can do

3 Look at the photographs in this article What

photograph shows how magnets work with liquids? What does the text say about magnets and liquids?

4 What do the labels on page 25

name? Talk about these labels

with a partner

www.macmillanmh.com

A label is a s word or phra describes someone

or something.

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What Is Sound?

Sound is made when something vibrates, or

moves back and forth When you snap a string, it vibrates The air around the string vibrates, too.Moving air reaches your ear Your ear has an

eardrum The eardrum vibrates, and yo

g

ea

air v

30

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When a sound is loud, the

vibrations are big When a

sound is soft, the vibrations are

small When you yell, or scream,

you make big vibrations When

you whisper, you make small

vibrations Volume describes

how loud a sound is

Pitch describes how high or

low a sound is When a sound

is low, the vibrations are slow

The moo of a cow has a low

pitch When a sound is high,

the vibrations are fast The

meow of a cat has a high pitch

←When you hit a short bar, the pitch

is high When you hit a long bar, the pitch is low.

↑Whispering has a low pitch.

↓Yelling has a high pitch.

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Loud noises can hurt your ears,

so turn down the volume!

Do you like to listen to e to listen to

D

music with headphones?

Turn down the volume Loud

Tu

ds can hurt your hearing

sounds can

Wh

What is a loud sound?

Thunder is loud A fire truck’s is loud A fire truck’s

siren is loud too You cannot

control thunder or a fire siren r or a firBut you can control how loudn control hsome sounds are When you ounds are Wturn up the volume on a TV orturn up the vol or

the sound gets louder

When you turn down the

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How Loud

Is Too Loud?

We measure sound in

decibels The chart

shows how different

sounds measure up

Sounds over 85 decibels

can hurt your hearing.

You hear sound when yyour

eardrum vibrates The vibbration

can hurt these parts Theese parts

can break or bend Some parts of me parts of

your ear may not get better You may etter You

not be able to hear welell

How long does it take for loud t take for lo

sounds to take away hearing? No oneay hearing

knows Some high school students gh school s

already cannot hear well.t hear well

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Problem/Solution Writing Frame

“Turn the Volume Down.”

Parts of an ear can break or bend This problem can

No one knows how long

Some high school students already have a problem

can use this Text Structure to write a summary

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2 Find the sentence in “What Is Sound?”

that tells what happens when you snap a string

3 Find the sentence that describes pitch

4 What happens first, next, and last

in the diagram on page 30?

www.macmillanmh.com

A diagram is drawing or a

It explains the parts

of something or the way it works.

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Traits from Parents

Animals have babies The babies look and actlike their parents Plants are the same Plants and animals look or act like their parents in many ways

The ways they look or act are called traits.

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↑ An acorn grows into an oak tree.

Animals and plants get many traits from their

parents These traits help the animals and plants live

in their environments Traits can be color, body parts,

and how a plant or animal acts For example, some

animals have wings and can fly away from danger

Some cactuses have roots that do not grow deep

When it rains, these roots get a lot of water

↑The shell protects this tortoise.

acorn oak tree

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Collecting the Clues

↑

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