from gsm to ltea

3GPP Third Generation Partnership Project8-DPSK Eight-phase differential phase shift keyingA2DP Advanced Audio Distribution Profile AAL TM Adaptation Layer ACK Acknowledge ACL Asynchronou

AN INTRODUCTION TO MOBILE NETWORKS AND MOBILE

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Preface xiii

1.6.5 The Short Messaging Service Center (SMSC) 191.7 The Base Station Subsystem (BSS) and Voice Processing 21

1.7.6 Channel Coder and Interleaver in the BTS 38

1.7.7 Ciphering in the BTS and Security Aspects 39

1.8 Mobility Management and Call Control 44

1.8.1 Call Reselection and Location Area Update 44

1.8.2 The Mobile-Terminated Call 46

1.11 The Intelligent Network Subsystem and CAMEL 58

2.1 Circuit-Switched Data Transmission over GSM 632.2 Packet-Switched Data Transmission over GPRS 64

2.3.1 GPRS vs GSM Timeslot Usage on the Air Interface 66

2.3.2 Mixed GSM/GPRS Timeslot Usage in a Base Station 68

2.3.4 Enhanced Datarates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) 70

2.3.7 GPRS Logical Channels on the Air Interface 75

2.8 GPRS Mobility Management and Session Management (GMM/SM) 92

2.10.3 Small Screen Web Browsing with Network Side Compression 104

2.10.4 Small Screen Web Browsing – Quality of Experience 1052.11 The Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) over GPRS 106

2.12.1 Impact of Delay on the Web-Browsing Experience 110

2.12.2 Web Browser Optimization for Mobile Web Browsing 112

3.1.1 3GPP Release 99: The First UMTS Access Network Implementation 116

3.1.2 3GPP Release 4: Enhancements for the Circuit-Switched Core Network 119

3.1.3 3GPP Release 5: IMS and High-Speed Downlink Packet Access 119

3.1.4 3GPP Release 6: High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) 122

3.1.5 3GPP Release 7: Even Faster HSPA and Continued Packet Connectivity 122

3.1.6 3GPP Release 8: LTE, Further HSPA and Enhancements and Femtocells 123

3.1.7 3GPP Release 9: Digital Dividend and Dual Cell Improvements 123

3.2.2 The Access Stratum and Nonaccess Stratum 125

3.2.3 Common Transport Protocols for CS and PS 1263.3 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 126

3.3.1 Spreading Factor, Chip Rate and Process Gain 130

3.3.3 Scrambling in Uplink and Downlink Direction 131

3.3.5 The Near–Far Effect and Cell Breathing 133

3.3.6 Advantages of the UMTS Radio Network Compared to GSM 1353.4 UMTS Channel Structure on the Air Interface 136

3.4.3 Logical, Transport and Physical Channels 137

3.4.5 Example: Initial Network Access Procedure 143

3.5 The UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) 148

3.5.2 The RNC, Iu, Iub and Iur Interfaces, RANAP and RNSAP 150

3.5.3 Adaptive Multirate (AMR) Codec for Voice Calls 154

3.7 Radio Network Mobility Management 159

3.7.1 Mobility Management in the Cell-DCH State 159

3.8 UMTS CS and PS Call Establishment 170

3.10.5 Establishment and Release of an HSDPA Connection 181

3.11 High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) 183

3.11.2 The E-DCH Protocol Stack and Functionality 187

3.12 Radio and Core Network Enhancements: CPC and One Tunnel 192

3.12.1 A New Uplink Control Channel Slot Format 193

3.12.2 CQI Reporting Reduction and DTX and DRX 193

3.12.3 HS-SCCH Discontinuous Reception 194

3.12.5 Enhanced Cell-FACH and Cell-/URA-PCH States 195

3.12.6 Radio Network Enhancement: One Tunnel 196

4.2 Network Architecture and Interfaces 207

4.2.1 LTE Mobile Devices and the LTE Uu Interface 207

4.2.2 The eNode-B and the S1 and X2 Interfaces 209

4.2.3 The Mobility Management Entity (MME) 212

4.2.7 Billing, Prepaid and Quality of Service 2174.3 FDD Air Interface and Radio Network 217

4.3.3 Symbols, Slots, Radio Blocks and Frames 221

4.3.4 Reference and Synchronization Signals 221

4.3.5 The LTE Channel Model in Downlink Direction 223

4.3.8 The LTE Channel Model in Uplink Direction 225

4.3.10 HARQ and Other Retransmission Mechanisms 230

4.7 Mobility Management and Power Optimization 250

4.7.1 Mobility Management in Connected State 250

4.9 Interconnection with UMTS and GSM 254

4.9.1 Cell Reselection between LTE and GSM/UMTS 255

4.9.2 RRC Connection Release with Redirect between LTE and GSM/UMTS 256

4.10 Interworking with CDMA2000 Networks 258

4.10.1 Cell Reselection between LTE and CDMA2000 Networks 259

4.10.2 RRC Connection Release with Redirect between LTE and CDMA2000 259

4.11.3 Self-Organizing Network Functionality 261

5.3 WiMAX PHYs for Point-to-Multipoint FDD or TDD Operation 280

5.4.1 Frame Structure in FDD Mode for Point-to-Multipoint Networks 286

5.4.2 Frame Structure in TDD Mode for Point-to-Multipoint Networks 288

5.6.2 Power, Modulation and Coding Control 297

5.9 Advanced 802.16 Functionalities 304

5.10.1 OFDM Multiple Access for 802.16e Networks 308

6.2 Transmission Speeds and Standards 3216.3 WLAN Configurations: From Ad Hoc to Wireless Bridging 323

6.3.1 Ad Hoc, BSS, ESS and Wireless Bridging 323

6.6 The Physical Layer and MAC Extensions 337

6.7.2 WPA and WPA Personal Mode Authentication 350

6.7.3 WPA and WPA2 Enterprise Mode Authentication 351

6.8 IEEE 802.11e and WMM – Quality of Service 3556.9 Comparison of Wireless LAN and UMTS 360

7.3 Piconets and the Master/Slave Concept 369

7.4.4 The HCI Interface 378

7.4.8 Overview of Bluetooth Connection Establishment 385

7.6.1 Basic Profiles: GAP, SDP and the Serial Profile 392

7.6.2 The Network Profiles: DUN, LAP and PAN 394

7.6.3 Object Exchange Profiles: FTP, Object Push and Synchronize 397

7.6.4 Headset, Hands-Free and SIM Access Profile 399

7.7 Comparison between Bluetooth and Wireless LAN 405

Wireless technologies like GSM, UMTS, LTE, WiMAX, Wireless LAN and Bluetooth have tionized the way we communicate and exchange data by making services like telephony and Internetaccess available anytime and from almost anywhere Today, a great variety of technical publicationsoffer background information about these technologies but they all fall short in one way or another.Books covering these technologies usually describe only one of the systems in detail and are generallytoo complex as a first introduction The Internet is also a good source, but the articles one finds areusually too short and superficial or only deal with a specific mechanism of one of the systems Because

revolu-of this, it was difficult for me to recommend a single publication to students in my tion classes, which I have been teaching in addition to my work in the wireless telecommunicationindustry This book aims to change this

telecommunica-Each of the seven chapters in this book gives a detailed introduction and overview of one of thewireless systems mentioned above Special emphasis has also been put into explaining the thoughtsand reasoning behind the development of each system Not only the ‘how’ but also the ‘why’ is

of central importance in each chapter Furthermore, comparisons are made to show the differencesand commonalities between the technologies For some applications, several technologies competedirectly with each other, while in other cases only a combination of different wireless technologiescreates a practical application for the end user For readers who want to test their understanding of asystem, each chapter concludes with a list of questions For further investigation, all chapters containreferences to the relevant standards and other documents These provide an ideal additional source

to find out more about a specific system or topic Please note there is a companion website for thisbook Please go to http://www.wirelessmoves.com

While working on the book, I have tremendously benefited from wireless technologies that arealready available today Whether at home or while traveling, Wireless LAN, Bluetooth, UMTS andEDGE have provided reliable connectivity for my research and have allowed me to communicate withfriends and loved ones at anytime, from anywhere In a way, the book is a child of the technologies

it describes

Many people have been involved in revising the different chapters and have given invaluablesuggestions on content, style and grammar I would therefore like to thank Prashant John, TimothyLongman, Tim Smith, Peter van den Broek, Prem Jayaraj, Kevin Wriston, Gregg Beyer, Ed Illidge,Debby Maxwell and John Edwards for their kind help and good advice

Furthermore, my sincere thanks go to Berenike, who has stood by me during this project with herlove, friendship and good advice

Martin SauterCologneJuly 2010

1.1 Switching matrix in a switching center 2

1.2 Necessary software changes to adapt a fixed-line switching center for a wireless network 3

1.3 Timeslot architecture of an E-1 connection 5

1.4 An SS-7 network with an STP, two SCP databases and three switching centers 6

1.5 Comparison of the SS-7, OSI and TCP/IP protocol stacks 7

1.6 Establishment of a voice call between two switching centers 7

1.7 Enhancement of the SS-7 protocol stack for GSM 9

1.8 Comparison of the classic and IP-based SS-7 protocol stacks 10

1.19 A typical antenna of a GSM base station The optional microwave directional antenna

(round antenna at the bottom of the mast) connects the base station with the GSM network 23

1.24 Arrangement of bursts of a frame for the visualization of logical channels in Figure 1.25 26

1.29 Message flow during a handover procedure 32

1.35 Transmission path in the downlink direction between the network and the mobile device 38

2.1 Exclusive connections of a circuit-switched system 64

2.3 GSM, GPRS and EDGE data transmission speed comparison 65

2.5 Simplified visualization of PDTCH assignment and timeslot aggregation 67

2.6 Shared use of the timeslots of a cell for GSM and GPRS 68

2.8 GMSK (GPRS) and 8PSK (EDGE) modulation 70

2.9 MCS-9 convolutional coding and incremental redundancy 72

2.16 GPRS network nodes 81

3.1 Common GSM/UMTS network: Release 99 118

3.2 UMTS Release 4 (Bearer-Independent Core Network) 120

3.4 Separation of protocols between the core and radio network into Access Stratum (AS)

3.5 Round-trip delay (RTD) time of UMTS (Release 99) compared to ADSL and early GPRS

3.10 Spreading and scrambling 132

3.16 Initial Network Access Procedure (RRC Connection Setup) as described in 3GPP

3.24 Discontinuous Transmission (DTX) on a dedicated channel reduces the interference for

3.28 Soft handover reduces the energy consumption of the mobile due to lower transmission

3.33 A UMTS cell with several GSM neighboring cells presents a problem for blind intersystem

3.35 Cell change in PMM connected state to a cell that cannot communicate with the S-RNC 169

3.42 Detection and report of a missing frame with immediate retransmission within

3.46 E-DCH protocol stack 188

3.49 Message exchange to move a mobile device from URA-PCH state back to Cell-DCH

state when IP packets arrive from the network 196

4.2 S1 control (a) and user (b) plane protocol stack 211

4.3 Physical routing of the S1 and the X2 interface 212

4.4 LTE international roaming with home routing 216

4.5 Principles of OFDMA for downlink transmission 219

4.6 Principles of SC-FDMA for uplink transmission 220

4.8 Symbols in a resource block used for the reference signal 222

5.2 802.16 operation modes: TDD and FDD operation 281

5.3 Cell sizes depending on type of SS, antenna, site conditions and transmit power 285

5.6 TDD frame structure 289

5.7 Functionalities of a multipurpose WiMAX router device 293

5.8 Message flow to join a network (part 1) 294

5.9 Message flow to join a network (part 2) 296

6.3 Access point, IP router and DSL modem in a single device 325

6.5 Overlapping coverage of access points forming an ESS 326

6.6 Client device configuration for a BSS or ESS 328

6.8 Authentication and association of a client device with an access point 330

6.9 Reassociation (acknowledgment frames not shown) 331

6.19 A Power Save Multipoll (PSMP) window in which several clients transmit and receive

6.20 WEP encryption 349

7.1 Three examples of achievable Bluetooth datarates depending on the number of users and

7.2 By using different hopping sequences, many piconets can coexist in the same area 369

7.3 Data exchange between a master and three slave devices 370

7.6 The ACL payload field including the ACL header and checksum 372

7.7 Retransmission of an eSCO packet caused by a transmission error 374

7.8 Connection establishment between two Bluetooth devices 377

7.9 Communication between two link managers via the LMP 379

1.1 STM transmission speeds and number of DS0s 5

1.4 Supplementary services of a GSM network 17

1.6 GSM power levels and corresponding power output 33

1.9 Some fields of the response APDU for a SELECT command 57

2.1 Selected GPRS multislot classes from 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project)

2.3 EDGE modulation and coding schemes (MCS) 71

2.4 Resegmentation of EDGE blocks using a different MCS 72

3.2 Spreading and scrambling in uplink and downlink directions 133

3.5 Core network and radio network states 160

3.6 A selection of HSDPA mobile device categories 181

3.7 Spreading code sets and maximum resulting speed of different E-DCH categories 192

4.2 Extract of LTE frequency bands sorted by region 209

4.4 System information blocks and content overview 225

4.6 Downlink control channel message types (DCI formats) 237

5.2 802.16 modulation schemes 282

5.4 Selection of service flow attributes 292

6.2 Additional 802.11 standard documents that describe optional functionality 323

6.4 Comparison of PHY carrier parameters of 802.11g vs 11n 341

6.5 Feature combinations and resulting transmission speeds 344

7.6 Bluetooth profiles for different applications 393

3GPP Third Generation Partnership Project

8-DPSK Eight-phase differential phase shift keyingA2DP Advanced Audio Distribution Profile

AAL TM Adaptation Layer

ACK Acknowledge

ACL Asynchronous Connectionless

ACM Address Complete Message

ADDTS Add Traffic Specification

ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line

AES Advanced Encryption Standard

AFH Adaptive Frequency Hopping

AG Audio Gateway

AGCH Access Grant Channel

AICH Acquisition Indication Channel

AID Association identity

AIFSN Arbitration Interframe Space Number

AKA Authentication and key agreement

AM Acknowledged mode

AMR Adaptive Multirate

A-MSC Anchor-Mobile Switching Center

ANM Answer Message

ANR Automatic Neighbor Relation

AP Access point

APDUs Application Protocol Data Units

APNs Access Point Names

APSD Automated Power Save Delivery

ARFCN Absolute Radio Frequency Channel NumberARQ Automatic Retransmission Request

ARQN Automatic Retransmission Request Notification

AS Access Stratum

ATM Asynchronous transfer mode

AuC Authentication Center

AUTN Authentication token

AVCTP Audio/Video Control Transport Protocol

AVDTP Audio Video Distribution Transfer Protocol

AVRCP Audio/Video Remote Control Profile

BCCH Broadcast common control channel

BCCH Broadcast Control Channel

BCH Broadcast Channel

BCSM Basic Call State Model

BEP Bit error probability

BICC Bearer-Independent Call Control

BICN Bearer-Independent Core Network

BLER Block error rates

BNEP Bluetooth Network Encapsulation Protocol

BQTF Bluetooth Qualification Test Facility

BS Base station

BS Best effort service

BSC Base station controller

BSS Base Station Subsystem

BSS Basic service set

BSSGP Base Station System GPRS Protocol

BSSMAP Base Station Subsystem Mobile Application Part

BTS Base transceiver station

CAMEL Customized Applications for Mobile-Enhanced Logic

CC Call Control

CC Component carrier

CCCH Common Control Channel

CCEs Control Channel Elements

CCK Complementary Code Keying

CD Collision Detect/Data Carrier Detect

CDMA Code Division Multiple Access

CDR Call detail record

CFU Call Forward Unreachable

CID Connection identity

CISS Call-independent supplementary services

CK Ciphering key

CLIP Calling Line Identification Presentation

CLIR Calling Line Identification Restriction

CoMP Coordinated Multipoint Operation

CPC Continuous Packet Connectivity

CPICH Common Pilot Channel

CQI Channel Quality Indicator

CRC Cyclic redundancy check

C-RNTI Cell-Radio Network Temporary Identity

CS Convergence sublayer

CS Circuit-switched

CSCF Call Session Control Function

CSMA/CA Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance

CTCH Common Traffic Channel

DCD Downlink channel description

DCF Distributed coordination function

DCH Dedicated Channel

DCI Downlink Control Information

DF Dedicated files

DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

DIFS Distributed Coordination Function Interframe Space

DLP Direct link protocol

DL-SCH Downlink Shared Channel

DNS Domain name service

DP Detection point

DPCCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel

DPCH Dedicated Physical Channel

DPDCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel

DQPSK Differential Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

DRB Data Radio Bearer

D-RNC Drift RNC

DRS Demodulation Reference Signals

DRX Discontinuous reception

DSCP Differentiated Services Code Point

DSL Digital Subscriber Line

DSP Digital signal processor

DSR Data Set Ready

DSSS Direct sequence spread spectrum

DTAP Direct Transfer Application Part

DTCH Dedicated Traffic Channel

DTIM Delivery Traffic Indication Map

DTM Dual transfer mode

DTMF Dual tone multifrequency

DTR Data Terminal Ready

DTX Discontinuous transmission

DUN Dial-up Network

DVRBs Distributed Virtual Resource Blocks

E-AGCH Enhanced Access Grant Channel

EAPs Extensible Authentication Protocols

EAPOL EAP over LAN

EAP-TLS Extensible Authentication Protocol Transport Layer Security

ED Enhanced Datarate

EDCA Enhanced Distributed Channel Access

E-DCH Enhanced-DCH

EDGE Enhanced Datarates for GSM Evolution

E-DPDCH Enhanced Dedicated Physical Data Channel

EEPROM Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory

EF Elementary files

EFR Enhanced full-rate

EGPRS Enhanced General Packet Radio Service

E-HICH Enhanced HARQ Information Channel

EMLPP Enhanced Multilevel Precedence and Preemption

EPC Evolved Packet Core

E-RGCH Enhanced Relative Grant Channel

E-RNTI Enhanced Radio Network Temporary ID

eSCO Enhanced-synchronous connection oriented

ESS Extended Service Set

ETSI European Telecommunication Standards Institute

EUL Enhanced Uplink

E-UTRA Evolved-UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access

EvDO Evolution Data Only

FACCH Fast Associated Control Channel

FACH Forward Access Channel

FBI Feedback indicator

FCCH Frequency Correction Channel

FCH Frame control header

FCI Furnish Charging Information

FDD Frequency division duplex

FDD Full-duplex devices

FDMA Frequency division multiple access

FEC Forward error correction

FFR Fractional Frequency Reuse

FFT Fast Fourier Transformation

FHS Frequency hopping synchronization

FHSS Frequency hopping spread spectrum

FP Frame Protocol

FR Full-rate

FTDMA Frequency and Time Division Multiple Access

FTP File Transfer Protocol

FTP File Transfer Profile

GAN Generic Access Network

GAP Generic Access Profile

GC General control

GFSK Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying

GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node

GI Guard interval

GIF Graphics interchange format

GMM GPRS mobility management

G-MSC Gateway Mobile Switching Center

GMSK Gaussian minimum shift keying

GOEP Generic Object Exchange Profile

GPC Grant uplink bandwidth per connection

GPRS General Packet Radio Service

GPS Global Positioning System

GPSS Grant uplink bandwidth per subscriber station

GSM Global System for Mobile Communication

GTP GPRS Tunneling Protocol

GUTI Globally Unique Temporary Identity

HA Home Agent

HARQ Hybrid Automatic Retransmission Request

HCCA Hybrid Coordination Function Controlled Channel Access

HCF Hybrid Coordination Function

HCI Host Controller Interface

HCS Header check sequence

HEC Header Error Check

HIDs Human interface devices

HLR Home Location Register

HR Half-rate

HR/DSSS High-rate/direct sequence spread spectrum

HSC Home Subscriber Server

HSDPA High-Speed Downlink Packet Access

HS-DSCH High-Speed Downlink Shared Channel of HSDPA

HSPA High-Speed Packet Access

HS-PDSCH High-Speed Physical Downlink Shared Channel

HS-SCCH High-Speed Shared Control Channel

HSUPA High-Speed Uplink Packet Access

HT High Throughput

HTML Hypertext markup language

HTTP HyperText Transfer Protocol

HTTPS Secure HyperText Transfer Protocol

IAM Initial Address Message

IAPP Inter Access Point Protocol

IBSS Independent Basic Service Set

ICE In Case of Emergency

ICIC Intercell Interference Coordination

IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

IEs Information Elements

IETF Internet Engineering Task Force

IFFT Inverse Fast Fourier Transformation

IK Integrity key

IM Instant messaging

IMAP Internet Message Access Protocol

IMS IP Multimedia Subsystem

IMSI International Mobile Subscriber Identity

IN Intelligent Network Subsystem

IP Internet Protocol

IRAU Inter SGSN routing area update

ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network

ISM Industrial, scientific, and medical

ISUP Integrated Services Digital Network User Part

ITU International Telecommunication Union

IV Initialization vector

L_CH Logical channel

L2CAP Logical Link Control and Adaptation Protocol

LAC Location area code

LAI Location Area Identity

LAN Local area network

LAPD Link Access Protocol

LBS Location-based services

LLC Logical Link Control

LMP Link Manager Protocol

LOS Line of sight

LT_ADDR Logical transfer address

LTE Long Term Evolution

LU Location update

LVRBs Localized Virtual Resource Blocks

M3UA MTP-3 User Adaptation Layer

MAC Medium Access Control

MAN Metropolitan area network

MAP Mobile Application Part

MCC Mobile Country Code

MCS Modulation and coding schemes

MF Main file

MG Media Gateway

MIB Master Information Block

MIC Message Integrity Code

MIME Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension

MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output

MITM Man-in-the-middle

MM Mobility Management

MME Mobility Management Entity

MMS Multimedia messaging service

MNC Mobile Network Code

MNP Mobile number portability

MOC Mobile originated voice call

MRC Maximum Ratio Combining

MS mobile station

MSC Mobile Switching Center

MSC-S MSC Server

MSIN Mobile Subscriber Identification Number

MSISDN Mobile Subscriber Integrated Services Digital Network Number

MSRN Mobile Station Roaming Number

MTP-1 Message Transfer Part 1

MTS Mobile TeleSystems

NACC Network assisted cell change

NACK Not Acknowledge

NAP Network Access Point

NAS Nonaccess Stratum

NAT Network Address Translation

NAV Network Allocation Vector

NBAP Node-B Application Part

NDC National destination code

NFC Near Field Communication

NOM Network operation mode

NSAPI Network subsystem access point identifier

NSS Network Subsystem

OBEX Object Exchange

OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access

OMA Open Mobile Alliance

OSI Open System Interconnection

OVSF Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor

PACCH Packet-Associated Control Channel

PAGCH Packet Access Grant Channel

PAN Personal area network

PANU Personal area network users

PAPR Peak to Average Power Ratio

PBCCH Packet Broadcast Control Channel

PBCH Physical Broadcast Channel

PCCCH Packet Common Control Channel

PCCH Paging Control Channel

P-CCPCH Primary Common Control Physical Channel

PCFICH Physical Control Format Indicator Channel

PCH Paging Channel

PCI Physical Cell Identity

PCM Pulse code-modulated

PCRF Policy Control Resource Function

PCU Packet Control Unit

PDCCH Physical Downlink Control Channel

PDCP Packet Data Convergence Protocol

PDN-GW Packet Data Network Gateway

PDP Packet Data Protocol

PDSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel

PDTCH Packet data traffic channel

PDU Packet data unit

PEAP Protected Extensible Authentication Protocol

PHICH Physical Hybrid Automatic Retransmission Request Indicator Channel

PLCP Physical Layer Convergence Procedure

PLMN Public Land Mobile Network

PMI Precoding Matrix Indicator

PMM Packet Mobility Management

POP Post Office Protocol

PPCH Packet paging channel

PPP Point-to-point protocol

PPTP Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol

PRACH Physical Random Access Channel

PRN Provide Roaming Number

PSC Primary Scrambling Code

P-SCH Primary Synchronization Channels

PSK Preshared Key

PSM Protocol service multiplexer

PSMP Power Save Multipoll

PSS Primary synchronization signal

PSTN Public Standard Telephone Network

PTCCH Packet timing advance control channel

P-TMSI Packet-temporary mobile subscriber identity

PUCCH Physical Uplink Control Channel

PUSCH Physical Uplink Shared Channel

QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

QoS Quality of Service

QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

RAB Radio Access Bearer

RACH Random Access Channel

RADIUS Remote Authentication Dial In User Service

RANAP Radio Access Network Application Part

RAND Random number

RAT Radio Access Technology

RAU Routing area update

RIFS Reduced Interframe Space

RISC Reduced instruction set

RLC Radio link control

RLC Release Complete

R-MSC Relay-Mobile Switching Center

RNC Radio Network Controller

RNSAP Radio Network Subsystem Application Part

RoHC Robust Header Compression

RRC Radio Resource Control

RRH Remote Radio Head

RSCP Received Signal Code Power

RSN Retransmission Sequence Num

RSRP Reference Signal Received Power

RSRQ Reference Signal Received Quality

RSSI Received Signal Strength Indication

RTD Round-trip delay

RTG Receive transition gap

RTP Real-time Transport Protocol

RTS Request to send

RV Redundancy version

RX Reception

S1-CP S1 Control Plane

S1-UP S1 User Plane

SABM Set Asynchronous Balanced Mode

SACCH Slow Associated Control Channel

SAE Service Architecture Evolution

SAFER Secure and Fast Encryption Routine

SAP Service access point

S-APSD Scheduled-Automated Power Save Delivery

SAT SIM application toolkit

SAW Stop and Wait

SBC Sub-band codec

SCC AS Service Centralization and Continuity Application Server

SCCP Signaling Connection and Control Part

S-CCPCH Secondary Common Control Physical Channel

SC-FDMA Single-Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access

SCH Synchronization Channel

SCO Synchronous connection-oriented

SCP Service Control Point

SCTP Stream Control Transmission Protocol

SDCCH Standalone Dedicated Control Channel

SDP Service Discovery Protocol

SFN System Frame Number

SG Signaling Gateway

SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node

S-GW Serving Gateway

SI System information

SIB System Information Block

SIFS Short interframe space

SIG Special Interest Group

SIGTRAN Signaling transmission

SIP Session Initiation Protocol

SM Session management

SMIL Synchronized multimedia integration language

SMS Short Messaging Service

SMSC Short Message Service Center

SMSCB Short Message Service Broadcast Channel

SMTP Simple mail transfer protocol

SNDCP Subnetwork dependent convergence protocol

SON Self-Organizing Network

SP Service Period

SPP Serial Port Profile

SRES Signed response

SRI Send Routing Information

S-RNC Serving RNC

SRNS Serving Radio Network Subsystem

S-RNTI Serving-Radio Network Temporary ID

SRS Sounding Reference Signal

SR-VCC Single Radio Voice Call Continuity

SS Subscriber station

SS-7 Signaling System Number 7

S-SCH Secondary Synchronization Channel

SSID Service Set Identity

SSL Secure Socket Layer

SSN Subsystem Number

SSP Service Switching Point

SSS Secondary synchronization signal

STBC Space time block coding

STM Synchronous transfer mode

STP Signaling Transfer Point

TA Tracking Area

TAC Tracking Area Code

TAI Tracking Area Identity

T-BCSM Terminating Basic Call State Model

TBF Temporary Block Flows

TCAP Transaction Capability Application Part

TCH Traffic channel

TCP Transmission Control Protocol

TDD Time Division Duplex

TD-LTE Time Division Long Term Evolution

TDMA Time division multiple access

TEID Tunnel Endpoint Identity

TFCI Traffic Format Combination ID

TFCS Transport Format Combination Set

TFI Temporary flow identifier

TFI Traffic Format Identifier

TFS Transport Format Set

TID Tunnel identifier

TIM Traffic Indication Map

TKIP Temporal Key Integrity Protocol

TLLI Temporary Logical Link Identifier

TMSI Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity

TPC Transmit Power Control

TR Technical Recommendation

TRAU Transcoding and Rate Adaptation Unit

TS Technical specification

TSPEC Traffic Specification

TTG Transmit–receive transition gap

TTI Transmission Time Interval

TXOP Transmit Opportunity

U-APSD Unscheduled-Automated Power Save Delivery

UART Universal asynchronous receiver and transmitter

UCD Uplink channel descriptor

UDP User Datagram Protocol

UE User Equipment

UGS Unsolicited grant service

UL-MAP Uplink Map

UM DRB Unacknowledged Mode Data Radio Bearer

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System

URA-PCH UTRAN Registration Area-Paging Channel

URL Universal resource locator

USB Universal Serial Bus

USF Uplink state flag

USSD Unstructured Supplementary Service Data

UTRAN UMTS terrestrial radio access network

UUID Universally unique identity

VAD Voice activity detection

VANC Voice over Long Term Evolution via Generic Access Network Controller

VBS Voice Broadcast Service

VDSL Very-high-bitrate Digital Subscriber Line

VGCS Voice Group Call Service

VLAN Virtual Local Area Network

VLR Visitor Location Register

V-MSC Visited Mobile Switching Center

VoIP Voice over Internet Protocol

VoLGA Voice over Long Term Evolution via Generic Access Network

VPN Virtual Private Network

WAP Wireless application protocol

WBMP Wireless application bitmap protocol

WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

WEP Wired Equivalent Privacy

WLAN Wireless Local Area Network

WML Wireless markup language

WMM Wi-Fi Multimedia

WPA Wireless Protected Access

WSP Wireless session protocol

WTP Wireless transaction protocol

XHTML Extensible hypertext markup language

XRES Expected response

2010 This has mostly been achieved by the steady improvements in all areas of telecommunicationtechnology and the resulting steady price reductions for both infrastructure equipment and mobiledevices This chapter discusses the architecture of this system, which also forms the basis for thepacket-switched extension called General Packet Radio Service (GPRS), discussed in Chapter 2, forthe Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), which is described in Chapter 3 and Long-Term Evolution (LTE), which is discussed in Chapter 4 While the first designs of GSM date back tothe middle of the 1980s, GSM is still the most widely used wireless technology worldwide and it isnot expected to change any time soon Despite its age and the evolution toward UMTS and LTE, GSMitself continues to be developed As shown in this chapter, GSM has been enhanced with many newfeatures in recent years Therefore, many operators continue to invest in their GSM networks in addition

to their UMTS and LTE activities to introduce new functionality and to lower their operational cost

1.1 Circuit-Switched Data Transmission

Initially, GSM was designed as a circuit-switched system that establishes a direct and exclusive nection between two users on every interface between all network nodes of the system Section 1.1.1gives a first overview of this traditional architecture Over time, this physical circuit switching hasbeen virtualized and many network nodes are connected over IP-based broadband connections today.The reasons for this and further details on virtual circuit switching can be found in Section 1.1.2

con-1.1.1 Classic Circuit Switching

The GSM mobile telecommunication network has been designed as a circuit-switched network in

a similar way to fixed-line phone networks At the beginning of a call, the network establishes adirect connection between two parties, which is then used exclusively for this conversation As shown

in Figure 1.1, the switching center uses a switching matrix to connect any originating party to any

From GSM to LTE: An Introduction to Mobile Networks and Mobile Broadband. Martin Sauter

 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd Published 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Figure 1.1 Switching matrix in a switching center.

destination party Once the connection has been established, the conversation is then transparentlytransmitted via the switching matrix between the two parties The switching center becomes activeagain only to clear the connection in the switching matrix if one of the parties wants to end the call.This approach is identical in both mobile and fixed-line networks Early fixed-line telecommunicationnetworks were designed only for voice communication, for which an analog connection between theparties was established In the mid-1980s, analog technology was superseded by digital technology

in the switching center This means that today, calls are no longer sent over an analog line from theoriginator to the terminator Instead, the switching center digitizes the analog signal that it receives fromthe subscribers, which are directly attached to it, and forwards the digitized signal to the terminatingswitching center There, the digital signal is again converted back to an analog signal, which is thensent over the copper cable to the terminating party In some countries, ISDN (Integrated ServicesDigital Network) lines are quite popular With this system, the transmission is fully digital and theconversion back into an analog audio signal is done directly in the phone

GSM reuses much of the fixed-line technology that was already available at the time the standardswere created Thus, existing technologies such as switching centers and long-distance communicationequipment were used The main development for GSM, as shown in Figure 1.2, was the means towirelessly connect the subscribers to the network In fixed-line networks, subscriber connectivity isvery simple as only two dedicated wires are necessary per user In a GSM network, however, thesubscribers are mobile and can change their location at any time Thus, it is not always possible touse the same input and output in the switching matrix for a user as in fixed-line networks

As a mobile network consists of many switching centers, with each covering a certain geographicalarea, it is not even possible to predict in advance which switching center a call should be forwarded

to for a certain subscriber This means that the software for subscriber management and routing ofcalls of fixed-line networks cannot be used for GSM Instead of a static call-routing mechanism, a