Radio network planning and optimisation for umts 2nd edition phần 1 pptx

3.6 Interference in WCDMA Multi-operator Environment 1623.6.1 Sources of Adjacent Channel Interference 1633.6.5 Guidelines for Radio Network Planning to Avoid ACI 174 3.7.2 Hierarchical

Radio Network Planning and Optimisation

for UMTS

Second Edition

Edited by

Jaana Laiho and Achim Wacker

Both of Nokia Networks, Nokia Group, Finland

Toma´sˇ Novosad

Nokia Networks, Nokia Group, USA

Radio Network Planning and Optimisation for UMTS

Radio Network Planning and Optimisation

for UMTS

Second Edition

Edited by

Jaana Laiho and Achim Wacker

Both of Nokia Networks, Nokia Group, Finland

Toma´sˇ Novosad

Nokia Networks, Nokia Group, USA

Copyright # 2006 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester,

West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Radio network planning and optimisation for UMTS / edited by

Jaana Laiho, Achim Wacker, Toma´s˘ Novosad

p cm.

ISBN-13: 978-0-470-01575-9 (alk paper)

ISBN-10: 0-470-01575-6 (alk paper)

planning and optimization for UMTS.

TK5103.483.R34 2005

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN-13 978-0-470-01575-9 (HB)

ISBN-10 0-470-01575-6 (HB)

Project management by Originator, Gt Yarmouth, Norfolk (typeset in 10/12pt Times).

Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire.

This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry

in which at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production.

1.2 Evolution of Radio Network Planning 21.3 Introduction to Radio Network Planning and Optimisation for UMTS 5

1.4.1 Towards a Service-driven Network Management 101.4.2 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) 111.4.3 Next-generation Mobile Communication 15

Toma´sˇ Novosad, David Soldani, Kari Sipila¨, Tero Kola and Achim Wacker

2.1 Mathematical Background of Spread Spectrum CDMA Systems 19

2.1.3 Tolerance of Narrowband Interference 212.2 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum System 22

2.2.2 Tolerance of Wideband Interference 242.2.3 Operation in Multi-path Environment 26

2.4 WCDMA Logical, Transport and Physical Channels 282.4.1 High-level UMTS Architecture Model 282.4.2 Radio Interface Protocol Architecture and Logical Channels 30

Achim Wacker, Jaana Laiho, Toma´sˇ Novosad, Terhi Rautiainen and

Kimmo Tera¨va¨

3.1.1 WCDMA-specific Issues in Radio Link Budgets 953.1.2 Receiver Sensitivity Estimation 983.1.3 Shadowing Margin and Soft Handover Gain Estimation 993.1.4 Cell Range and Cell Coverage Area Estimation 1003.1.5 Capacity and Coverage Analysis in the Initial Planning Phase 1003.1.6 Dimensioning of WCDMA Networks with HSDPA 102

3.2.1 General Requirements for a Radio Network Planning Tool 1103.2.2 Initialisation: Defining the Radio Network Layout 1243.2.3 Detailed Uplink and Downlink Iterations 1293.2.4 Adjacent Channel Interference Calculations 1373.2.5 Post-processing: Network Coverage Prediction and Common

3.3 Verification of Dimensioning with Static Simulations 1423.3.1 Macro-cellular Network Layout 1433.3.2 Introduction to the Simulation Parameters 1443.4 Verification of Static Simulator with Dynamic Simulations 1493.4.1 Introduction to the Dynamic Simulator 149

3.5 Optimisation of the Radio Network Plan 154

3.6 Interference in WCDMA Multi-operator Environment 1623.6.1 Sources of Adjacent Channel Interference 163

3.6.5 Guidelines for Radio Network Planning to Avoid ACI 174

3.7.2 Hierarchical Cell Structures in WCDMA Networks 177

Achim Wacker, Jaana Laiho, Toma´sˇ Novosad, David Soldani, Chris Johnson,Tero Kola and Ted Buot

4.1 Introduction to Radio Resource Management 197

4.2.2 Power Control on Downlink Common Channels 200

4.2.5 Power Control during Compressed Mode 2094.2.6 Power Control with Transmit Power Control Command

High-speed Downlink Packet Access 2534.6.4 Resource Manager for High-speed Downlink Packet Access 255

4.7 Impact of Radio Resource Utilisation on Network Performance 2564.7.1 Impact of Fast Power Control and Soft Handover on

4.7.2 Radio Resource Management Optimisation Examples 267

Kari Heiska, Toma´s˘ Novosad, Pauli Aikio, Chris Johnson and Josef Fuhl

5.4.3 Simulation Case Study with a Static Simulator 310

6.3 Techniques for Improving Capacity 3356.3.1 Uplink and Downlink Capacity Limited Scenarios 335

6.3.3 Identifying the Limiting Link 337

6.4 Uplink Cell Load and Base Station Transmit Power 338

6.4.2 Impact of Base Station Transmit Power 3396.5 Additional Carriers and Scrambling Codes 3426.5.1 Impact of Additional Carriers 3426.5.2 Impact of Additional Scrambling Codes 3446.6 Mast Head Amplifiers and Active Antennas 346

6.8.1 Impact of Higher Order Receive Diversity 353

6.10.4 Candidate MIMO Algorithms in 3GPP Standardisation 364

6.12.1 Impact of Rollout Optimised Configuration 374

6.17 Summary of Coverage and Capacity Enhancement Methods 389

7 Radio Network Optimisation Process 395Jaana Laiho, Markus Djupsund, Anneli Korteniemi, Jochen Grandell and

Mikko Toivonen

7.1 Introduction to Radio Network Optimisation Requirements 3957.1.1 The Operations System’s Role in the Optimisation Process 3987.2 Introduction to the Telecom Management Network Model 410

7.3.4 Measurement Applications in Network Elements and in the

7.3.5 Optimisation Using Operations System Tools 446

Jaana Laiho, Vilho Ra¨isa¨nen and Nilmini Lokuge

8.3 Characteristics and Requirements of Services 457

8.4.3 Packet Data Protocol Context Characterisation 463

8.5 Overview of 3GPP Quality of Service Architecture 4658.5.1 3GPP Quality of Service Architecture 4658.5.2 Support for the IP Multimedia Sub-system 467

8.6 Quality of Service Management in UMTS 4698.6.1 Introduction to Quality of Service Management

9 Advanced Analysis Methods and Radio Access Network Autotuning 505Jaana Laiho, Pekko Vehvila¨inen, Albert Ho¨glund, Mikko Kylva¨ja¨,

Kimmo Valkealahti and Ted Buot

9.2 Advanced Analysis Methods for Cellular Networks 506

9.2.2 Knowledge Discovery in Databases and Data Mining 507

9.2.8 High Level Performance Analysis by Clustering Network

Jussi Reunanen, Simon Browne, Pauliina Era¨tuuli, Ann-Louise Johansson,

Martin Kristensson, Jaana Laiho, Mats Larsson, Toma´sˇ Novosad and

10.2 Time Division Duplex Mode of WCDMA (UTRA TDD) 60610.2.1 Some Time Division Duplex Specific Properties 606

10.2.6 Erlang Capacity for Time Division Duplex Networks:

A Simple Way of Estimating Capacity per Cell 61210.2.7 Co-existing Time Division Duplex and Frequency

10.2.8 Co-located and Close Proximity Local Area Base

Second-generation (2G) mobile communication systems have enabled voice traffic to gowireless More important, however, have been the accompanying standardisation,compatibility and international transparency that were simply not available to tele-communications equipment of the previous analogue generation These features havehelped 2G systems to spread rapidly around the world, with very high cellular phonepenetration rates in many countries Cellular networks have enabled certain types ofcommunication to take place on a massive scale that previously were not possible orwere at least severely limited In the field of network building and expansion the mainadvances have been in planning the radio and transmission part of the network and inoptimising the processes and activities necessary to run existing operational networks.The third-generation (3G) system known as the Universal Mobile Telecommunica-tions System (UMTS) introduces very variable data rates on the air interface, as well asthe independence of the radio access infrastructure and the service platform For usersthis makes available a wide spectrum of circuit-switched or packet data services throughthe newly developed high bit rate radio technology named Wideband Code DivisionMultiple Access (WCDMA) The variable bit rate and variety of traffic on the airinterface have presented completely new possibilities for both operators and users,but also new challenges to network planning and optimisation

This book gives detailed descriptions of the radio network planning and optimisation

of UMTS networks based on Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) WCDMA technology

up to Release 5 of the 3GPP standardisation work – i.e., one main enhancement of thissecond edition is the inclusion of High-speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) Onechapter is dedicated to the General Packet Radio System (GPRS) and Time DivisionDuplex (TDD) access mode of WCDMA The optimisation and Quality of Service(QoS) aspects have, however, a wider scope, than in (W)CDMA radio technology only.Chapter 1 introduces the history of cellular telecommunication and the changes inplanning and operation of such networks The challenges of network planning,optimisation and operation the operators and the wireless industry are facing on theway to 3G systems are introduced together with an outlook on future developments inthe area towards fourth-generation (4G) systems

Chapter 2 is in three sections The first introduces the general background of SpreadSpectrum Systems This is followed by a section related to the Third GenerationPartnership Project (3GPP), giving a panoramic view of the UMTS architecture,interfaces and functions that impact directly upon radio network planning HSDPAphysical layer properties are added as a new content in 3GPP Release 5 The third

section discusses WCDMA-specific link performance indicators relevant for radionetwork dimensioning and planning.

Chapter 3 treats WCDMA radio network planning as a wider process that includesnetwork dimensioning with a special section for HSDPA, detailed planning, re-quirements for planning tools, algorithms used for calculations in WCDMA andoptimisation of the radio network plan The relationship between network dimension-ing, detailed network planning and dynamic network simulation is also discussed Thechapter closes with a discussion on cell deployment strategies with respect to thenumber of frequencies and the network structure This topic is presented as a casestudy

Chapter 4 covers Radio Resource Management (RRM) from the point of view ofradio resource utilisation, including power control, handover control, congestioncontrol (admission control, load control and packet scheduling), resourcemanagement and certain impacts of those functions upon network performance

A separate new section is devoted to RRM for HSPDA

In Chapter 5, first the background noise measurement along with measured resultsare introduced This part is followed by co-planning issues involving WCDMA and theGlobal System for Mobile communication (GSM), eventually other technologies Thethird part of the chapter describes the effects of intersystem interference, together withdynamic mobile station receiver properties on network performance The application ofthese methods and results is not, however, limited to the GSM–WCDMA scenario.Chapter 6 treats various coverage and capacity enhancement techniques (beam-forming, higher order receive diversity, transmit diversity, MIMO technology, masthead amplifiers, repeaters, rollout optimised configuration, sectorisation, etc.) Thechapter is based on an extensive set of case studies and contains practical examplesand conclusions

Chapter 7 introduces the concept of statistical optimisation and discusses 3GPPRelease 5 contributions in the management area including configuration and per-formance management issues Furthermore, the TeleManagement Forum enhancedTelecom Operations Map (TMF eTOM) model is briefly introduced A 3GPPmanagement model for the multi-vendor environment is addressed The managementsystem’s role in optimisation is presented and examples of management level productsand their capabilities are provided

Chapter 8 focuses on UMTS QoS mechanisms according to 3GPP Release 5 andexamples of practical realisations of the QoS capabilities in network elements areintroduced Furthermore, QoS as a differentiation enabler for operators is demon-strated and differentiation possibilities with the QoS concept are presented Theoptimisation loop expansion from the network layer to the service layer is described.Chapter 9 is devoted to advanced analysis methods and automated optimisation.Several new analysis methods for network performance analysis are introduced

In the area of automated optimisation examples of optimisation logic are providedfor the mobility management area, admission decision optimisation and capacityoptimisation in UMTS networks

Finally, Chapter 10 deals with two technologies that are different from the FDDmode of WCDMA The first is the GPRS branch in GSM technology This has broughtvariable rate packet data traffic into the air interface of originally circuit switched and

single data rate service-oriented technology The second, the Time Division Duplex(TDD) mode of WCDMA, represents an interesting technology for high data rateindoor users Therefore, the radio performance properties of TDD mode areintroduced.

On the CD accompanying the first edition of this book we included a static radionetwork simulator implemented in Matlab1 together with detailed descriptions of thealgorithms used Most of the simulated scenarios are added, but not all the valuespresented can be reproduced exactly, since simulations have been done partly byusing earlier versions of the tool, which used slightly different strategies The tool isdelivered in its current version and state, and the authors do not give any warrantyconcerning the correctness of the code In addition, some coloured figures – in PDFformat – are included The simulator, its description and the figures can now be found

at www.wiley.com/go/laiho

The book is targeted at wireless operators, network and terminal manufacturers,university students, frequency regulation bodies and all those interested in radionetwork planning and optimisation, especially network systems RF engineeringprofessionals This book represents the views and opinions of the authors, which arenot necessarily those of their employers

The editors would like to acknowledge the effort and time invested by colleagues, bothfrom Nokia and outside, who have contributed to this book Apart from the editors,the contributors were Pauli Aikio, Simon Browne, Ted Buot, Markus Djupsund,Pauliina Era¨tuuli, Josef Fuhl, Jochen Grandell, Kari Heiska, Jyri Ha¨ma¨la¨inen,Albert Ho¨glund, Ann-Louise Johansson, Chris Johnson, Petri Jolma, Tero Kola,Anneli Korteniemi, Martin Kristensson, Mikko Kylva¨ja¨, Mats Larsson, NilminiLokuge, Peter Muszynski, Roman Pichna, Terhi Rautiainen, Jussi Reunanen, VilhoRa¨isa¨nen, Kari Sipila¨, Jussi Sipola, David Soldani, Kimmo Tera¨va¨, Mikko Toivonen,Kimmo Valkealahti, Pekko Vehvila¨inen and Juha Ylitalo

The editors would like to thank Tero Ojanpera¨ and Peter Muszynski for initial review

of the first edition During the development of the second edition many of ourcolleagues from various Nokia sites offered support and help in suggesting improve-ments, finding errors or providing figures or editorial advice The editors would like toexpress their gratitude especially to Kati Ahvonen, Erkka Ala-Tauriala, Renaud Cuny,Outi Hiironniemi, Zhi-Chun Honkasalo, Salla Huttunen, Christian Joergensen, JanneKera¨nen, Mika Kiikkila¨, Outi Keski-Oja, Pekka Kohonen, Thomas Lammert, JaniLakkakorpi, Joni Lehtinen, Klaus Rasmussen, Mikko Rinne, Juha Ra¨sa¨nen, AnnaSillanpa¨a¨, Kristian Skinne, Antti Toskala and Werner Trapp

The publishing team at John Wiley & Sons, Ltd led by Mark Hammond, has done anoutstanding job in the production of this book We are especially grateful to SarahHinton for her patience, guidance and assistance

We would like to express special thanks to our employer, Nokia Networks, forgeneral permission, support and encouragement, and for providing some of theillustrations

We also wish to acknowledge the effort of our colleagues from the Optimizer andNetwork System Research teams as well as from planning services, for their practicalwork in 3G planning studies conducted in a number of cities and environments aroundthe world and for their valuable input from the field

Last, but not least, we would like to say a big thank-you to our families and friends,

as well as those of all the authors and reviewers, for their patience and supportthroughout this project

The editors and authors welcome any comments and suggestions for improvement orchanges that could be implemented in possible future editions

Jaana Laiho, Achim Wacker and Toma´sˇ Novosad

Espoo, Finland and Dallas, Texas

3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project

3GPP2 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2

8-PSK 8 Phase Shift Keying

AAL2 ATM Adaptation Layer type 2

Abis GSM Interface BTS–BSC

ACI Adjacent Channel Interference

ACIR Adjacent Channel Interference power Ratio

ACLR Adjacent Channel Leakage power Ratio

ACP Adjacent Channel Protection

ACS Adjacent Channel Selectivity

AGCH Access Grant CHannel

AI Acquisition Indicator

AICH Acquisition Indicator CHannel

ALCAP Access Link Control Application Part

AMC Adaptive Modulation and Coding

AMPS Advance Mobile Phone Service

AMR Adaptive Multi Rate

AP Access Point; Access Preamble

AP-AICH Access Preamble Acquisition Indicator CHannelAPI Application Programming Interface

APN Access Point Name

APP APPlication specific functions

ARP Allocation Retention Priority

ARQ Automatic Repeat reQuest

AS Access Slot; Access Stratum

ASC Access Service Class

AST Active Session Throughput

ASU Active Set Update

ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode

AVI Actual Value Interface

AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise

B(T)S Base (Transceiver) Station

BCC Base station Colour Code

BCCH Broadcast Control CHannel

BCH Broadcast CHannel

BCS Binary Coded Signalling

BEP Bit Error Probability

BFN Node B Frame Number

BLER BLock Error Rate

BMC Broadcast/Multicast Control

BMU Best Matching Unit

BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying

BSC Base Station Controller

BSIC Base Station Identity Code

BSS Base Station Subsystem

BSSMAP Base Station System Management Application Part

BTFD Blind Transport Format Detection

BYE Session termination

C/I Carrier-to-Interference ratio

C_ID Cell IDentification

C450 Analogue second-generation system in Germany

CAPEX CAPital EXpenditure

CART Classification And Regression Tree

CBR Call Block Ratio

CC Call Control; Convolutional Coding; Cumulative CounterCCCH Common Control CHannel

CCPCH Common Control Physical CHannel

CCTrCH Coded Composite Transport CHannel

CD Collision Detection

CD/CA-ICH Collision Detection/Channel Assignment Indicator CHannelCD-DSMA Collision Detection-Digital Sense Multiple Access

CDF Cumulative Distribution/Density Function

CDMA Code Division Multiple Access

CFN Connection Frame Number

CGI Cell Global Identification

CIO Cell Individual Offset

CM Compressed Mode; Configuration Management

CMIP Common Management Information Protocol

CORBA Common Object Request Broker Architecture

COST European COoperation in the field of Scientific and Technical

researchC-plane Control plane

CPCH Common Packet CHannel

CPICH Common PIlot CHannel

CQI Channel Quality Indicator

CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check

CRMS Common Resource Management Server

CRNC Controlling RNC

CRRR Capacity Request Rejection Ratio

CRS Cell Resource Server

CS Coding Scheme; Circuit Switched

CSI Channel State Information

CSICH CPCH Status Indicator CHannel

CSSR Call Setup Success Ratio

CSW Circuit SWitched (GPRS terminology)

CTCH Common Traffic CHannel

CWND Congestion WiNDow

D-AMPS Digital AMPS

DCA Dynamic Channel Allocation

DCCH Dedicated Control CHannel

DCH Dedicated CHannel

DCN Data Communication Network

DCS1800 Digital Cellular System (GSM) at 1800 MHz band

DER Discrete Event Registration

DGPS Differential GPS

DHCP Dynamic Host Client Protocol

DHO Diversity HandOver

DiffServ Differentiated Services

DoA Direction of Arrival

DOFF Default OFFset

DPCCH Dedicated Physical Control CHannel

DPCH Dedicated Physical CHannel

DPDCH Dedicated Physical Data CHannel

DQPSK Differential QPSK

DRX Discontinuous Reception

DSCH Downlink Shared CHannel

DSCP DiffServ Code Point

DSL Digital Subscriber Line

DSMA-CD Digital Sense Multiple Access–Collision Detection

DSTTD-SGRC Double STTD with Sub-Group Rate Control

DTCH Dedicated Traffic CHannel

DTX Discontinuous Transmission

D-TxAA Double Transmit Antenna Array

DVB Digital Video Broadcasting

E1 Standard 2 Mbps transmission line

EDGE Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution

EFR Enhanced Full Rate

EIA Electronic Industry Alliance

EIRP Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power

ERC European Radiocommunications Committee

ES Enterprise Systems

ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute

FACH Forward Access CHannel

FAUSCH FAst Uplink Signalling CHannel

FBI FeedBack Information

FCC Federal Communications Commission

FCS Frame Check Sequence

FDD Frequency Division Duplex

FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access

FEC Forward Error Correction; Forwarding Equivalence ClassFER Frame Erasure Rate

GAUGE (Dynamic variable), used when data being measured can vary up

or down during the period of measurement

GB Guaranteed Bit rate

Gbps Giga bits per seconds

GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node

GIS Geographical Information System

GMSK Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying

GPIB General Purpose Interface Bus

GPRS General Packet Radio Service

GPS Global Positioning System

HLR Home Location Register

HLS Higher Layer Scheduling

HSCSD High-speed Circuit Switched Data

HSDPA High-speed Downlink Packet Access

HS-DPCCH High-speed Dedicated Physical Control CHannel (UL)

HS-DSCH High-speed DSCH

HS-PDSCH High-speed Physical DSCH

HS-SCCH High-speed Shared Control CHannel (DL)

HSUPA High-speed Uplink Packet Access

HTML Hyper Text Markup Language

HTTP Hyper Text Transfer Protocol

IE Information Element

IEE The Institution of Electrical Engineers

IEEE The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

IETF Internet Engineering Task Force

IF-HO Inter-Frequency HO

IIP Input Intercept Point

IM Information Management

IMAP Internet Message Access Protocol

IMD Inter-Modulation Distortion

IMEI International Mobile station Equipment Identity

IMS IP Multimedia Sub-system

IMSI International Mobile Subscriber Identity

IMT International Mobile Telecommunications

IntServ Integrated Services

IOC Information Object Class

IP Internet Protocol

IPv4 IP version 4

IPv6 IP version 6

IR Incremental Redundancy

IRP Interface Reference Point

IS Interim Standard (US)

IS-136 North American TDMA

IS-54 North American TDMA Digital Cellular

IS-95 North American Version of the CDMA Standard

ISCP Interference Signal Code Power

ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network

IS-HO Inter-system HO

ISM Industrial, Science, Medical (free RF band, at 2.4 GHz)

ISO International Organisation for Standardisation

ISP Internet Service Provider

Iur Logical interface between two RNCs

kbps Kilo bits per second

KDD Knowledge Discovery in Database

KPI Key Performance Indicator

KQI Key Quality Indicator

ksps Kilo symbols per second

L1 OSI Layer 1: Physical Layer

L2 OSI Layer 2: Radio Data Link Layer

L3 OSI Layer 3: Radio Network Layer

LA Link Adaptation; Location Area

LAC Location Area Code

LAN Local Area Network

LCS LoCation-based Services

LDAP Lightweight Directory Access Protocol

LLC Logical Link Control

LNA Low-Noise Amplifier

LoCH Logical CHannel

LSA Localised Service Area

MAB Minimum Allowed Bitrate

MAC Medium Access Control

Mbps Mega bits per second

MCC Mobile Country Code

MCL Minimum Coupling Loss

Mcps Mega chips per second

MCS Modulation and Coding Scheme

MDC Macro Diversity Combining

MEHO Mobile-Evaluated HO

MHA Mast Head Amplifier

MIB Management Information Base

MIM Management Information Model

MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output

MISO Multiple Input Single Output

MMS Multimedia Message Service

MMUSIC Multiparty MUltimedia SessIon Control

MNC Mobile Network Code

MOC Managed Object Class

MOI Managed Object Instance

MPLS Multi-Protocol Label Switching

MRC Maximal Ratio Combining

MSC Mobile Switching Centre

MTU Maximum Transfer Unit

MVNO Mobile Virtual Network Operator

N/A Not Available; Not Applicable

N_PDU Network Level PDU

NAS Non-Access Stratum

NBAP Node B Application Part

NCC Network Colour Code

NM Network Management; Network Manager

NMS Network Management System

NMT Nordic Mobile Telephone

NP Network Performance; Non-Prioritised

NR Noise Rise; Network Resource

NRM Network Resource Model

NSS Networking Sub-System

OCNS Other Cell Noise Source

OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

OMC Operations and Maintenance Centre

OMG Object Management Group

OPEX OPerating EXpenditure

OSF Operations System Functions

OSI Open Systems Interconnection

OSS Operations Support System

OVSF Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor

PACCH Packet Associate Control CHannel

PAGCH Packet Access Grant CHannel

PARC Per-Antenna Rate Control

PBCCH Packet Broadcast Control CHannel

PCCCH Packet Common Control CHannel

PCCH Paging Control CHannel

P-CCPCH Primary CCPCH

PCMCIA PC Modular Computer Interface Adapter card

PCPCH Physical CPCH

P-CPICH Primary CPICH

PCS Personal Communications Systems

P-CSCF Proxy Call State Control Function

PCU Packet Control Unit

PDC Pacific Digital Cellular

PDCH Packet Data Channel

PDCP Packet Data Convergence Protocol

PDF Policy Decision Function; Probability Density FunctionPDP Packet Data Protocol

PDSCH Physical DSCH

PDTCH Packet Data Traffic CHannel

PDU Protocol Data Unit

PHB Per-Hop Behaviour

PI Paging Indicator; Performance Indicator

PICH Paging Indicator CHannel

PLMN Public Land Mobile Network

PM Performance Management

PN PseudoNoise

PoC Push (to talk) over Cellular

PPCH Packet Paging CHannel

PPP Point-to-Point Protocol

PRACH Physical RACH

PS Packet Switched; Packet Scheduler

PSC Primary Synchronisation Code

P-SCH Primary Synchronisation CHannel

PSK Phase Shift Keying

PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network

PU2RC Per-User Unitary Rate Control

QM Quality Manager; Quality Management

QoE Quality of end-user Experience

QoS Quality of Service

QPSK Quadrature/Quaternary Phase Shift Keying

RAB Radio Access Bearer

RAC Routing Area Code

RACH Random Access CHannel

RAI Routing Area Identifier

RAKE special receiver type used in CDMA

RAM Radio Access Mode

RAN Radio Access Network

RANAP Radio Access Network Application Part

RAT Radio Access Technique

RAU Routing Area Update

RC-MPD Rate Control Multi-Path Diversity

RDN Relative Distinguished Name

RFC (IETF) Request For Comments

RLC Radio Link Control

RLCP Radio Link Control Protocol

RMSS Receiver Maximum Segment Size

RNAS RAN Access Server

RNC Radio Network Controller

RNP Radio Network Planning

RNS Radio Network Subsystem

RNSAP Radio Network Subsystem Application Part

RNTI Radio Network Temporary Identity

ROC Rollout Optimised Configuration

RR Radio Resource; Receiver Report; Resource Request

RRC Radio Resource Control; Route Raised Cosine

RRI Radio Resource Indicator

RRM Radio Resource Management

RRP Radio Resource Priority

RRU Radio Resource Utilisation

RSCP Received Signal Code Power

RSSI Received Signal Strength Indicator

RSVP Resource ReSerVation Protocol

RTCP Real-Time Control Protocol

RTO Roundtrip Time Out

RTP Real-time Transport Protocol

RTTVAR Round-Trip Time VARiation

RTVS Real Time Video Streaming

RxD Receive Diversity

SA Spectrum Analyser; Service Area

SAI Service Area Identifier

SAP Service Access Point

SBLP Service-Based Local Policy

S-CCPCH Secondary CCPCH

SCH Synchronisation CHannel

S-CPICH Secondary CPICH

SCTP Stream Control Transmission Protocol

SDCCH Standalone Dedicated Control CHannel

SDES Sender DEScription items

SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

SDP Session Description Protocol

SDU Service Data Unit

SFN System Frame Number

SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node

SI Status Inspection

SIGTRAN SIGnalling TRANsport

SIM Subscriber Identity Module

SIMO Single Input Multiple Output

SINR Signal-to-Interference and Noise Ratio

SIP Session Initiation Protocol

SIR Signal to Interference Ratio

SLA Service Level Agreement

SLP Service Logic Program

SM Session Management; Service Management

SMG Special Mobile Group

SMS Short Message Services

SMSS Sender Maximum Segment Size

SMTP Simple Message Transfer Protocol

SNDCP Subnetwork Dependent Convergence Protocol

SNR Signal-to-Noise Ratio

SOM Self-Organising Map

S-PARC Selective PARC

SQM Service Quality Manager

SRTT Smoothed Round-Trip Time

SS Spread Spectrum; Supplementary Services

SSC Secondary Synchronisation Code

S-SCH Secondary SCH

SSDT Site Selection Diversity Technique

SSRC Synchronisation SouRCe (identifier)

SSTRESH Slow Start ThRESHold

STm-1 Synchronous Transport Module-1: An ITU-T-defined SDH

physical interface for digital transmission in ATM at the rate

of 155.52 MbpsSTTD Space Time Transmit Diversity

TBF Temporary Block Flow

TBS Transport Block Set

TC Transmission Convergence

TCP Transmission Control Protocol

TDD Time Division Duplex

TDM Time Division Multiplex

TDMA Time Division Multiple Access

TFCI Transport Format Combination Indicator

TFCS Transport Format Combination Set

TFI Transport Format Indicator

TFS Transport Format Set

TFT Traffic Flow Template

TGCFN Transmission Gap Connection Frame Number

TGD Transmission Gap start Distance

TGL Transmission Gap Length

TGPL Transmission Gap Pattern Length

TGPRC Transmission Gap Pattern Repetition Count

TGSN Transmission Gap starting Slot Number

THP Traffic Handling Priority

TIA Telecommunications Industry Association

TM Transparent Mode; Telecom Management

TMF TeleManagement Forum

TMN Telecommunications Management Network

TMSI Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity

TOM Telecom Operations Map

TPC Transmit Power Control

TPRC for CD-SIC Tx Power Ratio Control for Code Domain Successive

Inter-ference Cancellation

TR Technical Recommendation

TrCH Transport CHannel

TRX Transmit and Receive Unit; Transceiver

TS Technical Specification

TSG Technical Specification Group

TSTD Time Switched Transmit Diversity

TTI Transmission Time Interval

TU3 Typical Urban 3 km/h (standard channel type specified in GSM)

TxIMD Transmission Inter-Modulation Distortion

UARF(C)N UTRA Absolute Radio Frequency (Channel) Number

UDP User Datagram Protocol

UEP Unequal Error Protection

UHF Ultra High Frequency

UMA Unlicensed Mobile Access

UML Unified Modelling Language

UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System

U-NII Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (RF band at

5 GHz)