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Grid NetworksEnabling Grids with Advanced Communication Technology... Grid NetworksEnabling Grids with Advanced Communication Technology... 12, D-69469 Weinheim, Germany John Wiley & Son

Grid Networks

Enabling Grids with

Advanced Communication Technology

Grid Networks

Grid Networks

Enabling Grids with

Advanced Communication Technology

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester,

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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Grid networks : enabling grids with advanced communication technology / [edited by] Franco Travostino, Joe Mambretti, Gigi Karmous-Edwards.

p cm.

Includes bibliographical references.

ISBN-13: 978-0-470-01748-7

ISBN-10: 0-470-01748-1

1 Computational grids (Computer systems) 2 Computer networks—Design and construction.

3 Wireless communication systems—Design and construction 4 Optical communications—Design and construction I Travostino, Franco II Mambretti, Joel, 1948– III Karmous-Edwards, Gigi QA76.9.C58G7559 2006

004.36—dc22 2006016095

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN-13: 978-0-470-01748-7

ISBN-10: 0-470-01748-1

Typeset in 10/12pt Garamond by Integra Software Services Pvt Ltd, Pondicherry, India

Printed and bound in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire

This book is printed on acid-free paper responsibly manufactured from sustainable forestry in which

at least two trees are planted for each one used for paper production.

For Franco, To Suely, Giulia and Matteo

For Joe, To CatherineFor Gigi, To Layah, Kamila, and Tony

Introduction: The Grid and Grid Networks xxix

Joe Mambretti

1.2 Network Resources as First-class Grid Entities 11.2.1 What is a Grid? 21.3 The General Attributes of Grids 31.3.1 The Grid and Design Abstraction 51.3.2 The Grid as an Enabler of Pervasive, Programmable Utility

1.4 Types of Grids 71.4.1 Grids and Grid Networks 81.4.2 Attributes of Grid Networks 91.5 Grid Networks and Emerging Communication Technologies 14

2 Grid Network Requirements and Driver Applications 17

2.1 Introduction 172.2 Grid Network Requirements for Large-scale Visualization and

Jason Leigh, Luc Renambot, and Maxine Brown

2.2.1 Large-scale Visualization and Collaboration Application

2.2.2 Current Limitations to Advanced Visualization and Collaboration 19

Tom Jackson, Jim Austin, and Martyn Fletcher

2.6.1 Use Case Introduction 362.6.2 Dame Customers 372.6.3 Scenarios 372.6.4 Resources Involved 392.6.5 Functional Requirements 392.6.6 Security Considerations 402.6.7 Performance Considerations 402.6.8 Use Case Situation Analysis 40Acknowledgments 412.7 Financial Services: Regulatory and Market Forces Motivating a Move

to Grid Networks 41

Robert B Cohen

2.7.1 New Challenges for Financial Institutions and Networks 412.7.2 Factors Driving Banks to Adopt Grids and High-speed Networks 412.7.3 How Financial Institutions will Use Networks to Facilitate Grid

2.7.4 Globalization of Financial Markets 442.7.5 Migration of Financial Institutions to Grid Networks 452.7.6 Conclusions 462.8 Summary of Requirements 47

Contents ix

3 Grid Network Requirements and Architecture 49

Joe Mambretti and Franco Travostino

3.1 Introduction 493.2 Requirements 503.2.1 Requirements and Coexistence of Diverse Network User

3.2.2 Abstraction/Virtualization 523.2.3 Resource Sharing and Site Autonomy 533.2.4 Flexibility Through Programmability 543.2.5 Determinism 543.2.6 Decentralized Management and Control 563.2.7 Dynamic Integration 563.2.8 Resource Sharing 573.2.9 Scalability 573.2.10 High Performance 583.2.11 Security 593.2.12 Pervasiveness 593.2.13 Customization 593.3 Translating Requirements to Architecture 603.3.1 IETF RFC 2768 603.3.2 Service-oriented Architecture 613.3.3 A Multitier Architecture for Grids 613.3.4 Introducing Grid Network Services 63

Standards (OASIS) 704.5 World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) 714.6 The IPSphere Forum 71

4.8 Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) 714.9 Distributed Management Task Force (DMTF) 734.10 International Telecommunication Union (ITU-T) 744.11 Optical Internetworking Forum (OIF) 754.12 Infiniband Trade Association (IBTA) 754.13 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 76

x Contents

5 Grid Network Services and Implications for Network Service

Joe Mambretti, Bill St Arnaud, Tom DeFanti, Maxine Brown,

and Kees Neggers

5.1 Introduction 815.2 Traditional Communications Services Architecture 825.3 Grid Architecture as a Service Platform 825.3.1 Grid Network Services Architecture 835.4 Network Services Architecture: An Overview 845.4.1 Services Architecture Benefits 845.5 Grid Network Services Implications 865.6 Grid Network Services and Network Services 865.6.1 Deterministic Networking and Differentiated Services 875.7 Grid Network Service Components 885.7.1 Network Service Advertisements and OGSA 885.7.2 Web Services 895.7.3 Web Services Definition Language (WSDL) 895.7.4 Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration (UDDI) 905.7.5 Web Services-Inspection Language (WSIL) 905.7.6 Network Service Design and Development Tools 905.8 New Techniques for Grid Network Services Provisioning 915.8.1 Flexible Communication Services Provisioning 915.8.2 Partitionable Network Environments 915.8.3 Services Provisioning and Signaling 925.9 Examples of Grid Network Services Prototypes 925.9.1 A Layer 3 Grid Network Services Prototype 935.9.2 APIS and Signaling for Dynamic Path Provisioning 935.9.3 A Layer 2 Grid Network Services Prototype 945.9.4 Services-oriented Architecture for Grids Based on Dynamic

Lightpath Provisioning 945.9.5 Optical Dynamic Intelligent Network Services (ODIN) 955.9.6 User-Controlled Lightpath Provisioning 955.10 Distributed Facilities for Services Oriented Networking 965.10.1 Provisioning Grid Network Services 97

6.4 Grid Architecture and the Simplicity Principle 102

Contents xi

6.4.1 Network Design and State Information 1036.4.2 Internet Best Effort Services 1046.5 Grids and Internet Transport Layer Services 1056.6 IETF Differentiated Services 1056.6.1 Diffserv Mechanisms 1066.6.2 Grids and Quality of Service Network Services 1076.7 Gara and DiffServ 1076.8 Grids and Nonrouted Networks 1076.8.1 Layer 2.5 Services and Quality Standards 1086.8.2 Grids and Layer 2.5 Services 1086.9 Layer 2 Services and Quality Standards 1086.9.1 Grids and Layer 2 Quality of Service 1096.10 Layer 1 Services and Quality Standards 1096.10.1 Grids and Layer 1 Quality of Service 1106.11 The Grid and Network Services 111

Franco Travostino and Doan Hoang

7.1 Introduction 1137.2 Definitions 1147.2.1 Network Services and Grid Network Services 1147.2.2 Grid Infrastructure Software 1147.2.3 Grid Network Infrastructure Software 1147.3 Grid Infrastructure Software 1157.3.1 The Globus Toolkit 1157.4 Grid Network Infrastructure Software 1227.4.1 The DWDM-RAM System 1237.5 Components of Grid Network Infrastructure 1267.5.1 Network Bindings 1267.5.2 Virtualization Milieu 1297.5.3 Performance Monitoring 1327.5.4 Access Control and Policy 1337.5.5 Network Resource Scheduling 1347.5.6 Multidomain Considerations 135

8 Grid Networks and TCP Services, Protocols, and Technologies 145

Bartek Wydrowski, Sanjay Hegde, Martin Suchara, Ryan Witt,

and Steven Low

8.1 Introduction 1458.2 Background and Theoretical basis for Current Structure of Transport

Layer Protocols 1468.2.1 User Datagram Protocol (UDP) 1468.2.2 Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 1478.2.3 Window Flow Control 147

xii Contents

8.2.4 Fairness 1498.2.5 Congestion Control Feedback System 1508.2.6 Congestion Control Performance 1528.3 Enhanced Internet Transport Protocols 1578.3.1 TCP Reno/NewReno 1578.3.2 TCP Vegas 1588.3.3 FAST TCP 1598.3.4 BIC TCP 1608.3.5 High-speed TCP 1618.3.6 Scalable TCP 162

8.3.8 TCP Westwood 1628.4 Transport Protocols based on Specialized Router

8.4.2 Explicit Congestion Control Protocol (XCP) 1668.5 TCP and UDP 167Acknowledgments 168

Protocol (UDP) 1719.2.1 UDP Transport Utility 1729.2.2 Reliable Blast UDP (RBUDP) 1739.2.3 The UDP-Based Data Transfer Protocol (UDT) 1749.2.4 Tsunami 1789.3 Lambdastream 1789.4 Grid Applications and Transport Protocols 1799.4.1 Berkley Sockets 1799.4.2 Future APIs 1799.4.3 TCP Proxies 1809.5 The Quanta Toolkit 1809.5.1 Tuning and Optimization Issues 1819.5.2 Communication Services Optimization 1819.6 Grids and Internet Transport 182Acknowledgments 182

Joe Mambretti and Franco Travostino

10.1 Introduction 18510.2 The Internet and the End-To-End Principle 185

Contents xiii

10.3 The Internet and Layer 3 Services 18610.3.1 IP Concepts 18610.3.2 IP Components 18710.3.3 Differentiated Services 18710.4 Grid Experimentation with DiffServ-Based Quality of Service 18810.5 Internet Routing Functions 18910.5.1 Routing Protocols 18910.5.2 Communicating Routing Table Information 19010.5.3 Route Advertisement and Route Storage 19010.5.4 Routing Policies 19010.5.5 Routing Topologies 19010.5.6 Routing Metrics 19110.6 Layer 3 Addressing and Network Address Translators (NATS) 19210.7 IP Version 6 19210.8 Subsecond IGP Recovery 19310.9 Internet Security using Internet Protocol Security 19310.10 IP Multicast 19410.11 Internet Layer 3 Services 194Acknowledgments 195

11 Layer 2 Technologies and Grid Networks 197

John Strand, Angela Chiu, David Martin, and Franco Travostino

11.1 Introduction 19711.2 Layer 2 Technologies and Grid Requirements 19711.3 Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) 19811.3.1 MPLS and Shared Network Infrastructure 20011.3.2 MPLS and Virtual Private Networks 20011.3.3 Grid Network Services and MPLS 20111.4 Ethernet Architecture and Services 20111.4.1 Ethernet Architecture Features and Challenges 20211.4.2 Ethernet as a Service 20411.4.3 10 Gbps Ethernet and Beyond 20411.5 Pseudo-Wire Emulation (PWE) and Virtual Private Lan Services

Over MPLS (VPLS) 20511.6 Layers 2/1 Data Plane Integration 20511.6.1 Sonet and TDM Extensions for Ethernet-Over-Sonet (EOS) 20611.6.2 Virtual Concatenation 20711.6.3 Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme 20711.6.4 Generic Framing Procedure 20711.7 Resilient Packet Rings (RPR) 20711.8 User–Network Interfaces 20811.9 Optical Interworking Forum Interoperability Demonstration 21011.10 Infiniband 211Acknowledgments 214

xiv Contents

Gigi Karmous-Edwards, Joe Mambretti, Dimitra Simeonidou,

Admela Jukan, Tzvetelina Battestilli, Harry Perros, Yufeng Xin,

and John Strand

12.1 Introduction 21712.2 Recent Advances in Optical Networking Technology and

12.2.1 Layer 1 Grid Network Services 21912.2.2 Benefits of Grid Layer 1 Services 21912.2.3 The Role of Network Standards Bodies 22112.3 Behavioral Control of Layer 1 Networks 22412.3.1 Management Plane 22512.3.2 Control Plane 22512.4 Current Research Challenges for Layer 1 Services 22912.4.1 Application-Initiated Connections 22912.4.2 Interaction with Grid Middleware 23212.4.3 Integrating Novel Optical Technologies 23212.4.4 Resource Discovery and Coordination 23312.5 All-Photonic Grid Network Services 23512.5.1 All-Photonic Grid Service 23512.5.2 Grid Service Scenarios for All-Photonic End-to-End

12.5.3 Physical Layer Quality of Service for Layer 1 Services 23612.5.4 Requirements for an All-photonic End-to-End Grid Service 23912.5.5 Open Issues and Challenges 23912.6 Optical Burst Switching and Grid Infrastructure 24012.6.1 Introduction to OBS 24112.6.2 Grid-OBS as a Control Plane for Grid Networking 24512.6.3 Advances in Optical Switching Technology that make

Grid-OBS a Viable Solution 24612.6.4 Grid-OBS use Scenario 250

Contents xv

13.3.3 Detailed Network Investigations 26113.3.4 Monitoring at the Application Level 26213.4 General Considerations on Availability 26213.5 Fault Detection 26313.6 Recovery and Restoration 26413.6.1 Protection for Circuit Switched Networks 26613.6.2 Restoration for Burst/Packet-Switched Networks 26813.7 Integrated Fault Management 272

Cees de Laat, Freek Dijkstra, and Joe Mambretti

14.1 Introduction 27714.2 Creating Next-Generation Network Services and Infrastructure 27814.2.1 End-to-End Principle 27814.2.2 Packet-Based Data Units 27914.2.3 Enhanced Functional Abstraction 27914.2.4 Self-Organization 27914.2.5 Decentralization 28014.2.6 Distributed Service Creation 28014.3 Large-Scale Distributed Facilities 28014.4 Designs for an Open Services Communications Exchange 28114.4.1 The Design of an Open Grid Services Exchange 28114.4.2 Provisioning Implications 28214.4.3 Exchange Facility Characteristics 28214.5 Open Grid Optical Exchanges 28314.5.1 Traditional Internet Exchanges 28314.5.2 Rationale for an Open Optical Exchange 28414.5.3 The Concept of an Optical Exchange 28514.5.4 Interfaces and Protocols within an Optical Exchange 28614.5.5 Optical Exchange Services 28814.5.6 External Services 28914.5.7 Service Matrix 28914.5.8 Blueprint for an Optical Exchange 28914.5.9 Monitoring in a Multilayer Exchange 28914.6 Prototype Implementations 291

15 Emerging Grid Networking Services and Technologies 293

Joe Mambretti, Roger Helkey, Olivier Jerphagnon, John Bowers, and

Franco Travostino

15.1 Introduction 29315.2 New Enabling Technologies 29415.3 Edge Technologies 29515.4 Wireless Technologies 29515.4.1 Device-Level Wireless Technologies 296

xvi Contents

15.4.2 IEEE 802.11 29615.4.3 Self-Organizing Ad Hoc Wireless Networks 29715.4.4 IEEE SA 802.11b 29715.4.5 IEEE 802.11a 29815.4.6 IEEE 802.11g 29815.4.7 Software-Defined Radios and Cognitive Radios 29815.4.8 Radio Frequency Identification 29915.4.9 Sensors 29915.4.10 Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDS) 30015.5 Access Technologies 30015.5.1 Fiber to the Premises (FTTP) 30015.5.2 Wireless Access Networks 30115.5.3 Free Space Optics (FSO) 30115.5.4 Light-Emitting Diodes 30115.5.5 Broadband Over Power Lines (BPL) 30115.6 Core Technologies 30115.7 Photonic Integrated Circuits (PIC) 30215.7.1 High-Performance Optical Switches 30215.7.2 Recent Advances in High Performance Optical Switching 30315.7.3 Optical Switch Design 30415.7.4 Optical Switches in Core Networks 30515.7.5 Reliability Issues 30615.7.6 Future Advances in High-Performance Optical Switches 30615.7.7 Implications for the Future 307Acknowledgments 307

A.2.4 OptIPuter 315A.2.5 CHEETAH 316

A.2.7 Japan Gigabit Network II (JGN II) 317A.2.8 Vertically Integrated Optical Testbed for Large Scale

Applications (VIOLA) 318A.2.9 StarPlane 318A.2.10 EnLIGHTened 319A.2.11 Lambda User Controlled Infrastructure for European

A.2.12 Global Environment for Network Innovations (GENI) 322A.2.13 Department of Energy Ultrascience Net 323