In the second set, the participial phrase precedes the antecedent метáллов, and the commas are therefore omitted.The two participles in the third set both precede their antecedents предм
Trang 13 If they follow the antecedent (the noun that is being described), participialphrases are bordered by commas; if they precede the antecedent, there are nocommas.
4 Participial phrases of one word generally precede the object they modify
Formation
1 Take the third-person plural form of the verb, drop the last letter, and add the
consonant щ plus the appropriate adjective ending.
2 Stress is the same as in the third-person plural form
3 The particle -ся does not contract with participles.
4 Since a participle behaves like a normal adjective, make sure it agrees with itsantecedent in gender, case, and number
It is important to remember that there are two types of agreement As
previ-ously mentioned, котóрый can be only in the nominative case, so the only forms that can be replaced by participles are котóрый, котóрая, котóрое, and
котóрые Participles, however, will agree completely with their antecedents in
every way and therefore may represent all cases, all genders, and both numbers
Word Order and Punctuation
If a participial phrase follows its antecedent, it will be set off by commas If thephrase precedes the antecedent, there are no commas Participial phrases of oneword usually stand immediately before the antecedent This flexibility in the wordorder of participles allows Russian a wide range of possibilities that are not easilyrendered in English A word-by-word translation of the third set of sentencesbelow will illustrate this fact The following are examples of pairs of sentences, thefirst of which uses a participial construction, and the second of which replaces that
participial phrase with a котóрый clause Participles will be boldface to make
them easier to identify
Фильм, демонстрñрующийся в этом зáле, сóздан по ромáнуТургéнева
Фильм, котóрый демонстрñруется в œтом зáле, сóздан по ромáнуТургéнева
Trang 2The movie that is being shown in this hall is based on a novel by Turgenev.
Electrical wires are made from metals that conduct current well (orthat are good conductors of current)
Блестûщие предмéты отражáют пáдающие на них лучñ свéта.
Предмéты, котóрые блестûт, отражáют лучñ свéта, котóрыепáдают на них
Objects that shine reflect the rays of light that fall on them or
Shin-ing (shiny) objects reflect the rays of light fallShin-ing on them
In the first set of examples, the participial phrase follows the antecedent (фильм)
and is enclosed by commas In the second set, the participial phrase precedes the
antecedent (метáллов), and the commas are therefore omitted.The two participles
in the third set both precede their antecedents (предмéты and лучñ), and commas are not used Note that single-word participial phrases, such as блестûщие, are so
commonly used that most native speakers do not recognize them as participles andperceive them primarily (and correctly) as the adjectives they have become Recallthat participles are also known as verbal adjectives
TEST FOR MASTERY 1
This exercise is a warm-up to the ones that follow Below you will see phrases orshort sentences that contain present active participles Translate these intoEnglish Remember that the participle precedes its antecedent if there are nocommas Also keep in mind that the word modified by the participle is the per-former of the action of the verb from which the participle is formed
1 говорûщая лóшадь 4 семьû, снимáющая œтот нóвый дом
2 рÿсско-говорûщие студéнты 5 моû сестрá, живÿщая в Петербÿрге
3 карандашñ, лежáщие на столé 6 мáльчик, игрáющий на балалáйке
Trang 3TEST FOR MASTERY 2
Now do the reverse Form participial phrases from the following:
10 Вы довóльны студéнтом, котóрый пñшет диплóмную рабóту оТолстóм?
TEST FOR MASTERY 3
Rewrite the following sentences, changing each participle to a котóрый clause To
assist in your understanding of the syntax, translations follow each sentence Thisexercise is more difficult than the preceding two
Trang 41 Вáся купñл говорûщую лóщадь! (Vasya bought a talking horse!)
2 Студéнты, желáющие поступñть (Students wishing to enter graduate
в аспирантÿру, должнπ school must fill out this form.)вπполнить œту анкéту
3 Улыбáющиеся нам дéвочки (The girls smiling at us are in the ÿчатся в трéтьем клáссе third grade.)
4 Из-за забóра мы услπшали (From behind the fence we heard the весёлые голосá детéй, happy voices of children playing играîщих на шкóльном in the schoolyard.)
7 Дéти, ежеднéвно дéлающие (Children who exercise every day зарûдку, мáло болéют rarely get sick.)
8 Я оглûдываюсь и вдруг вñжу (I look around and suddenly see my мáшущего мне рукóй friend waving (his hand) to me.)приûтеля
9 Улыбáющийся ребёнок всегдá (A smiling child is always beautiful.)красñв
10 Совремéнные учёные сóздали (Contemporary scientists have created счётные машñны, заменûющие calculators, which replace the work вычислñтельную рабóту сóтен of hundreds and thousands of
Trang 512 Стёпа надевáет висûщую на (Styopa is putting on the shirt that стÿле рубáшку was hanging on the chair.)
13 Гимнáстика, дéлающая человéка (Gymnastics, which makes a person лóвким и вынóсливым, должнá agile and hardy, should hold and занûть почётное мéсто honorable place in school.)
в шкóле
14 Радиостáнция передавáла (The radio broadcast reports on репортáж о слÿхах, не rumors having nothing to do with имéющих ничегó óбщего the facts.)
с фáктами
15 Встречáющиеся в другñх кнñгах (The conclusions encountered in
по œтому вопрóсу вπводы не other books on this question do not соотвéтствуют вπводам œтого correspond to the conclusions of
As Nouns and Adjectives
Some participles have, through long-term use, become well established in theRussian language and are thought of primarily as nouns and/or adjectives Many
of these words are restricted to formal or technical usage, in fields such as the natural sciences, medicine, linguistics, economics, agriculture, military, and so
forth Some examples of scientific terms include блуждáющий (migratory),
яйцеклáдущее (oviparous), and нержавéющий (noncorrosive, rust-resistant).
The medical field uses such words as вûжущий (astringent),
жаропонижáющее (fever-reducing), плодоизгонûющий (abortifacient),
кровоостанáвливающий (styptic), отравлûющий (asphyxiant, poison),
отхáркивaющее (expectorant), сосудорасширûющий (vessel-dilating),
успокáивающее (sedative), and возбуждáющее (stimulant).3
In the military, one encounters военнослÿжащий (serviceman),
командÿющий (commander), вольнослÿжащий (a re-enlisted serviceman), and старослÿжащий (an old soldier, a veteran).
3Many of these words are neuter in gender because they modify the noun лекáрство
(medicine), which has been dropped This is an extremely productive category, basically
meaning something that does X, for instance, something that puts you to sleep, something
that keeps you awake, something that makes you expectorate, and so forth
Trang 6Linguistic terminology includes бÿдущее (future tense), настоûщее (present tense), подлежáщее (the subject), свистûщий (sibilant), слогообразÿющий (syllable-forming), шипûщий (fricative), агглютинñрующий (agglutinative),
áкающий (one who pronounces an unstressed о as а), and óкающий (one who
pronounces an unstressed о as о).
Industry and agriculture use быстросóхнущий (fast-drying), льносéющий (flax-growing), тепловыделûющий (fuel, heat-generating), обрабáтывающий (manufacturing), плёнкообразÿющий (film-forming), самовсáсывающий (self- priming), свеклосéющий (beet-growing), угледобывáющий (coal-producing),
хлопкосéющий (cotton-growing), and электропроводûщий (electroconductive).
Nouns from Present Active Participles
The most common examples of participles generally thought of as nouns can befound in the following list.They are widely used in conversational Russian and are
declined as adjectives: бастÿющий (a worker on strike), вéрующий (a believer, one of the faithful), военнослÿжащий (a military serviceman), говорûщий (the speaker), завéдующий (manager, director, head), игрáющий (a player),
нападáющий (a forward, in sports), начинáющий (a beginner), не/курûщий (a
non/smoker), не/пьîщий (a non/drinker), приезжáющий (arrival; one who is arriving), самообучáющийся (a self-taught person), слÿжащий (white-collar worker), трудûщийся (worker, toiler), тûжущийся (litigant), уезжáющий (departure; one who is departing), управлûющий (manager, steward), and
учáствующий (participant).
Adjectives from Present Active Participles
Participles commonly used primarily as adjectives have lost most of their
connec-tion to the participle form Among these are words such as блестûщий (shining,
shiny) Native speakers of Russian, presented with the task of parsing the
follow-ing sentence, would nine times out of ten not identify блестûщиe as a participle:
Блестûщие предмéты отражáют пáдающие на них лучñ свéта (Shiny objects
reflect the rays of light falling on them) This sentence may be rightly rendered in
Russian using котóрый phrases in place of both participles: Предмéты, котóрые
блестûт, отражáют лучñ свéта, котóрые пáдают на них (Objects that shine
reflect the rays of light that fall on them) In this particular instance the participial
adjective блестûщий is correctly rendered as that shine, but the more common use of the word is in its meaning as brilliant, as in блестûщий студéнт or
блестûщая статьû.
Trang 7Among participles primarily used as adjectives are не/подходûщий (in/
appropriate), небьîщийся (unbreakable), бодрûщий (invigorating),
волнÿющий (troubling), выдаîщийся (outstanding), знáчащий (significant), знáющий (knowledgeable), кáжущийся (apparent), любûщий (loving), отдыхáющий (vacationer), плáчущий (tearful), поражáющий (astonishing), потрясáющий (tremendous), предстоûщий (impending), рéжущий (cutting),
угрожáющий (threatening).
Compound Adjectives from Present Active Participles
Last, there is a large and growing group of compound adjectives based on ples The first part of the compound adjective is usually a noun form, followed bythe participial form of the verb These may lead to unusually long words in Rus-sian, some approaching ten syllables in length when declined
partici-Compound Adjective Noun or Pronoun Verb English
(soundproofing), кровососÿщий (blood-sucking), огнедπшащий
(fire-breathing), and самоуправлûющий (self-governing).
One Last Caveat
Not all words that end in -щий are participles! There are a handful of adjectives
that have no more than a passing resemblance to participles They may be dividedroughly into two groups: (1) those that express a colloquial superlative form of the
adjective, using the suffix -ущий/-ющий and (2) those that are historical remnants
of Old Church Slavonic, the literary language of the Slavs dating to the tenth tury
cen-Participles are, in a way, Old Church Slavonic’s gift to the Russian language
Native Russian forms of verbal adjectives take the ending -чий Compare, for instance, the native Russian adjective жгÿчий (burning, ardent) with the partici-
Trang 8ple form жгÿщий (that which is burning), or колîчий (barbed, as in wire) and
колîщий (stabbing, taunting).The word вûщий (very great) is one example of an
Old Church Slavonic word that remains in use in Modern Russian on a limitedbasis but is primarily obsolete or used in a jocular sense This particular word is
used only in certain set expressions: с вûщим уважéнием (with the utmost respect), с вûщим удовóльствием (with the greatest pleasure).
There are also examples of obsolete participles that are used only in certain
set expressions, such as стрáждущее человéчество (suffering humanity) The correct Modern Russian participle for this verb would be страдáющий.
The following list of commonly used adjectives belongs to the first category
mentioned above They all carry the connotation of overly or more than normal.
In comparison with the simple superlative (умнéйший), they are one degree
fur-ther, although their use is still considered primarily colloquial The translationsprovided are meant to suggest some of the colloquial and superlative flavor oftheir usage in Russian
Большÿщий (humongous), гнетÿщий (depressing, dismal), грязнÿщий
(filthy dirty), длиннÿщий (extremely long), здоровÿщий (healthy as a horse),
ледáщий (feeble, puny), проклятÿщий (damned), работûщий (industrious,
hard-working), толстÿщий (fat), умнîщий (very smart), хитрîщий (very ning), and худÿщий (emaciated).
cun-One commonly used adjective—настоûщий (real, present) and its negative
ненастоûщий (unreal)—has no relation to the present active participle The word
гулûщий (idle, colloquial) or its feminine form гулûщая (a streetwalker) are not
participial forms Last, stump your Russian teacher by asking about the colloquial
тьма-тьмÿщая (countless multitudes) Both parts decline.
Past Active Participles
Like present active participles, past active participles are formed from котóрый clauses in which котóрый is in the nominative case The verb, however, stands in
the past tense, which means that nearly all Russian verbs have the potential toform this type of participle, since all Russian verbs occur in the past tense Thus,both imperfective and perfective verbs can form present active participles
Formation
To form the past active participle, take the masculine past-tense form of the verb,
drop the -л and add the consonants -вш- plus the appropriate adjective ending.
Trang 9Verbs whose past tense ends in -л but whose conjugated stems end in -д- will take
-дший for the full participle ending For verbs whose past tense does not end in -л, simply add ш and the adjective ending.
Note that the particle -ся does not contract with participles Note also that the
ё in the past-tense form of the verb returns to е in the past active participle.
Infinitive First-Person Singular Masculine Past Past Active Participle
TEST FOR MASTERY 4
Change the following participial phrases to constructions using котóрый Keep in
mind that they are all fragments rather than sentences Again, remember that if aparticiple follows its antecedent, it will be preceded by a comma; if the participlestands before the antecedent, like a normal adjective, there will be no comma.English translations are provided along with the answers, but challenge yourself
by trying to do these sentences without referring to the English
1 студéнтка, проспáвшая занûтия
2 заболéвшая дéвочка
3 летéвший над нáми самолёт
4Once again, remember that there are two types of agreement Котóрый can be in the
nominative case only, so the only allowable forms that can be replaced by participles are
котóрый, которая, котóрое, and котóрые Participles, however, agree completely with
their antecedents in every way
Trang 10Because participles are considered literary or high style, they are likely to beencountered in complex literary texts The sentences that follow, therefore, may
be difficult to grasp at first An English translation is provided to help you findyour way through the syntax to the participles Any effort you expend in learningparticiples will pay enormous dividends in the long run, deepening your under-standing of Russian syntax and building your confidence in reading Russian liter-ary texts
TEST FOR MASTERY 5
Rewrite the following sentences, changing each participle to a котóрый clause.
This exercise is much more difficult than the preceding ones If you would like totry them on your own, selected vocabulary follows each Russian sentence
1 Больнóй дÿмал о врачáх, (The patient thought about the
спáсших емÿ жизнь doctors who had saved his life.)
(спастñ [to save])
2 Бπло сπро от тумáна, (It was damp from the fog that was поднимáвшегося над рекóй rising over the river.)
(сπро [damp], поднимáться [to rise])
Trang 113 Мнóго ужé говорñлось о рóли (Much has been said about the role рÿсского нарóда, занимáвшего of the Russian people, who took a ведÿщее мéсто в борьбé leading role in the struggle against прóтив Гñтлера (занимáть Hitler.)
[to take, hold])
4 Мы услπшали звáвший рабóчих (We heard the whistle that was
на завóд гудóк calling the workers to the factory.)
[excitement, agitation])
9 Потерûвшие послéдние лñстья (The trees that had lost their last
и почернéвшие от дождû leaves and turned black from the дерéвья стонáли под ветрóм rain moaned in the wind.)
(Note that there is no comma, indicating that the participle stands before its antecedent.)
[to discuss], слoжñться [to grow complicated])
Trang 1212 У Николáя, встáвшего в пéрвый (Having gotten up for the first time раз пóсле болéзни, дрожáли after his illness, Nikolai’s legs
Adjectives and Nouns from Past Active Participles
There are fewer past active than present active participles used as adjectives and
nouns, but the principle is the same: someone or something that X-ed Some of the
most common are listed here, along with their infinitive form and extended or urative meanings
fig-Past Active Participle Infinitive English
сумасшéдший идти с ума someone who has gone out of
his/her mind; mad, insaneнижеподписáвшийся подписáться нñже the person who has signed below;
the signatory; the undersignedпострадáвший пострадáть the victim (someone who has
suffered)погñбший погñбнуть lost, ruined (adj.)
fear) (adj.)наболéвший наболéть sore, painful (adj.)
потерпéвший потерпéть the victim, survivor (someone
who has undergone X)устарéвший устарéть obsolete (something that has
grown old)
that has outlived its age)почñвший почñть, rhet the deceased (the one who has
passed away)
обрîзгший обрîзгнуть flabby, flaccid; same as
обрîзглый
увûдший увядать/увянуть faded, withered (adj only)
осñпший осñпнуть hoarse, husky; same as осñплый