Understanding Drugs and Behaviour phần 10 pptx

see alsoalcoholbiochemical predispositions, diathesis stress blood alcohol concentration BAC 120–6 blood–brain barrier, concepts 29–30, 109, 200 146, 169, 191–2brief intervention, alcoho

afferent system see sensory afferents

hallucinations 139health consequences 36, 120–1, 125–6, 127,133–49, 225–7, 230

heavy drinkers 135, 227historical background 3–4, 120–1, 133, 228hypertension 140

liver 31, 136, 139–40low and alcohol-free products 230main properties 4, 6–8, 95, 119–27, 133–49,225–7

male adolescents 137–8memory 120–1, 124–7, 134–5, 140–1metabolism processes 31, 109, 121–4, 136,139–40

moderate drinking 134–6morbid jealousy 139myopia 125negative effects 7–8, 30, 95, 119–21, 133–49,225–30

nervous system consequences 140–1, 225–6neurochemistry 121–4, 137, 143

nicotine effects 68–9osteoporosis 140peripheral neuritis 140physiological effects 124–7, 133–49, 225–7positive effects 7, 134, 225–7, 229problem drinking 135–42, 227psychological effects 120–1, 123–7, 133–49,225–7

recommended safe levels 120, 134–5schizophrenia 139

sexual performance 120, 140social acceptability 134–5, 226, 230social costs 134, 138–40, 225–30statistics 5, 120–1, 134–5, 138–42stomach 139–40

suicides 138taxation 105tolerance 35, 119, 124, 135–6, 144, 225–7trends 5, 120–1, 134–5, 138–9, 227–8USA trends 5

violence 120–1, 125, 138–9withdrawal symptoms 36, 101, 119–21,135–6, 138–9, 144

Alcohol Concern 134, 256

Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test 136

motivational enhancement therapy 141–2

causes 187, 193–4cholinergic systems 187, 190–2, 193–6, 232cholinesterase inhibitors 187, 193–6diagnosis 196

drug uses 5, 187–201, 208–10females 188, 200

folate 200future prospects 199–201, 208, 232genetic predispositions 187, 198–9historical background 187–8, 196human drug trials 193

memory aids 192Mini-Mental State Examination 195multi-factor models 193–4

nerve growth factor 200–1neural plaques 187, 194, 196–9neurobiological changes 189–90neuroimaging data 190oestrogen 200

pharmacotherapy 193psychological effects 189–201psychopharmacological prospects 199–201,232–3

reality orientation 192–3risk factors 193–4secondary effects 189selective reminiscences 193social costs 187–8

statistics 187–9symptoms 187–9tangles 187, 194, 196–201vitamins 187, 199, 200–1American Psychiatric Association (APA),Diagnostic Statistical Manual (DSM–IV)135–6, 172–3

amines 6, 19–22, 33–4, 45, 71, 161, 171,174–84

amino acids 19–20, 109amitriptyline 177–8, 180ammonia 57

AMP see adenosine mono phosphateamphetamines 4–6, 21, 33, 41, 43–50, 112,

144, 147, 160–1, 179, 223–4, 226, 229see alsoMDMA

administration routes 28, 41, 44–5, 47

anterior cingulate, Alzheimer’s disease 190–2

anti-inflammatory drugs, Alzheimer’s disease

200–1

anti-inflammatory effects, cannabis 100

anticholinergic ingredients 83anticholinesterases 35, 193–6, 201anticonvulsants 31, 91, 121, 127–9antidepressants 4–5, 7, 30–1, 34, 37–8, 48–9,171–87, 209, 231, 257

see alsodepression; fluoxetine; imipramineadministration routes 28

background 4, 171–84, 209, 231, 257death rate statistics 180

dependence 179first-generation antidepressants 176–9, 231future prospects 181–4

historical background 5, 48–9, 171, 174–8,179–80, 231

list 4, 176–7main properties 4, 7, 171–84mechanisms 175–8

negative effects 7, 171, 177–80neurochemical effects 176–81non-respondents 178positive effects 7, 171–84, 231selective noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors

177, 181selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors 171,

177, 179–81serotonin/noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors

177, 181tricyclic antidepressants 176–8, 182, 183antiepileptic drugs 171, 183–4

antihypertensive actions 33antioxidants, Alzheimer’s disease 187,199–201

antipsychiatry theories 154antipsychotics 4–7, 14, 27, 34, 75, 153–73,230–1, 256

see alsochlorpromazine; clozapine;haloperidol; risperidone

administration routes 27–8, 166–7atypical neuroleptics 167–9background 4–7, 153–70, 230–1, 256complementary support 5, 153–7, 168–9costs 157, 168

dosage reductions 166–7future developments 169–70historical background 5, 153–4, 160–1,164–9, 230–1

list 4, 165–9amphetamines (cont.)

ATP see adenosine triphosphate

Atropa belladonna(deadly nightshade) 83, 207atropine 83, 191–2, 207

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD) 5, 41, 44, 49–50CNS stimulants 5, 41, 44, 49–50controversies 5, 41, 44, 49–50diagnoses trends 5, 49–50atypical neuroleptics, concepts 167–9auditory hallucinations 153–70Australia

herbal products 213lithium 231tobacco trends 5, 56autonomic motor efferents, concepts 10–12autonomic nervous system (ANS)

see alsoparasympathetic .;

sympathetic .concepts 10–12, 13, 14, 211physiological effects guide 11autoreceptors 23

average life expectancies 188, 201aversion therapy, alcohol 31axons, concepts 14–20, 78, 157–8, 183babies 29–30, 47, 55–6, 57–9, 113–14, 159, 184see alsochildren

antiepileptic drugs 184CNS stimulants 47cocaine 47dependence 30, 47, 114fetal alcohol syndrome 30, 140opiates 113–14

schizophrenia 159tobacco 55–6, 57–9BAC see blood alcohol concentrationbad trips 74–5, 82, 224

Baeyer, Adolph von 127balance 14

barbiturates 4, 36, 43, 119, 121–2, 127–8, 229alcohol 127

background 119, 121–2, 127–8, 229suicides 127–8

Barker, R.A 12basal gangliaconcepts 13–14, 89, 162–3, 166structure 13–14, 162–3, 166Baudelaire, Charles Pierre 87

see alsoalcohol

biochemical predispositions, diathesis stress

blood alcohol concentration (BAC) 120–6

blood–brain barrier, concepts 29–30, 109, 200

146, 169, 191–2brief intervention, alcoholism 142bromides 119

bronchitis, cannabis 98Brouwers, E.M 208Brown, B 66bupropion 34Burroughs, William 114butyrophenones 165–9Cabral, G.A 99Cade 182caffeine 4–5, 7, 31, 41–2, 44–5, 51–3, 144, 213,223–4

anxiety 52–3background 5, 41–2, 51–3, 144, 213, 223–4conditioned factors 52

main properties 7, 41, 42, 44–5, 51–3, 223–4metabolism processes 31

sources 51statistics 5, 41, 51–3trends 5, 41, 51–3withdrawal symptoms 53, 144, 223–4caffeinism 52–3

calcium ions 15–23, 109–10, 122, 183, 200cancers

administration routes 27–8alcohol 120

cannabis 100opiates 112, 146, 225tobacco 55, 58–60, 69cannabinoid intake 29, 85–102cannabis 4–5, 8, 19–20, 23, 36–7, 48, 76, 81,85–102, 155, 225–7, 256

acute cognitive effects 92–5administration routes 5, 28, 60, 88, 92,100–1

alcohol 93, 95–6anxiety 92–3, 97, 101background 5, 8, 28, 36, 76, 81, 85–102, 155,225–7, 256

behavioural issues 89, 91–3, 97–9, 225–7children 87

chronic cognitive effects 92–3, 95–9, 225

Alzheimer’s disease 189, 193schizophrenia 231

Carlson, N.R 12carotenoids 199carriers, concepts 34Cartesian mind–body dualism, concepts 36CAT see computerised axial tomographycatabolic enzymes 20, 33–5

catabolism, concepts 11, 18, 20catalepsy 169

catatonia 154–7catechol-O-methyltransferase 20–1catecholamine model, concepts 171cathinone 51

caudate nucleus 13, 163, 166CBF see cerebral blood flowCBT see cognitive behavioural therapyCDT see carbohydrate-deficient form oftransferrin

central nervous systemsee alsobrain; CNS .; spinal cordalcoholism 140–1

concepts 9–24, 33, 61–2, 140–1, 157–8,203–4, 215–16

energy needs 204, 232structure 9–12, 14, 204, 215–16, 222–3cerebellum, concepts 10, 14, 89, 183cerebral blood flow (CBF) 97–8, 141, 158,209–15

alcoholism 141cannabis effects 97–8schizophrenia 158cerebral cortexalcoholism 141concepts 9, 10–11, 13–14, 49, 78, 89, 91,121–2, 157–8, 166, 183, 187–201schizophrenia 157–9, 166

cerebral trauma 15cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)concepts 12–13, 157–8, 163–4, 181depression 181

schizophrenia 157–8, 163–4

cerebrovascular strokes 58, 120, 140, 198

charybdotoxin 17

ChEI see cholinesterase inhibitors

chemical families, neurotransmitters 19–20

advertising 66–7amputations 57–9background 4–5, 55–70, 223–4, 229–30behavioural issues 60–1, 224

cancers 55, 58–60, 69children 55–6, 57–9, 64–5, 67–9, 144, 224,230

circulatory problems 55, 57–60, 224deaths 8, 36, 55, 57–60, 224fashion 66–7

first-time usage 6–7, 67health consequences 7–8, 36, 46–8, 55–70,223–4

heavy/light use contrasts 66–7initiation 6–7, 67

inter-cigarette intervals 61low-tar cigarettes 58–9passive smoking 59–60peer pressures 67relapse problems 68–9sexual performance 57smoke inhalation 55–70, 223–4statistics 4–5, 8, 55–70tar 55, 57–60, 98, 224–5treatments 55, 59, 67–9, 115, 148trends 5, 8, 55–70, 223–4circulatory problems, cigarettes 55, 57–60,224

cirrhosis, liver 120, 139–40citalopram 177, 180class 1 receptors, concepts 21–3, 222–3class 2 receptors, concepts 22–3, 222–3Clifford, P 212–13

clinical usessee alsomedicinal .drugs 153, 230–1Clinton, Bill 5, 87, 227clomipramine 177–80clopenthixol 165–9clorgyline 179clozapine 4, 32, 153, 165–9

see alsoamphetamines; caffeine; cocaine

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 5,

CNS see central nervous system

CO see carbon monoxide

deaths 47dependence 26, 30, 41–2, 44–5, 46–8, 69,143–7, 223–4, 226

health consequences 46–8, 223–4main properties 4, 6, 7–8, 41–2, 44–50,223–4, 226

negative effects 7, 30, 41–2, 44–8, 147, 155,223–4, 226, 229

novice users 45–6positive effects 7, 41, 44–5, 48–50, 223–4,

226, 229psychological effects 45–6, 147, 155, 223–4,226

relapse problems 48statistics 5, 42, 106tolerance 35–6, 46–8, 223–4, 226treatments 48

trends 5, 42, 106, 223–4uses 4, 6, 7–8, 41–2, 44–50violence 45–6

withdrawal symptoms 143, 146cod liver oil 213, 232

codeine 4, 103–4, 105, 107–8, 112coffee 7, 51–3

see alsocaffeinecognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) 141, 148,

181, 184, 231–2alcoholism 141, 148depression 181mania 184cognitive decline 4, 5, 15, 95–6, 187–201, 214see alsodementia

alcoholism 140–1Alzheimer’s disease 187–201drug uses 4, 5, 95–6, 187–201, 214cognitive effects

alcohol 95, 121–7, 134–42, 225–7antidepressants 178

benzodiazepines 129–30cannabis 81, 86, 92–9, 225, 227depression 173, 181

opiates 111–15, 225cognitive enhancers 5, 16, 62–3, 203–22, 232see alsobrain aromatherapy 212

background 5, 203–22, 232

concentration gradients, concepts 15–16

conditioned factors, caffeine 52

coping skills, treatments 149

coronary heart disease, alcohol 120, 134, 140

corpus callosum, concepts 13

counselling benefits, treatments 141–2, 147–8

couples therapy, alcoholism 142

Crews, W.D 214crime

alcohol 119, 125, 138CNS depressants 119concepts 229crack cocaine 146heroin 107, 113–14, 146legal classifications 87, 97, 99, 229theories 146–7

Crimpe, Samuel 114cross-tolerance 35–6, 46Crow, T.J 155–7CSF see cerebrospinal fluidcurative effects see medicinal effectsCurran, H.V 78, 129

CYP2D6 31, 180cytochrome P-450 31, 35

D2-like receptors 34, 136, 145, 161–3, 165–9D-amphetamine 21, 33

D-cycloserine 169D-glucose 16D-serine 169Dale’s law 20Darwin, Charles 214date rape 119DBZ see dibenzodiazepine

De Quincey, Thomas 105deadly nightshade 83, 207deaths

alcohol 36, 125–6, 137–40, 227amphetamines 47

antidepressants 180cocaine 47

depression 173, 174, 178–80heroin 107–9, 113, 115–16, 149MDMA 77–8

schizophrenia 157tobacco 8, 36, 55, 57–60, 224decanoates 30

decision making, reaction times 12–13, 212–13Delay, J 164

delirium tremens 135, 144delusions 4, 7, 14, 34, 83, 98, 139, 153–70alcohol 139

cognitive enhancers (cont.)

depression 4–5, 31, 33, 65, 78, 82, 98, 101, 111,

114, 144, 146–7, 171–84, 209, 231, 257see alsoantidepressants

alcohol 120–1, 138–9alternative approaches 181background 171–84, 209, 231, 257cannabis 98, 101, 225

causes 171–5children 114cognitive behavioural therapy 181complementary approaches 181concepts 171–84

deaths 173, 174, 178–80drug uses 4–5, 7, 31, 33, 65, 78, 82, 98, 101,

114, 146–7, 171–84, 224DSM-IV (Diagnostic Statistical Manual)172–3

elderly people 181electroconvulsive therapy 176future prospects 181–4genetic predispositions 173–4herbal remedies 179, 181historical background 5, 48–9, 171, 174–8,179–80, 231

Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal axis 175,215

monoamine oxidase inhibitors 171, 174–9monoamine theories 174–5

psychological therapies 181–2seasonal affective disorder 172, 181serotonin 171–84

statistics 173–4, 180–1suicides 173, 174, 177supersensitive receptors 175symptoms 171–4

‘‘designer’’ drugs 35desipramine 30–1, 177–8detoxification treatments 34, 134, 148, 210DeVreese, L.P 208

dexamethasone suppression test (DST) 175Deyo, R.A 210

diabetes mellitus 27, 57–9, 204, 215

diacetylmorphine 103–4, 107–8

see alsoheroin

diagnostic tools, alcoholism 135–6

disease model, dependence 143, 230

disinhibitory effects, alcohol 119, 134–5,

225–7

disorganised thought, schizophrenia 156

dissociative effects, recreational drugs 82–3

Dow Chemical Company 76Down’s syndrome 197–8driving tests

cannabis effects 94–7CNS depressants 119, 123–6drowsiness, drug uses 4, 6, 7, 14, 110–11

‘‘drug abuse’’ 36, 47, 93

‘‘drug misuse’’ 36, 106, 133–49drug-free holidays 167drugs

see alsopsychoactive drugsconcepts 3–39, 41–3, 221–33dry mouth, side effects 7, 37, 178DSM–IV (Diagnostic Statistical Manual )alcoholism 135–6

anxiety 129depression 172–3DST see dexamethasone suppression testDuka, T 125

Dumas, Alexandre 86–7dysentery 111

dyskinesias 178dysphoria 173dysphoric reactions, cannabis 93dystonia 166

East India Company 105eating disorders 50, 79–80Ecclestone, D 175Ecstasy see MDMAECT see electroconvulsive therapyEdgerton, R.B 127

Edwards, A.E 205EEGs see electroencephalogramseffectors 10–11

efferent system see motor efferentselderly people 181, 187–201, 205–7see alsoAlzheimer’s disease; dementiadepression 181

life expectancies 188, 201electrochemical gradientsconcepts 15–16neurons 15–16, 222–3electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) 176

essential oils, aromatherapy 212

ethanol see alcohol

ethnic minorities, heroin 106

sex hormones 130tobacco trends 5, 56fenfluramine 50Ferguson, D.M 96fertility effectsalcohol 120cannabis 98–9fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) 30, 140fight, sympathetic autonomic nervous system11

final overview 221–33Finland 231

Fioravanti, M 200first-generation antidepressants 176–9, 231first-pass effects 29, 109, 139

first-time usage, drugs 6–7, 67, 111, 122–3,144–5

fish oils 213, 232flavonoids 214–15Fleischl-Marxow 42flight, sympathetic autonomic nervous system11

flights of fancy, mania 173fluid levels, MDMA 77–8flumazenil 129–30fluoxetine 4, 31–2, 34, 77, 142, 171, 177, 180see alsoselective serotonin reuptakeinhibitors

fluphenazine 164–5flurazepam 128fluvoxamine 177, 180folate, Alzheimer’s disease 200forebrain, concepts 12–13, 20, 45, 160–2,174–5

Fowles, K 205France, cannabis 86free drugs, distribution processes 30free radicals 199, 214

Freud, Sigmund 42, 48, 69, 154, 229fright, sympathetic autonomic nervous system11

frontal lobe 13, 191–2, 196–7future prospects 169–70, 181–4, 199–201, 208,231–3

gamma glutamyl transferase enzyme 136

‘‘ganja’’ see cannabis

‘‘grass’’ see marijuanaGreek mythology 4green mamba 17Greenfield, S 12–13guanine nucleotidesee alsoG-protein-coupled receptorsconcepts 22–3

‘‘H’’ see heroinhalf-lives 32, 88–90, 108–9, 123, 180–1hallucinations 3–4, 14, 34, 97–8, 153–70alcohol 139

drug uses 4, 7, 14, 34, 97–8, 153–70schizophrenia 153–70

hallucinogens 72haloperidol 4, 32, 165–9Halpern, J.H 78, 81Hart, C.L 94Hart, G.M 205Hasan-Ibn-Sabbah 87hashish 86

see alsocannabisHashishiyya cult 87heart attacks 55, 57, 120, 134, 140heart rates 11, 19, 46, 61–2, 92–3, 97, 113,178–9, 210, 212–13

heavy drinkerssee alsoalcoholconcepts 135, 227hebephrenia 154–7hemp 86

see alsocannabishepatic portal vein 29, 31, 109, 181hepatitis

alcoholic hepatitis 139

B 116, 148

C 116, 148herbal products 4, 37, 179, 181, 200, 203,213–16, 232

Herbert, M 63hereditary cerebral haemorrhage withamyloidosis of the Dutch type(HCHWA-Dutch) 198

hippocampus, concepts 13, 14–15, 89–90,163–4, 169, 175, 190–2

Hippocrates 104Hirayama, T 60histamine 6, 19–20, 23, 77, 161, 178antidepressants 178

concepts 6, 19–20, 23, 161, 178historical background, psychoactive drugs3–5, 41–3

HIV 47, 114, 116, 148Hofmann, Albert 72–3, 75Hogarty, G.E 168–9Hogervorst, E 213Homer 4

hormones 6, 11, 13, 20Horrobin, D 169Horwood, L.J 96HPA see Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenalaxis

human genome 35Huxley, Aldous 75, 228hydergine 72, 203, 208–10hydrocephalus 13hydrocortisone 26, 175hyperactive children, CNS stimulants 5hyperactivity symptoms, mania 173hyperforin 181

hypericum 181, 213hyperpolarised membranes, neurons 16, 17,

22, 85, 89, 109–10, 121hypertension

alcohol 140antidepressants 179reserpine 174hyperthermia effectsantidepressants 179MDMA 77, 81hypoactive forebrains, depression 174hypodermic syringes, invention 105hypoglycaemia 204

hypomania 178hyponatraemia effects, MDMA 77