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1.1 Circuit-Switched Data Transmission 1 1.3 Transmission Speeds 41.4 The Signaling System Number 7 5 1.5 The GSM Subsystems 91.6 The Network Subsystem 9 1.7 The Base Station Subsystem B

Communication Systems for the Mobile Information

Society

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ISBN-13 978-0-470-02676-2 (HB)

ISBN-10 0-470-02676-6 (HB)

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1.1 Circuit-Switched Data Transmission 1

1.3 Transmission Speeds 41.4 The Signaling System Number 7 5

1.5 The GSM Subsystems 91.6 The Network Subsystem 9

1.7 The Base Station Subsystem (BSS) 20

1.8 Mobility Management and Call Control 44

vi Contents

1.9 The Mobile Station 51

1.11 The Intelligent Network Subsystem and CAMEL 59

2.1 Circuit-Switched Data Transmission over GSM 652.2 Packet-Switched Data Transmission over GPRS 66

2.3 The GPRS Air Interface 69

2.4 The GPRS State Model 812.5 GPRS Network Elements 84

2.6 GPRS Radio Resource Management 892.7 GPRS Interfaces 932.8 GPRS Mobility Management and Session Management (GMM/SM) 98

2.9 Session Management from a User Point of View 1032.10 WAP over GPRS 1062.11 The Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) over GPRS 1112.12 Web Browsing via GPRS 116

3.1 Overview, History, and Future 121

3.1.2 UMTS Release 4: Enhancements for the Circuit-Switched Core

3.1.3 UMTS Release 5: Introduction of the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) 127

3.1.4 UMTS Release 5: High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) 129

Contents vii

3.2 Important New Concepts of UMTS 130

3.3 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 132

3.3.6 Advantages of the UMTS Radio Network

3.4 UMTS Channel Structure on the Air Interface 144

3.5 The UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) 158

3.6 Core Network Mobility Management 1703.7 Radio Network Mobility Management 171

3.8 UMTS CS and PS Call Establishment 1833.9 UMTS Release 99 Performance 186

3.10 UMTS Release 5: High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) 193

3.11 UMTS Release 6: High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA) 202

4.1 Wireless LAN Overview 2174.2 Transmission Speeds and Standards 2184.3 WLAN Configurations: From Ad-hoc to Wireless Bridging 220

4.4 Management Operations 2254.5 The MAC Layer 231

4.6 The Physical Layer 235

4.7 WLAN Security 240

4.8 Comparison of WLAN and UMTS 243

5.4 Physical Layer Framing 260

5.4.1 Frame Structure in FDD Mode for Point-to-Multipoint Networks 260

5.4.2 Frame Structure in TDD Mode for Point-to-Multipoint Networks 2645.5 Ensuring Quality of Service 2645.6 MAC Management Functions 269

5.7 MAC Management of User Data 274

5.10 Mobile WiMAX: 802.16e 286

5.11 WiMAX Network Infrastructure 294

5.12 Comparison of 802.16 with UMTS, HSDPA, and WLAN 300

6.6.3 Object Exchange Profiles: FTP, Object Push,

Wireless technologies such as GSM/UMTS, wireless LAN, 802.16 (WiMAX), and Bluetoothhave revolutionized the way we communicate and exchange data by making services liketelephony and Internet access available at anytime and from almost anywhere Today, a greatvariety of technical publications offer background information about these technologies butthey all fall short in one way or another Books covering these technologies usually describeonly one of the systems in detail and are generally too complex as a first introduction TheInternet is also a good source, but the articles one finds are usually too short and superficial

or only deal with a specific mechanism of one of the systems Because of this, it wasdifficult for me to recommend a single publication to students in my telecommunicationclasses, which I’ve been teaching in addition to my chosen profession as a wireless systemsconsultant This book aims to change this

All wireless technologies discussed in the book continue to evolve, with increasing mission speeds being the driving goal This book covers some of the evolutions such asHSDPA and HSUPA enhancements, which deliver increased transmission speeds in UMTSnetworks, and EDGE, which does the same thing for GPRS As WiMAX already offers hightransmission speeds for stationary users (802.16d), the evolution path of this system intro-duces mobility Therefore, the mobility extension of WiMAX (802.16e) is also discussed.Beyond speed and mobility improvements, research is being performed into how futuremulti-mode wireless devices can offer anytime, anywhere connectivity The challenge ofthis approach is determining how to offer a seamless transition from one radio technology

trans-to another for users roaming out of the coverage area of a network As this book describesthe similarities and differences between the major radio technologies, which will form thebasis of such 4G networks, it also provides a wealth of information for readers involved inthis area of research

Each of the six chapters in this book gives a detailed introduction and overview of one ofthe wireless systems mentioned above Special emphasis has also been put into explainingthe thoughts and reasoning behind the development of each system Not only the ‘how’, butalso the ‘why’ is of central importance in each chapter Furthermore, comparisons are madebetween the different technologies to show the differences and commonalities of the systems.For some applications, several technologies compete directly with each other, while in othercases only a combination of different wireless technologies creates a practical applicationfor the end user For readers who want to test their understanding of a system, each chapterconcludes with a list of questions For further investigation, all chapters contain references

to the relevant standards and other documents These provide an ideal additional source tofind out more about a specific system or topic

xii Preface

While working on the book, I’ve tremendously benefited from the wireless technologiesthat are already available today Whether at home or while traveling, wireless LAN, Blue-tooth, UMTS, and EDGE have provided reliable connectivity for my research and haveallowed me to communicate with friends and loved ones at anytime, from anywhere In away, the book is a child of the technologies it describes

The decision to write books about wireless systems in my free time came to me quitesuddenly While browsing a Paris bookshop, I discovered a book by Pierre Lescuyer, anauthor whom I did not know at this time but was working for the same company as myself.After I got in contact with him, he explained to me, over an extended lunch, how he wentfrom an idea to his first finished book I would like to thank Pierre for his invaluable advice,which has helped me many times since then

Furthermore, my sincere thanks go to Berenice, who has stood by me during this projectwith her love, friendship, and good advice

Also, I would like to thank Prashant John, Timothy Longman, Tim Smith, Peter van denBroek, Prem Jayaraj, Kevin Wriston, and Gregg Beyer for revising the different chapters intheir free time and for their invaluable suggestions on content, style, and grammar

Martin SauterParis, France

1.11 The international mobile subscriber identity (IMSI) 131.12 A terminal program can be used to retrieve the IMSI from the SIM card 141.13 Creation of a signed response (SRES) 171.14 Message flow during the authentication of a subscriber 181.15 Authentication between network and mobile station 191.16 SMS delivery principle 201.17 GSM uplink and downlink in the 900 MHz frequency band 211.18 A typical antenna of a GSM base station The optional microwave

directional antenna (round antenna at the bottom of the mast)

connects the base station with the GSM network 231.19 Cellular structure of a GSM network 231.20 Sectorized cell configurations 241.21 A GSM TDMA frame 24

xiv List of Figures

1.29 Time shift of bursts of distant subscribers without timing advance control 341.30 GSM speech compression 361.31 Speech compression with a 4:1 compression ratio in the TRAU 361.32 Source-filter model of the GSM FR codec 381.33 Complete transmission chain with transmitter and receiver of the GSM FR

2.1 Exclusive connections of a circuit-switched system 662.2 Packet-switched data transmission 672.3 GSM, GPRS, and EGPRS data transmission speed comparison 682.4 Billing based on volume 682.5 Simplified visualization of PDTCH assignment and timeslot aggregation 702.6 Shared use of the timeslots of a cell for GSM and GPRS 722.7 CS-2 and CS-3 channel coder 732.8 GMSK (GPRS) and 8PSK (EGPRS) modulation 742.9 MCS-9 convolutional coding and incremental redundancy 752.10 Paging for an incoming voice call via the Gs interface 782.11 PDTCH and PACCH are sent on the same timeslot 792.12 Logical channels of GPRS NOM II 802.13 Request of uplink resources, NOM II 812.14 The GPRS state model 822.15 Difference between ready and standby state 842.16 GPRS network nodes 852.17 Interfaces and protocols of the SGSN on layers 2 and 3 872.18 Ciphering in GSM and GPRS 872.19 Subscriber changes location within the GPRS network 89

List of Figures xv

2.20 Use of the uplink state flag 902.21 Use of the temporary flow identifier (TFI) in the downlink direction 912.22 Packet timeslot reconfiguration message according to 3GPP TS 44.060,

2.23 GPRS protocol stacks in the radio network 932.24 The Gn interface protocol stack 952.25 GTP packet on the Gn interface 952.26 The Gr interface 972.27 The Gp interface 982.28 GPRS attach message flow 992.29 GPRS attach message on the Gb interface 1002.30 The PDP context activation procedure 1022.31 Identification of user data packets on different GPRS interfaces 1032.32 IP over PPP for Internet connections 1042.33 PPP termination in the mobile phone for GPRS 1052.34 The advanced settings dialog box for entering the APN 1062.35 Simple WML page 1082.36 Different protocol stacks on the two sides of the WAP gateway 1082.37 MMS architecture overview as defined in 3GPP TS 23.140 1122.38 SMIL description of the layout of an MMS message 1142.39 MIME boundaries of the different parts of an MMS message 1142.40 Uncompressed view of an MMS header 1152.41 IP packet flow and delay times during the download of a web page 1183.1 Processor speed increase in the time between standardization of GSM

3.2 Speed comparison between GSM, GPRS and UMTS (Release 99) 1233.3 Common GSM/UMTS network, Release 99 1253.4 UMTS Release 4 (BICN) 1263.5 UMTS Release 5 architecture 1273.6 Separation of protocols between the core and radio network into access

stratum (AS) and non-access stratum (NAS) 1313.7 Round-trip delay time of UMTS (Release 99) compared to ADSL and GPRS 1333.8 Simultaneous communication of several users with a base station in the

uplink direction (axis not to scale and number of users per base station is

higher in a real system) 1353.9 Simultaneous conversation of two users with a single base station and

spreading of the data stream 1353.10 Relation between spreading factor, chip rate, processing gain, and available

bandwidth per user 1363.11 The OVSF code tree 1373.12 Spreading and scrambling 1393.13 Cell breathing 1413.14 User and control planes 1443.15 Logical, transport, and physical channels in the downlink direction 1453.16 Logical, transport, and physical channels in the uplink direction 1453.17 Network search after the terminal is switched on 150

xvi List of Figures

3.18 Initial network access procedure (RRC connection setup) as described in

3.19 Preparation of user data frames for air interface (Uu) transmission 1543.20 User data transmission in downlink direction via the complex I- and Q-path 1563.21 User data transmission via the I-path only 1573.22 RNC protocols and interfaces for user data (user plane) 1593.23 RNC protocols and interfaces used for signaling (control plane) 1603.24 Factors influencing the quality of service and the maximum bandwidth

transmission power 1733.31 Use of scrambling codes while a terminal is in soft handover state 1743.32 Soft handover with S-RNC and D-RNC 1753.33 SRNS relocation procedure 1763.34 3G to 2G handover 1773.35 A UMTS cell with several GSM neighboring cells presents a problem for

blind intersystem handovers 1783.36 3G–2G intersystem hard handover message flow 1803.37 Cell change in PMM connected state to a cell that cannot communicate

3.38 Location concepts of radio and core network 1833.39 Messaging for a mobile originated voice call (MOC) 1843.40 Radio resource allocation for a voice traffic channel 1853.41 PDP context activation 1863.42 IP packet flow and delay times during the download of a web page 1913.43 Simplified HSDPA channel overview in the downlink direction 1943.44 Simplified HSDPA channel overview in the uplink direction 1963.45 Detection and report of a missing frame with immediate retransmission

within 10 milliseconds 1973.46 Establishment of an HSDPA connection to a terminal 2013.47 Transport and physical channels used for HSUPA 2043.48 Simultaneous downlink channels for simultaneous HSUPA, HSDPA and

dedicated channel use 2063.49 E-DCH protocol stack 2083.50 Serving E-DCH cell, serving RLS, and non-serving RLS 2104.1 The WLAN protocol stack 2184.2 Infrastructure BSS 2204.3 Access point, IP router, and DSL modem in a single device 2214.4 ESS with three access points 2224.5 Overlapping coverage of access points forming an ESS 224