THE VEST POCKETGUIDE TOINFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 2nd phần 10 ppt

Insti-application program computer software written specifically to process data in an information system.. corporate planning model computer-based integrated ness planning model in whic

CRM S OFTWARE P ROVIDERS

802.11 a family of specifications developed by the U.S tute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) There arecurrently three specifications in the family (802.11a, 802.11b,and 802.11g), with more being developed The 802.11b stan-dard, often referred to as Wi-Fi, is currently more wide-spread However, hardware manufacturers are increasinglyoffering multistandard equipment that can work with vari-ous standards

Insti-application program computer software written specifically

to process data in an information system It performs tasksand solves problems applicable to a manager’s work

artificial intelligence (AI) thinking and reasoning softwarebased on information input into it by a human expert Thereasoning process involves self-correction Significant data isevaluated and relevant relationships uncovered The com-puter learns which kind of answers are reasonable andwhich are not Artificial intelligence performs complicatedstrategies that determine the best or worst way to accom-plish a task or avoid an undesirable result Examples of

applications of AI are tax planning and capital budgeting

automatic programming process of using one program toprepare another program

automatic recovery program program enabling a system tocontinue functioning even though equipment has failed

background processing lower-priority programs are cuted when the system is not being used by higher-priorityprograms

exe-balanced scorecard approach using multiple measures toevaluate managerial performance These measures may be

financial or nonfinancial, internal or external, and short term

or long term The scorecard allows a determination as towhether a manager is achieving certain objectives at theexpense of others that may be equally or more important.There are four different perspectives: (1) financial, (2) cus-tomer, (3) process, and (4) the learning and growth

baud serial information transfer speed with which a modemreceives and sends data

block diagram diagram using symbols to explain the connections and information flow between hardware andsoftware

inter-budgeting models computer-based mathematical modelsgenerating all kinds of corporate budgets (e.g., cash flow, prof-itability) The models help managers look at a variety of what-

if questions The resultant calculations provide a basis forchoice among alternatives under conditions of uncertainty

buffer area of a computer’s memory set aside to hold mation temporarily

infor-business intelligence a business strategy that integrates andanalyzes operational data from an array of internal sources

to improve decision making and competitiveness

business performance management (BPM) the use of ness intelligence-derived operational metrics, ranging from

busi-ad hoc yardsticks to Six Sigma or balanced scorecard, to sure company performance

mea-business process reengineering (BPR) approach aiming atmaking revolutionary changes as opposed to evolutionarychanges by eliminating nonvalue-added steps in a businessprocess and computerizing the remaining steps to achievedesired outcomes

catalog directory of locations of files

chain links series of linked data items

corporate planning model computer-based integrated ness planning model in which production and marketingmodels are linked to the financial model It is a description,explanation, and interrelation of functional areas of a busi-ness (accounting, finance and investments, marketing, pro-duction, management, economics) expressed in terms ofmathematical and logical equations so as to generate a vari-ety of reports including financial forecasts Corporate plan-ning models may also be used for risk analysis and what-ifexperimentation The goals of the model include improvingthe quality of planning and decision making, reducing thedecision risk, and favorably influencing the future corporateenvironment

busi-customer relationship management (CRM) software. ware that automates customer service and support It alsoprovides for customer data analysis and supports e-commercestorefronts.

soft-cyber investing investing through telecommunications, such

as online trading on the Internet

cyberspace originally used in Neuromancer, William Gibson’s

novel of direct brain-computer networking, refers to the lective realms of computer-aided communication

col-data interchange format (DIF) file system to transfer puter files from one program to another

com-data warehouse a database structured to tactical informationthat can be used to answer specific questions about transac-tional company history

database management software computer programs used tomanage data in a database It is a set of programs that pro-vide for defining, controlling, and accessing the database.The software allows managers to enter, manipulate, retrieve,display, select, sort, edit, and index data

debug process of tracing and correcting flaws in a softwareprogram or hardware device Computerized routines may beused to find bugs

decision support system (DSS) branch of a managementinformation system that provides answers to managementproblems and that integrates the decision maker into the sys-tem as a component DSS software provides support to themanager in the decision-making process It analyzes a spe-cific situation and can be modified as the manager desires.Examples of applications include planning and forecasting

enterprise resource planning (ERP) software system thatgrew out of material requirements planning (MRP) systems

to computerize inventory control and production planning.Key features include an ability to prepare a master produc-tion schedule, a bill of materials, and purchase orders

expert systems computer software involving stored ing schemes and containing decision-making processes ofbusiness experts in their specialized areas The softwaremimics the way human experts make decisions The expertsystem appraises and solves business problems requiringhuman intelligence and imagination that involve known andunknown information The components of the expert systeminclude a knowledge base, inference engine, user interface,and knowledge acquisition facility

reason-Extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) formerlycode named XFRML, a freely available electronic language

for financial reporting It is an XML-based framework thatprovides the financial community with a standards-basedmethod to prepare, publish in a variety of formats, reliablyextract, and automatically exchange financial statements ofpublicly held companies and the information they contain.

file server computer providing access to files for remoteusers

financial analysis software software capable of taking cial data (e.g., online information on the World Wide Web)and performing trend and ratio calculations Investment andcredit decisions are based on the analysis results

finan-financial model a functional branch of a general corporateplanning model It is essentially used to generate pro formafinancial statements and financial ratios A financial model is

a mathematical model describing the interrelationshipsamong financial variables of the firm It is the basic tool forbudgeting and budget planning Also, it is used for risk anal-ysis and what-if experiments Many financial models oftoday are built using special modeling languages such asIFPS or spreadsheet programs such as Excel

gateway application specific node that connects ble networks

incompati-gopher browser and searching program for the Internet

graphic software program showing business information ingraphic form, including charts and diagrams This enhancesthe understanding of the information in terms of trends andrelationships

hotspot provides high-speed wireless Internet access in venient public locations or at home Using either a laptop orPDA that is 802.11 wirelessly enabled, people can downloadtheir e-mail attachments, watch a live Webcast, or listen tostreaming audio

con-hyperlink a connection between different informationsources

hypertext database approach linking related data, programs,and pictures

integrated software software package that combines manyapplications in one program Integrated packages can movedata among several programs utilizing common commandsand file structures An integrated package is recommendedwhen identical source information is used for varying mana-gerial purposes and activities

intelligent agents personal assistant software enabling amanager to work more efficiently and productively, reduce

costs, and save time The software learns from instruction,examples, and practices Intelligent agents can interact witheach other A workstation management agent conducts desk-top activities such as reviewing and replying to e-mail mes-sages, managing schedules and calendars, and making notesfrom meetings A task coordinator agent simplifies and orga-nizes complicated functions It aids in planning, coordinat-ing, and managing resources A teacher/peer agent explainscomplex information An information overhead agent han-dles users’ problems and answers questions.

interface means of interaction between two computerdevices or systems that handle data (e.g., formats, codes) dif-ferently An interface is a device that converts signals fromone device into signals that the other device needs

Internet international network connecting smaller networkslinking computers of different entities

Intranet internal company Web sites It is developed by thecompany itself

knowledgement managenent a broad strategic approach toidentifying and using a company’s knowledge to improve itsefficiency One subset of knowledge, structured data, can bemanaged using business intelligence tools

local area network (LAN) linking of computers and otherdevices for intersite and intercompany applications in asmall geographic area

management information system (MIS) a computer-based

or manual system that transforms data into information ful in the support of decision making

use-material requirements planning (MRP) computerized dataprocessing system whose function is to schedule productionand control the level of inventory for components withdependent demand

multitasking simultaneous execution of two or more puter functions

com-network (1) interconnected nodes (points) where workingunits interreact (link) with others (2) connection of comput-ers and devices

neural networks a technology in which computers actuallytry to learn from the database and operator what the rightanswer is to a question The system gets positive or negativeresponse to output from the operator and stores that data sothat it will make a better decision the next time While still inits infancy, this technology shows promise for use in fraud

detection, accounting, economic forecasting, and riskappraisals.

online analytical processing (OLAP) powerful tools thattake a complex, multidimensional view of aggregated data

to quickly yield strategic information The power of OLAPtools is predictive in answering why? and what-if questions

online searching using a computer retrieval system toobtain information from a database such as on the Internet

optical character recognition computer tool that recognizestyped or printed characters on paper so that they can berecorded on disk

real time computer processing of data in connection withanother process outside the computer

relational database a database consisting of relationshipsbetween data items

simulation an attempt to represent a real-life system via amodel to determine how a change in one or more variablesaffects the rest of the system, also called what-if analysis

speech recognition software program in which verbal mands activate the computer to perform functions

com-spreadsheet table of numbers arranged in rows and columns

to make accounting, finance, marketing, and other businesscalculations Spreadsheets facilitate end-result summarynumbers, what-if experimentations, and projections

statistical software computer program making quantitativecalculations such as standard deviation, coefficient of varia-tion, regression analysis, correlation, and variance analysis

structured data subset of a company’s data that is stored tronically in databases and thus can be accessed by data field

elec-supply-chain management management of the integration

of the functions, information, and materials that flow acrossmultiple firms in a supply chain—i.e., buying materials,transforming materials, and shipping to customers

tag a command inserted in a document that specifies howthe document or a portion of the document should be for-matted Tags are used by all format specifications that storedocuments as text files This HTML

tax software tax modules preparing federal and state incometax returns Tax planning modules exist to examine taxoptions and alternatives to minimize the company’s tax lia-bility in current and future years What-if tax situation sce-narios may be evaluated

template computer-based worksheet that includes the vant formulas for a particular application but not the data It

rele-is a blank worksheet on which data rele-is saved and filled in asneeded for a future business application and to solve prob-lems Templates are predefined files, including cell formulasand row and column labels for specific spreadsheet applica-tions, or style sheets and macros in word processing Tem-plates allow for the referencing of cells and formulations ofinterrelated formulas and functions They are reused to ana-lyze similar transactions

terminal input-output device allowing a user to cate directly with a computer

communi-thinking software computer programs used by managers toprepare written reports, including specialized analyses ofcorporate operations The software contains aids to improvewriting skills and idea formulation so that managers can bet-ter create an outline and written report The information islabeled, organized, and structured

time software computer program that tracks hours worked

by employees by function, operation, or activity It prepares

an analysis of the variance between budgeted and actualhours as well as prepares trends in actual hours over a statedtime period (e.g., quarterly comparisons)

utility program program supporting the processing of acomputer such as diagnostic and tracing programs

wide area network (WAN) network connecting sites in alarge geographic area

Wi-Fi short for “wireless fidelity,” the popular term for ahigh-frequency wireless local area network The Wi-Fi tech-nology is rapidly gaining acceptance in many companies as

an alternative to a wired LAN It can also be installed for ahome network

wireless technology a variety of technologies to cate without wires, namely radio transmissions Examplesare cellular, microwave, infrared, and satellite

communi-W-LAN enables a mobile user to connect to a local area work (LAN) through a wireless (radio) connection A stan-dard, 802.11, specifies the technologies for wireless LANs

net-World Wide Web (WWW) Internet system for worldwidehypertext linking of multimedia documents, making therelationship of information that is common between docu-ments easily accessible and completely independent of phys-ical location

XBRL see Extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL)

XML a general-purpose markup (tagging) standard for ating languages to standardize the data exchange betweendifferent computing platforms and applications XML usestags (markup) to identify pieces of data, and leaves the inter-pretation of the data to the user, such as one who is review-ing the financial numbers and their significance for adatabase management application.