Tribology Handbook 2E Episode 1 pot

A2 Selection of journal bearings A3 Selection of thrust bearings Selection of bearing type and form Plain bearing materials Dry rubbing bearings Porous metal bearings Grease, wick and dr

MICHAEL J NEALE

1

S E C O N D EDITION

THE TRIBOLOGY HANDBOOK

THE TRIBOLOGY HANDBOOK

Butterworth-Heinemann

Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP

225 Wildwood Avenue, Woburn MA 0 180 1-204 1

A division of Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd

-@A member of the Reed Elsevier plc group

OXFORD AUCKLAND BOSTON

JOHANNESBURG MELBOURNE NEW DELHI

First published 1973

Second edition 1995

Reprinted 1997, 1999

Transferred to digital printing 200 1

0 The editor and contributors 1973, 1995

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Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing

Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London, England, WIP OLP Applications for the copyright holder’s written permission to reproduce any part of this publication should be addressed to the publisher

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Printed in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Eastboume

A2 Selection of journal bearings

A3 Selection of thrust bearings

Selection of bearing type and form

Plain bearing materials

Dry rubbing bearings

Porous metal bearings

Grease, wick and drip fed journal bearings

Ring and disc fed journal bearings

Steady load pressure fed journal bearings

High speed bearings and rotor dynamics

Crankshaft bearings

Plain bearing form and installation

Oscilhtory journal bearings

Spherical bearings

Plain thrust bearings

Psofiicd pad thrust hearings

Tilting pad thrust bearings

Hydrostatic bearings

Gas bearings

Rolling bearings

A20 Selection of roiling bearings

A21 Rolling hearing materials

A22 Rolling bearing installation

Special bearings

A23 Slide bearings

A24 Instrument jewels

A25 Flexures and knife edges

A26 Electromagnetic bearings

A27 Bearing surface treatments and coatings

Cams and followers

Wheels rails and tyres

Capstans and drums

Selection of seals Sealing against dirt and dust

Oil flinger rings and drain grooves Labyrinths, brush seals and throttling bushes Lip seals

Mechanical seals Packed glands Mechanical piston rod packings Soft piston seals

C7 Plain bearing lubrication

C 8 Rolling bearing lubrication

C9 C10 Slide lubrication

C 1 1

C12 Wire rope lubrication

Gear and roller chain lubrication Lubrication of flexible couplings

Lubrication systems

CP3 Selection of lubrication sl'sterns

C14 Total loss grcase systrms

C15

C16 Dip splash s);stem\

CP7 klist systems C18 Circulation systems

C 19 Commissioning lubrication systems Total loss oil and fllrid Kreasr systcms

Lubrication system components

C20 Design of storage tanks C21 Selection of oil pumps

6 2 2 C23 C24 C25

Selection of filters and centrifuges Selection of heaters and coolers

,4 guide to piping design Selection of warning and protection devices

Operation of lubrication systems and machines

C26 Running-in procedures

C27

C28 Biological deterioration of lubricants C29

C30 Lubrication maintenance planning

Luhricant change periods and tests

Lubricant hazards; fire, explosion and health

Environmental effects

C31 High pressure and vacuum

C32 High and low temperatures

C33 IYorld ambient climatic data

Failure patterns and failure analysis

Plain bearing failures

Rolling bearing failures

Gear failures

Piston and ring failures

Seal failures

Wire rope failures

Brake and clutch failures

Basic information

E l E2 E3

E4

E5 E6 E7 E8

T h e nature of surfaces and contact Surface topography

Hardness Friction mechanisms, effect of lubricants Frictional properties of materials Viscosity of lubricants

Methods of fluid film formation Mechanisms of wear

Design reference

E9 E10 Shaft deflections and slopes

E l 1 E12

H e a t dissipation from bearing assembles Shape tolerances of typical components

SI units and conversion factors

Index

Editor's Preface

This second rlwised edition of the Tribology Handbook follows the pattern of the original, first published over twenty years ago I t aims to provide instant access to essential information on the performance of tribological components, and is aimed particularly at designers and engineers in industry

Tribological Components are those which carry all the relative movements in machines Their performance, therefore, makes a critical contribution to the reliability and efiiciency of all machines Also because they are the local areas of machines, where high forces and rapid movements are transmitted simultaneously, they are also the components most likely

to fail, because of the concentration of energy that they carry If anything is wrong with a machine or its method of use, these components are the mechanical fuses, which will indicate the existence of a problem If this happens, guidance on the performance that these components would be expected to provide, can be invaluable

Designers of machines should also find the contents helpful, because they provide a n atlas of component performance, aimed a t providing the guidance needed when planning the feasibility of various possible layouts for a machine design

In a book of this size i t is not possible to cover the whole of the technology of tribological components More focused design procedures, standards and text books will do this, and hopefully guide engineers in how to get their designs close to the optimum I n a sense the objective of this handbook is to make sure that they do not get it wrong

T h e format of the book is original and has possibly set an example on the presentation of technical information in the form of a n atlas Like an atlas i t is intended to provide guidance on where you are or should be? more or less at a glance, rather than to be read like a novel from cover to cover The presentation of information in this form has been quite a

challenge to the contributors who have responded well and the editor would like to record his appreciation of their work and

of all the people who have helped him in the preparation of the book

T h e editor, who has spent over forty years solving problems with machinery around the world, has found the information

in this book of tremendous value H e hopes that it will be equally helpful to its readers with both design and problem solving For those engineers in countries who are now moving towards industrialisation, i t is hoped, also, that it will provide a useful summary of the experience of those who have been doing it for a little longer

Michael NeaIr Neale Consulting Engineers Ltd Farnham, Surrey UK

Contributors

Section

Selection of bearing type and form

Selection of journal bearings

Selection of thrust bearings

Plain bearing materials

Dry mbbng bearings

Porous metal bearings

Grease, wick and drip fed journal bearings

Ring and disc fed journal bearings

Steady load pressure fed journal bearings

High speed bearings and rotor dynamics

Crankshaft bearings

Plain bearing form and installation

Oscillatory jouixal bearings

Spherical bearings

Rain thrust bearings

Profiled pad thrust bearings

Tilting pad thrust bearings

Hydrostatic bearings

Gas bearings

Selection of rolling bearings

Rolling bearing materials

Rolling bearing installation

P B Neal BEng, PhD, CEng, MIMechE

P T Holligan BSc(Tech), FIM,

J M ConwayJones BSc, PhD, DIC, ACGI

J K Lancaster PhD, DSc, FInstP

V T Morgan AIM, MIMechE

W H Wilson BSc(Eng), CEng, MIMechE

F A Martin CEng, FIMechE

F A Martin CEng, FIMechE

M J Neale OBE, BSc(Eng), DIC, FCGI, WhSch, FEng, FIMechE

D de Geurin CEng, FIMechE

J M Conway Jones BSc, PhD, D E , ACGI

K Jakobsen LicTechn

D Bastow BSc(Eng), CEng, FIMechE, MConsE, MSAE, MSIA(France)

P B Neal BEng, PhD, CEng, MIMechE

P B Neal, BEng, PhD, CEng, MIMechE

A Hill CEng, FIMechE, FIMarE

W B Rowe BSc, PhD, DSc, CEng, FIMechE, FIEE

A J Munday BSc(Tech), CEng, MIMechE

D G Hjertzen CEng, MIMechE

D B Jones CEng, MIMechE,

P L Hurricks BSc, MSc

C W Foot CEng, MIMechE

F M Stansfield BSc(Tech), CEng, MIMecbE,

A E Young BEng, CEng, MIMechE, AMCT

G F Tagg BSc, PhD, CEng, FInstP, FIEE, FIEEE

A B Crease MSc, ACGI, CEng, MIMechE

G Fletcher BSc, CEng, MIMechE

M J Neale OBE, BSc(Eng), DIC, FCGI, WhSch, FEng, FIMechE

T H C Childs BA, MA, PhD, CEng, FIMechE,

M C Christmas BSc, CEng, MIMechE, 1M1Mgt

A Stokes

M J Neale OBE, BSc(Eng), DIC, FCGI, WhSch FEng, FIMechE

J Neeves BA(Eng)

T A Polak MA, CEng, MIMechE

T P Newcomb DSc, CEng, FIMechE, FInstP, CPhys

R T Spurr DSc, PhD, DIC, FInstP, CPhys

H C Town CEng, FIMechE, FIProdE

T P Newcomb DSc, CEng, FIMechE, FInstP, CPhys

R T Spurr DSc, PhD, DIC, FInstP, CPhys

M J, Neale OBE, BSc(Eng), DIC, FCGI, WhSch, FEng, FIMechE

MInstP

Contributors

Cams and followers

Wheels rails and tyres

Capstans and drums

Sealing against dirt and dust

Oil flinger rings and drain grooves

Labyrinths, brush seals and

throttling bushes

Lip seals

Mechanical seals

Packed glands

Mechanical piston rod packings

Soft piston seals

Selection of lubricant type

Plain bearing lubrication

Rolling bearing lubrication

Gear and roller chain lubrication

Slide lubrication

Lubrication of flexible couplings

Wire rope lubrication

Selection of lubrication systems

Total loss grease systems

Total loss oil and fluid grease systems

Dip splash systems

Mist systems

Circulation systems

Commissioning lubrication systems

Design of storage tanks

T A Polak MA, CEng, MIMechE,

C A Beard CEng, FIMechE, AFRAeS

W H Wilson BSc(Eng), CEng, MIMechE

C M Taylor BSc(Eng) MSc PhD, DEng, CEng, FIMechE

D M Sharp

G Hawtree

C Derry

J L Koffman DiPIIng, CEng, FIMechE

B L Ruddy BSc, PhD, CEng, MIMechE

G Longfoot CEng, MIMechE

R Munro BSc, PhD, CEng, MIMechE

B L Ruddy, BSc, PhD, CEng, MIMechE

D C Austin

E J Murray BSc(Eng), CEng, MIMechE

IV Tommis AIM, MIEI, AIMF

B S Nau BSc, PhD, ARCS, CEng, FIMechE, MemASME

W H Barnard BSc(Lond), CEng, MIMechE

A B Duncan BSc, CEng, FIMechE

B S Nau BSc, PhD, ARCS, CEng, FIMechE, MemASME

E T Jagger BSc(Eng), PhD, CEng, F’IMechE

A Lymer BSc(Eng), CEng, FIMechE,

W H Wilson BSc(Eng), CEng, MIMechE

R Eason CEng, MIMechE

J D Summers-Smith BSc, PhD, CEng, FIMechE

R S Wilson MA

R T Lawrence MIED

A R Lansdown MSc, PhD, FRIC, FInstPet

T I Fowle BSc (Hons), ACGI, CEng, FIMechE

A R Lansdown BSc, PhD, FRIC, FInstPet

N Robinson & A R Lansdown BSc, PhD, FRIC, FInstPet

J K Lancaster PhD, DSc, FInstP

D T Jamieson FRlC

J C Bell BSc, PhD

E L Padmore CEng, MIMechE

J Bathgate BSc, CEng, MIMechE

M J Neale OBE, BSc(Eng), DIG, FCGI, WhSch, FEng, FIMechE

J D Summers-Smith BSc, PhD, CEng, FIMechE

D M Sharp

W J J Crump BSc, ACGI, HnstP

P L Langborne BA, CEng, MIMechE

P G F Seldon CEng, MIMechE

J Bathgate BSc, CEng, MIMechE

Contributors

Section

Selection of oil pumps

Selection of filters and centrifuges

Selection of heaters and coolers

A guide to piping design

Selection of warning and protection devices

Running in procedures

Lubricant change periods and tests

Biological deteiioration of lubricants

Lubricant hazards; fire explosion and health

Lubrication maintenance planning

High pressure and vacuum

High and low temperatures

World ambient climatic data

Industrial plani environmental data

Chemical effects

Storage

Failure patterns and failure analysis

Plain bearing failures

Rolling bearing failures

Gear failures

Piston and ring failures

Seal failures

Wire rope failures

Brake and clutch failures

Allowable wear limits

Repair of worn surfaces

Author

A J Twidale

R H Lowres CEng, MIMechE, MIProdE, MIMarE, MSAE, MBIM

J H Gilbertson CEng, MIMechE, AMIMarE

P D Swales BSc, PhD, CEng, MIMechE

A J Twidale

W C Pike BSc, MSc, ACGI, CEng, MIMechE

J D Summers-Smith BSc, PhD, CEng, FIblechE

E C Hill MSc., FInstPet

J D Summers-Smith BSc, PhD, CEng, FIMechE

R S Burton

A R Lansdown MSc, PhD, FRIC, FInstPet &

J D Summers-Smith BSc., PhD, CEng, FIMechE

M J Neale OBE, BSc(Eng), DIC, FCGI, WhSch, FEng, FIMechE

P T Holingan BSc(Tech), FIM

W J J Crump BSc, ACGI, FInstP

T I Fowle BSc(Hons), ACGI, CEng, FIMechE

H J Watson BSc(Eng), CEng, MIMechE

M J Neale OBE, BSc(Eng), DIC: FCGI, WhSch, FEng, FIMechE

B S Nau BSc, PhD, A R C S , CEng, FIMechE,

MemASME

S Maw 14 CEng, MIiLlechE

T P Newcombe DSc, CEng, FIMechE? FInstP

R T Spurr BSc, PhD

R B Waterhouse MA, PhD, FIM

M J Neale OBE, BSc(Eng), DIG, FCGI, WhSch, FEng, FIMechE

M J Neale OBE, BSc(Eng), DIC, FCGI, WhSch, FEng, FIMechE

J D Summers-Smith BSc, PhD, CEng, FIMechE

M J Neale OBE, BSc(Eng), DIC, FCGI, WhSch, FEng, FIMechE

1LI H Jones BSc(Hons), CEng, MIMechE, MInstNDT

M J Neale OBE, BSc(Eng), DIC, FCGI,

Contributors

Section

Wear resistant materials

Repair of plain bearings

Repair of friction surfaces

Industrial flooring materials

The nature of surfaces and contact

Surface topography

Hardness

Friction mechanisms, effect of lubricants

Frictional properties of materials

Viscosity of lubricants

Methods of fluid film formation

Mechanisms of wear

Heat dissipation from bearing assemblies

Shaft deflections and slopes

Shape tolerances of typical components

S.I units and conversion factors

Author

H Hocke CEng, MIMechE, FIPlantE, MIMH, FLL

M Bartle CEng, MIM, DipIM, MIIM, AMWeldI

P T Holligan BSc(Tech), FIM

T P Newcomb DSc, CEng, FIMechE, FInstP

H Naylor BSc, PhD, CEng, FIMechE

D Dowson CBE, BSc, PhD, DSc, FEng, FIMechE, FRS

Selection of bearing type and form A I

Bearings alllow relative movement between the com-

ponents of ma.chines, while providing some type of location

between them

T h e form of bearing which c a n be used is determined

by the n a t u r e of the relative movement required and the type of constraints w h i c h h a v e to be applied to it

Rektive movement between machine components and the constraints applied

Conrtraznt applied to Continuow movement

About a point The movement will be a rotation, and the arrange-

ment can therefore make repeated use of accurate surfaces

If only a n oscillatory movement is required, some additional arrangements can be used in which the geometric layout prevents continuous rotation

About a line The movement will be a rotation, and the arrange-

ment can therefore make repeated use of accurate surfaces

If only an oscillatory movement is required, some

additional arrangements can be used in which the geometric layout prevents continuous rotation

Along a line The movement will be a translation Therefore one If the translational movement is a reciprocation,

surface must be long and continuous, and to be the arrangement can make repeated use of accurate economically attractive must be fairly cheap surfaces and more mechanisms become economic- The shorter, moving component must usually be ally attractive

supported on a fluid film or rolling contact for an acceptable wear rate

In a plane If the movement is a rotation, the arrangement can

make repeated use of accurate surfaces

V

If the movement is rotational and oscillatory, some additional arrangements can be used in which the geometric layout prevents continuous rotation

If the imovement is a translation one surface must

be large and continuous and to be economically attractive must be fairly cheap The smaller moving component must usually be supported on a

fluid film or rolling contact for an acceptable wear

rate

If the movement is translational and oscillatory, the arrangement can make repeated use of accurate surfaces and more mechanisms become economic- ally attractive

For both continuous a n d oscillating movement, there

will be forms aif bearing which allow movement only within

a required constraint, a n d also forms of bearing which

allow this movement among others

T h e following tables give examples of both these forms

of bearing, and in the case of those allowing additional movement, describe the effect which this can have on a machine design

A l l

A I Selection of bearing type and form

Examples of forms of bearing suitable for continuous movement

Examples of arrangements which allow movment onlv withit! this allow this movement but also haue Examples of arrangements which ofthe Other of

Constraint applied to the

movement constraint other degrees offreedom freedom

About a point Gimbals Ball on a recessed plate Ball must be forced into contact

with the plate

Double conical bearing Screw and nut Gives some related axial move-

ment as well

Ball joint or spherical roller Allows some angular freedom

Along a line

~

Crane wheel restrained be- tween two rails

Railway or crane wheel on a These arrangements need to

be loaded into contact This track

is usually done by gravity Wheels on a single rail or cable need restraint to pre- vent rotation about the track member

Pulley wheel on a cable

Hovercraft or hoverpad on a track

A I .2

Selection of bearing type and form A I

Examples of arrangements which allow m v e n m t only within thrC

Examples of arrangements which allow this movement but also have ofthe Other degrees Of

Constraint applied to t h

mouement constraint other degrees of freedom freedom

About a point Hookes joint Cable connection between Cable needs to be kept in

Must be loaded into contact

Gives some axial and lateral flexibility as well

Gives some related translation

as well Must be loaded into

contact

Along a line Crosshead and guide bars Piston and cylinder Piston can rotate as well unless

it is located by connecting rod

A2 Selection of journal bearings

Rubbing plain bearings in which the surfaces rub together -

The bearing is usually non-metallic

Plain bearings of porous metal impregnated with a lubricant

Selection by load capacity of bearings with continuous rotation

This figure gives guidance on the type of bearing which

has the maximum load capacity at a given speed and shaft

size I t is based on a life of 10 OOO h for rubbing, rolling and

porous metal bearings Longer lives may be obtained at

reduced loads and speeds For the various plain bearings,

the width is assumed to be equal to the diameter, and the

lubricant is assumed to be a medium viscosity minerd oil

I n many cases the operating environment or various special performance requirements, other than load capa- city, may be of overriding importance in the selection of

an appropriate type of bearing The tables give guidance for these cases

A2.1

Selection of journal bearings A2

Selection of journal bearings with continuous rotation for special environmental conditions

humid dust Vibration bearing

Rubbing plain G o o d u p t o Good Excellent Good but Good but Good

material Porous metal Poor since Fair; may Possible Good Sealing Good

plain bearings lubricant havehigh with essential

Rolling Consult Good Fair with Fair with Sealing Fair;

150°C

Fluid film plain Good to tem- Good; may Possible Good Goodwith Good

lubricant torque lubricant

plain beariings lubrication feed affects when gas

General Watch effect of thermal

comments expansion on fits

Watch corrosion

Watch fretting

Selection of journal bearings with continuous rotation for special performance

Rolling bearings Good Yes in most Very good Usually Yes Good when

Fluid film plain Fair No ; Good Excellent Some Usually

needed Externally Excellent No ; Excellent Excellent N o Poor ;

needed

A2.2