Hazardous Chemicals Handbook 2 Episode 13 ppt

Dangerous goods are assigned to the relevant packing group to reflect the degree of hazard they pose, viz.:Packing Group III Minor danger Explosive substances Some classes of chemicals h

Table 15.6 Prohibition on mixed loads of dangerous goods (see Footnote and Table 14.8)

• Prohibition of carriage in open containers.

• Restriction on the classification of explosive that can be transported and how, including the need for sheet steel spark-guards for carriage of certain explosives.

• Limitation on the quantity of material transported Thus, Compatibility Group A materials are not permitted Other than explosives in Division 1.4, the maximum quantity of explosive permitted in any container or wagon is 20 tonnes net explosive content Materials in column 1

of Table 15.7 must not be transported in adjacent containers of wagons with materials in column 2 in amounts exceeding those quoted (Where a train comprises more than one such group of adjacent containers or wagons the minimum separation distance between the nearest parts of each group is shown in column 3.) The regulations must be consulted for full details.

• Loading and stowage requirements, including the sealing of closed containers to prevent unauthorized access, and the need to complete journeys and unloading as quickly as practicable.

• Carriage on passenger trains is restricted.

• Security measures.

Classification code Type

2 Gases: compressed liquefied or dissolved under pressure

4.2 Substances liable to spontaneous combustion

4.3 Substances when in contact with water emit flammable gases

Radioactive substances

UK regulations for the transport of radioactive materials set out the requirements for packaging, labelling and carriage of radioactive material including special forms of radioactive substances, and different types of package and their testing Documentation requirements are set out together with advice on calculating maximum permissible radiation levels for packages of individual radionuclides and mixtures thereof For excepted packages of limited activity the radiation level

at any point on the external surface of the package must not exceed 5 µSv/h Material which is not enclosed in, or forming a component part of, an instrument or manufactured article, may be transported in an excepted package if the activity of the material does not exceed the limit given

in column 4 of Table 15.8.

Table 15.7 Limits on quantities of explosives permitted for carriage by rail in containers and wagons, and separation distances

Type of explosive Maximum net explosive content in Minimum separation distance

tonnes in any group of adjacent in metres between groups of containerscontainers or wagons or wagons

Table 15.8 Activity limits for excepted packages (except mixtures of radionuclides)*

Physical state of contents Instruments and articles Instruments and articles Materials

and labelling, documentation, and handling arrangements A section is devoted to radioactive materials Detailed lists of individual articles and substances are included with their UN Classification, viz explosives, gases, flammable liquids, flammable solids, oxidizing substances and organic peroxides, toxic and infectious substances, radioactive material, corrosives, and miscellaneous dangerous goods Dangerous goods are assigned to the relevant packing group to reflect the degree of hazard they pose, viz.:

Packing Group III Minor danger

Explosive substances

Some classes of chemicals have been identified as too hazardous to be carried on aircraft under any conditions (Table 15.12) This includes the individual substances listed in Table 15.9 Other explosive materials have been forbidden under normal circumstances but may be carried with specific approval Some are restricted to transport on cargo aircraft only but most can be transported

on passenger aircraft provided certain requirements are met and the quantity is limited, e.g the maximum net quantity of dangerous goods in inner packaging must be limited to that in Table 15.10 The regulations should be consulted for detailed advice Both shippers and operators have responsibility to ensure the cargo is safe Training is crucial in maintaining a safe regime; the minimum training requirements are summarized in Table 15.11.

Sea transport

Dangerous substances

In addition to a myriad of general safety maritime legislation (e.g in the UK the Merchant Shipping (International Safety Management (ISM) Code) Regulations 1998; the Docks Regulations 1988; the Freight Containers (Safety Convention) Regulations 1984; the Merchant Shipping (Carriage of Cargoes) Regulations 1999) there is a raft of more specific regulations governing the carriage of hazardous chemicals at sea Examples include the Merchant Shipping (Dangerous Goods and Marine Pollutants) Regulations 1997; the Explosives in Harbour Areas Regulations (Northern Ireland) 1995; and the Dangerous Substances in Harbour Areas Regulations 1987, plus international requirements and codes.

Those at risk from packaged hazardous goods inside a transport unit include packers/unpackers, land users, stevedores, customs officials, ships’ crews, and passengers Simple guidance for packers and drivers of transport units containing dangerous goods is given in Table 15.13 Ships and their cargoes are subjected to stresses in all directions during handling, transfer, and the journey Adequate stowage is crucial In line with the transportation of chemicals on land systems to address include:

• Strength, integrity, labelling and marking of individual packages.

• Selection of appropriate container.

• Safe loading packages into the containing unit.

• Adequate securing of packages within the unit.

SEA TRANSPORT 471

Table 15.9 Dangerous goods forbidden in aircraft under any circumstances (IATA)

Acetyl cyclohexanesulfonyl peroxide, more than 82%, wetted with less than 12% waterAcetylene (liquefied)

Acetylene silver nitrate

Acetone cyanohydrin, stabilized

Allyl chloroformate

Allyl isothiocyanate, inhibited

Aluminium dross, wet or hot

Antimony sulphide and a chlorate, mixtures of

Arsenic sulphide and a chlorate, mixtures of

Azido hydroxy tetrazole (mercury and silver salts)

3-Azido-1,2-propylene glycol dinitrate

Azotetrazole (dry)

Benzene diazonium chloride (dry)

Benzene diazonium nitrate (dry)

tert-Butyl peroxyacetate, >76% in solution

tert-Butyl peroxyisobutyrate, >77% in solution

Charcoal screenings, wet

Copper amine azide

Copper tetramine nitrate

Crotonaldehyde, stabilized

Cyanogen bromide

Cyanuric triazide

Cyclotetramethylenetetranitramine (dry or unphlegmatized) (HMX)

Diacetone alcohol peroxides, >57% in solution with >9% hydrogen peroxide, <26% diacetone alcohol and <9% water; totalactive oxygen content >10% by weight

Diazonium nitrates (dry)

Diazonium perchlorates (dry)

1,3-Diazopropane

Dibenzyl peroxydicarbonate, >87% with water

Dibromoacetylene

2,2-Di-(tert-butylperoxy) butane, >55% in solution

Di-n-butyl peroxydicarbonate, >52% in solution

Di-(tert-butylperoxy) phthalate, >55% in solution

Dichloroacetylene

N,N′-Dichlorazodicarbonamidine (salts of), (dry)

Dichloroethyl sulphide

Dichlorovinylchloroarsine

2,2-Di-(4,4-di-tert-butylperoxycyclohexyl) propane, >42% with inert solid

Di-2,4-dichlorobenzoyl peroxide, >75% with water

Diethanol nitrosamine dinitrate (dry)

Diethyleneglycol dinitrate (dry)

Diethylgold bromide

Diethyl peroxydicarbonate, >27% in solution

1,8-Dihydroxy-2,4,5,7-tetranitroanthraquinone (chrysamminic acid)

Di-(1-hydroxytetrazole) (dry)

Diiodoacetylene

2,5-Dimethyl-2,5-dihydroperoxy hexane, >82% with water

Dimethylhexane dihydroperoxide, >82% with water

2,4-Dinitroresorcinol (heavy metal salts of) (dry)

4,6-Dinitroresorcinol (heavy metal salts of), (dry)

3,5-Dinitrosalicylic acid (lead salt), (dry)

Dinitrosobenzylamidine and salts of (dry)

1,9-Dinitroxyl pentamethylene-2,4,6,8-tetramine (dry)

Dipropionyl peroxide, >28% in solution

Table 15.9 Cont’d

SEA TRANSPORT 473

Ethanol amine dinitrate

Ethylene diamine diperchlorate

Ethylene glycol dinitrate

Glycerol gluconate trinitrate

Glycerol lactate trinitrate

Guanyl nitrosaminoguanylidene hydrazine (dry)Guanyl nitrosaminoguanyltetrazene

Hexamethylene triperoxide diamine (dry)

Hexamethylol benzene hexanitrate

Hexanitroazoxy benzene

2,2′,4,4′,6,6′-Hexanitro-3,3′-dihydroxyazobenzene (dry)N,N′-(hexanitrodiphenyl) ethylene dinitramine (dry)2,3′, 4,4′,6,6′-Hexanitrodiphenylether

Hydrogen cyanide, unstabilized

Hydroxyl amine iodide

Hyponitrous acid

Ignition element for lighter, containing pyrophoric liquidInositol hexanitrate (dry)

Inulin trinitrate (dry)

Iodine azide (dry)

Iodoxy compounds (dry)

Iridium nitratopentamine iridium nitrate

Isopropylcumyl hydroperoxide, >72% in solutionIsothiocyanic acid

Lead azide (dry)

Lead nitroresorcinate (dry)

Lead picrate (dry)

Lead styphnate (dry)

Lead trinitroresorcinate (dry)

Lighters (cigarettes) containing pyrophoric liquidLighters (cigarettes) with lighter fluids

Table 15.9 Cont’d

Magnesium dross, wet or hot

Methylene glycol dinitrate

Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, >50%

Methyl picric acid (heavy metal salts of)

Methyl trimethylol methane trinitrate

m-Nitrobenzene diazonium perchlorate

6-Nitro-4-diazotoluene-3-sulphonic acid (dry)

Nitroethyl nitrate

Nitroethylene polymer

Nitrogen trichloride

Nitrogen triiodide

Nitrogen triiodide monoamine

Nitroglycerin, liquid, not desensitized

Pentaerythrite tetranitrate (dry)

Pentaerythritol tetratnitrate (dry)

Pentanitroaniline (dry)

Perchloric acid >72% strength

Peroxyacetic acid, >43% and with >6% hydrogen peroxide

PETN (dry)

m-Phenylene diaminediperchlorate (dry)

Phosphorus (white or red) and a chlorate, mixtures of

Potassium carbonyl

Pyridine perchlorate

Table 15.9 Cont’d

SEA TRANSPORT 475

Quebrachitol pentanitrite

Security type attaché cases incorporating lithium batteries and/or pyrotechnic materialSelenium nitride

Silver acetylide (dry)

Silver azide (dry)

Silver chlorite (dry)

Silver fulminate (dry)

Silver oxalate (dry)

Silver picrate (dry)

Sodium picryl peroxide

Sodium tetranitride

Sucrose octanitrate (dry)

Tetraazido benzene quinone

Tetraethylammonium perchlorate (dry)

Tetramethylene diperoxide dicarbamide

Trimethylene glycol diperchlorate

Trimethylol nitromethane trinitrate

Trinitrotetramine cobalt nitrate

2,4,6-Trinitro-1,3,5-triazido benzene (dry)

Tri-(β-nitroxyethyl) ammonium nitrate

Tris, bis-bifluoroamino diethoxy propane (TVOPA)

Vinyl nitrate polymer

p-Xylyl diazide

Table 15.9 Cont’d

Table 15.10 Quantity limits of dangerous goods accepted in small amounts for transport by air

Packing group of Packing group I Packing group II Packing group III

the substance

subsidiary riska

toxic gas

solids

4.2: Pyrophoric substances Forbidden Not Applicable Not Applicable

30 ml 500 ml6.1: Toxic substances – Forbidden 1 g or 500 g or 30 g or 1 kg or

8: Corrosive materialse Forbidden 30 g or 500 g or 30 g or 1 kg or

30 ml 500 ml 30 ml 1 l

9: Other miscellaneous Not Applicable 30 g or 500 g or 30 g or 1 kg or

aThe more restrictive quantity required by either the Primary or Subsidiary Risk must be used

bFor inner packagings, the quantity contained in receptacle with a water capacity of 30 ml For outer packagings, the sum

of the water capacities of all the inner packagings contained must not exceed 1 litre

cApplies only to Organic Peroxides when contained in a chemical kit or a first-aid kit

dSee 10.5.9.8.1, 10.5.9.8.2 and 10.5.9.7, radioactive material in excepted packages

eUN 2803 and UN 2809 are not permitted in Excepted Quantities

f For substances in Class 9 for which no packing group is indicated in the List of Dangerous Goods, Packing Group IIquantities must be used

SEA TRANSPORT 477

Table 15.11 Minimum training requirements for staff engaged in the transport of hazardous chemicals by air

Relevant aspect with which staff should be familiar, Type of staff

Shipper’s declaration and other documentation x x x

C Cargo acceptance staff of operators and agencies acting on behalf of operators

D Staff of operators and agencies acting on behalf of operators engaged in the ground handling, storage and loading ofcargo and baggage

E Passenger handling staff and security staff who deal with the screening of passengers and their baggage

F Staff of agencies other than operators involved in processing cargo

G Flight crew members

H Crew members (other than flight crew)

Depending upon responsibilities the training requirements will alter, e.g if an operator carries only cargo those aspectspertaining to passengers may be omitted for his staff and flight crew

Table 15.12 Classes of dangerous goods forbidden for transport by air

Explosives which ignite or decompose when subjected to a temperature of 75°C for 48 hours

Explosives containing both chlorates and ammonium salts

Explosives containing mixtures of chlorates with phosphorus

Solid explosives which are classified as extremely sensitive to mechanical shock

Liquid explosives which are classified as moderately sensitive to mechanical shock

Any substance, as presented for transport, which is liable to produce a dangerous evolution of heat or gas under theconditions normally encountered in air transport

Flammable solids and organic peroxides having, as tested, explosive properties and which are packed in such a waythat the classification procedure would require the use of an explosives label as a subsidiary risk label

Dangerous goods listed in Table 15.9

• Provision of relevant documentation/information, e.g for packers, haulier, shipper, etc For example, the ship’s owner must be provided with:

– the container packing certificate/vehicle declaration;

– a signed dangerous goods declaration; and/or

– a marine pollution declaration.

A checklist summarizing the range of responsibilities is given in Table 15.14.

Hazardous substances in ports are governed by the Dangerous Substances in Harbour Areas Regulations 1987 These provide for:

• Entry of dangerous substances into harbours.

• Marking and navigation.

• Handling of dangerous substances.

• Liquid dangerous substances.

• Packaging and labelling.

• Emergency arrangements and untoward incidents.

• Storage of dangerous substances.

Do Check individual packages for damage, Check that goods and quantities are on

Check packages show: Obtain from packer the container

• proper shipping name; packing certificate/vehicle declaration

• UN number; Obtain and carry transport documentation

• subsidiary risk label (where relevant); Check that any freight container has

• marine pollutant mark (where relevant); valid safety approval plate

• UN type approval mark Visually check the outside of the CTU for

Confirm nature of hazards from labels damage, etc

Visual check on condition of CTU Ensure CTU doors are properly secured

Check validity of safety approval plate of Ensure availability of appropriate personal

freight container protective equipment as advised in transportRemoval of irrelevant placards documentation, and suitable fire extinguisherFollow loading plan when packing CTU Check sides and ends of CTU are placardedSecure and brace packages inside CTU appropriately

Securely close and seal CTU when loading is Ensure irrelevant hazard data are removed

complete Ensure controls against fire and explosion

Ensure container packing certificate/vehicle are taken during the journey

declaration signed and forwarded to When parking vehicle avoid creating risk

ship operator or master to local people

Ensure placards are present on sides

and ends of CTU

Ensure written information on potential

hazards is passed from shipper to haulier

Do not Handle damaged, leaking or stained packages Accept load or start journey without

Load a freight container without valid safety relevant hazard information from shipperapproval plate Accept freight container without valid safetyLoad packages of dangerous goods which approval plate

are improperly labelled and marked Allow CTU to travel with irrelevant hazard

Load packages into a dirty, wet or damaged CTU placards, marks or signs or if lacking in

Place packages in a CTU with incorrect placards information

still visible Allow placards to become obscured or damagedAttempt to load packages without loading plan Have irrelevant hazard warning information

to ensure segregation of incompatibles in the cab

Leave cargo in an insecure CTU Start journey without checking availability ofExceed the maximum gross mass of the CTU safety equipment in suitable condition for use

Smoke or use other means of ignitionCarry unauthorized passengers

SEA TRANSPORT 479

nationality, overall length, draught and beam, intended destination within the harbour, and estimated time of arrival In addition, for marine tankers of 1600 tonnes gross, or carrying certain chemicals and gases or oil in bulk, the following information should be provided:

• nature and quantity of chemicals, gas or oil carried by the vessel;

• whether tanker is fitted with operational inert gas system;

• whether atmosphere of cargo tanks has been rendered non-flammable;

• information about tanker certificates;

• defects to hull, machinery or equipment which may affect safe manoeuvrability of ship, affect safety of other vessels, constitute a marine environment hazard;

• whether there is a hazard to property or people near to the harbour.

Controls for the safe transfer of chemicals between ship and shore will vary in detail The escape

of dust and vapour should be minimized when loading and unloading of bulk liquids or solids and persons should not be at risk Precautions to avoid contact with water are needed when transferring

water-incompatible materials (page 229) Precautions for handling explosives include:

• packages should be kept from berth until vessel/vehicle is ready to receive them;

• where necessary restrict the handling to a no-smoking secure area;

• warning signs should be displayed during the handling process;

• vehicle interiors should be clean;

• metal-free shoes should be used;

• radio transmitters should be banned within 50 metres during the transfer, except for low-power (25 watt) radios in mobile equipment such as cranes with aerials outside 2 metres of the explosives.

Table 15.15 summarizes the precautions to be followed by the berth operator for the transfer of dangerous bulk liquids.

Table 15.14 Checklist of responsibilities for sea transportation of chemicals

Dangerous chemical properly packaged and labelled Manufacturer/supplier/shipper

Training and supervision of those packing Packer

Construction, maintenance and plating of Owner or lessee of container or others who usefreight container or permit use, e.g packer, haulier

Visual inspection of container and packages Packer

Container and vehicle loading – all packages securely stowed Packer

and braced

Provision of signed container/packing certificate – vehicle Packer

declaration

Placarding of cargo transport unit Packer or shipper

Provision of signed dangerous goods declaration Shipper

Information of hazards to haulier Shipper

Safety during transfer of dangerous goods by road Haulier/driver

Modes of transport for liquids, gases and solids

Liquids

Liquids may be transported in numerous ways depending upon the quantity and distance involved The associated hazards are chemical-specific and also depend upon the physical condition, i.e.:

• liquid at atmospheric pressure and ambient temperature;

• liquefied gas under pressure and at ambient temperature; or

• liquefied gas at atmospheric pressure and at low temperature (i.e fully-refrigerated transport) Flammable liquid which spreads can result, on ignition, in a running liquid fire If spilled onto

Table 15.15 General precautions to be followed for the transfer of dangerous liquids in bulk*

• Pipelines/hoses should be properly designed, of adequate strength and of good construction, from sound and suitablematerial, properly maintained, appropriately protected against impact and used only for intended materials

• Area in vicinity of pipeline berth should be adequately ventilated

• Do not exceed safe working pressure; consider need for safety relief devices

• Pipelines for flammable liquids/gases to be protected against arcing during connection and disconnection, e.g hosestrings and metal arms fitted with insulating flange or a single length of non-conducting hose to ensure discontinuitybetween vessel and shore Seaward pipework should be electrically continuous to vessel, and landward piping electricallycontinuous to the jetty earthing system

• Insulating flanges or single length non-conducting hose should not be short circuited with external metal

• Insulating flanges to be inspected and tested at intervals not exceeding one month to ensure the insulation is clean and

in good condition Resistance should be measured between the metal pipe on shore side of flange and the end of the hose

or metal arm when freely suspended The measured value should be at least 1000 ohms

• Cargo hoses with internal bonding between end flanges to be checked for electrical continuity before introduction intoservice and periodically thereafter

• Berth operator should possess a supplier’s certificate for any hose forming part of the pipeline confirming that tests haveshown it is unlikely to burst in service

• Hoses to be indelibly marked to indicate the substances for which it is intended, its safe working pressure, proof-testpressure, date tested, and maximum or minimum service temperature

• Before first use hoses to be inspected visually internally and externally and tested at proof pressure Repeat at leastannually and include check on electrical resistance The resistance of the complete assembly should be not more than

15 ohms, unless the hose is intended to be non-conducting when resistance should be at least 25 000 ohms Inspect hosedaily when in use Hoses used at monobuoys should also be hydraulically tested

• When rigged for use hoses should be under supervision

• After use drain before disconnection

• Close each end of hose until reconnected unless made safe by draining and purging

• Check any cargo handling controls, emergency shutdown and alarms are working before commencing transfer

• Prior to the transfer the berth operator and master should agree maximum loading or unloading rate Berth operator tocheck periodically these are not exceeded

• Communication should be established and maintained between people on the ship, the berth and at the storage installationduring loading/unloading

• Berth operator to take reasonably practicable steps to control flammable or toxic gas escapes (e.g hose support, flangecouplings liquid- or gas-tight, drip trays)

• Unloading or loading liquefied gas escapes should be limited to those vented via safety devices or authorized by theharbour master Rate of transfer should ensure pipelines cool gradually; lines should be vented safely at the end of thetransfer

• Berth operator should ensure the unloading or loading of ship’s stores does not endanger the transfer of dangerouschemicals or ballast water contaminated with dangerous substances, gas freeing, or tank cleaning

• At the completion of the transfer of dangerous liquids the berth operator should render pipework, valves and associatedequipment safe; valves and tanks should be closed and shore pipeline blanked off

* The full SI 1987 No 37 and Approved Code of Practice should be consulted for complete details.

MODES OF TRANSPORT FOR LIQUIDS, GASES AND SOLIDS 481

water spreading will be more extensive, and vaporization will be more rapid, because of the increased rate of heat transfer Unstable chemicals may pose an explosion risk Toxic chemicals may be released as a liquid which spreads or as a vapour cloud The risk of environmental damage

is likely to be potentially serious in most cases.

The common means for transport are:

• In bottles, plastic drums, steel or resin-lined drums (e.g of 210 litre capacity).

• Glass bottles which are used only for small quantities, e.g 2.5 litres, but should be protected

in specially designed carriers.

• Plastic drums, which must not be subjected to excessive loading and, if returnable, require checking for degradation, e.g due to cracking, impact, distortion.

• By road or rail tanker.

• By ship, e.g crude petroleum.

Problems may arise with switch-loading of road tankers, ships or pipelines and with the use of returnable containers The important considerations for safety are:

• Compatibility of the chemical with the materials of construction.

• Adequacy of cleaning out, and removal of residues from, the previous chemical carried to avoid cross-contamination and potential reactive hazards on refilling.

• A sound information transfer system to avoid confusion of chemical identities and to ensure the specific risks of each load are identified and made known to the carrier/transporter.

• Adequacy of decontamination of ‘empty’ containers, tankers, etc before return.

Gases

Gases are transported:

• Under pressure in cylinders or pressurized tanks subject to the Pressure Systems Safety Regulations 2000.

• By pipeline.

In general, loss of containment is more serious than with the majority of liquids (unless they are

in a superheated state) since atmospheric dispersion will be immediate.

Release of a flammable gas or vapour may result in a jet or flash fire or any type of vapour

cloud explosion (p 178) In fire conditions there can be a BLEVE hazard from containers of

liquefied gas Release of a toxic gas or vapour always poses a potential risk of personal injury and possibly of environmental damage.

Whilst they will differ depending upon gas properties, the procedures and precautions appropriate for transport of cylinder gases are exemplified for LPG in Table 15.16.

Table 15.16 Procedures for safe transport of LPG cylinders by road

Transport

• Carry cylinders on open vehicles Keep cylinders upright and adequately secured, e.g with a rope

• Keep a fire extinguisher, e.g 1 kg dry power, in the cab to deal with any small fire, e.g an engine fire

• Do not leave cylinders on vehicles unsupervised

• Ensure that the driver has received adequate training and instructions about the hazards of LPG, emergency procedures,driver duties, etc

• Ensure that relevant information is readily available on the vehicle, e.g on a clipboard in the cab This written information,e.g as a TREMCARD, should contain details of the nature of the load and the action to take in an emergency

Duties of vehicle operator

• Check whether the Road Traffic (Carriage of Dangerous Packages, etc.) Regulations 1986 apply Exceptions apply tocylinders <5 litres; cylinders which are part of equipment carried on the vehicles, e.g burning gear, bitumen boilers;cylinders associated with vehicle operation, e.g cooking, water heating

• Ensure the vehicle is suitable, normally an open vehicle Use of a closed vehicle should be restricted to a small number

of cylinders with a load compartment having adequate ventilation

• Ensure the driver has adequate information in writing, e.g a TREMCARD

• Ensure the driver is provided with adequate instruction and training and keeps necessary records

• Ensure loading, stowage, unloading are performed safely All cylinders should be packed, strapped, supported in frames,

or loaded to avoid damage resulting from relative movement Cylinders should be stowed with valves uppermost

• Ensure all precautions are taken to prevent fire or explosion

• Ensure suitable fire extinguishers are provided

• Ensure the vehicle displays two orange plates if 500 kg of LPG is carried

• Report any fire, uncontrolled release or escape of the LPG, to the appropriate authority

Duties of the driver

• Ensure the relevant written information from the operator is always available during carriage Destroy, remove or away information about previous loads

lock-• Ensure loading, stowage and unloading are performed safely

• Ensure all precautions against fire or explosion are taken during carriage

• Display orange plates (when required) and keep them clean and free from obstruction

• If >3 tonnes of LPG is carried, when the vehicle is not being driven, ensure parking is in a safe place or that it is supervised(by the driver or a competent person aged >18)

• On request provide appropriate information to persons authorized to inspect the vehicle and load

• Report any fire, uncontrolled release or escape of LPG, to the operator

The integrity of pipelines depends upon correct design, including materials selection, support and protection from mechanical damage Depending upon the gas, routine inspection and maintenance may be supplemented by the provision of gas detection and alarm systems Other considerations are exemplified by the safety-related controls on the transportation of domestic gas via pipeline systems summarized in Table 15.17.

Solids

A wide variety of containers of differing capacity and design are used for solids transport, i.e fibreboard, metal, resin-lined metal, plastic drums; plastic, paper or hessian sacks; tote bins; bulk tanker; lorry-load The material may then be stored in the containers as received, in hoppers or silos, or simply in piles depending upon its properties and value.

MODES OF TRANSPORT FOR LIQUIDS, GASES AND SOLIDS 483

Bulk transport is often favoured since it reduces the requirement for manual handling and facilitates enclosed transfer into storage, thus reducing risks at the customer’s factory Stock inventories may, however, be increased.

Special considerations arise in the transport of:

• unstable chemicals (p 235)

• chemicals prone to self-heating (p 214) These may involve:

– breakdown of stock into numerous smaller units;

– blanketing of the material (e.g to prevent ingress of air to oxidizable material or complete quenching, e.g with water);

– regular temperature measurements;

• reactive chemicals (p 228) Segregation from incompatible chemicals is essential (p 233)

• chemicals prone to generate combustible dust clouds (p 220).

Loading and unloading

Tankers

Accidents during the loading/unloading of chemicals into/from road tankers, railway tankers, ships and barges may involve discharge of the wrong chemical, vehicle movement during transfer, failure of, or damage to, flexible transfer hoses, disconnection of transfer hoses whilst still under pressure, and overfilling Loading/unloading should be in designated areas positioned at an appropriate distance from public roads, occupied buildings and – if relevant – possible ignition sources A good level of ventilation should be ensured together with spillage control facilities These should

be backed up by standard operating procedures.

A basic safety audit covering design and system of work features to be covered for the loading/ unloading of non-pressurized hazardous liquids to/from tankers of tank containers is given in Table 15.18.

Table 15.17 Measures for the control of management of domestic gas through pipeline systems (the Gas Safety (Management) Regulations 1996)

Safety case – gas transporter

• Day-to-day management to ensure continuity of gas supply at the correct pressure and composition

• Arrangement to deal with reports of gas leaks and suspected CO emissions

• Arrangements for investigation of fire and explosion incidents

Safety case – network emergency controller

• Arrangements to monitor the network – to identify any potential national gas supply emergency and to coordinatepreventive action

• Arrangements to direct transporters to reduce consumption if it is impossible to prevent a gas emergency developing

• Procedures for the safe restoration of gas supply following an emergency

• Arrangements for emergency services

Table 15.18 Basic safety audit checklist for loading/unloading non-pressurised hazardous liquids; tankers or tank containers

Site

• Are there adequate signs available at the site entrance to

direct the traffic to the appropriate loading or off-loading

point?

• Is there adequate access to the loading area?

• Where, and to whom, does the driver report?

• Is there a dedicated waiting area for the tanker?

• Are there ‘no smoking’ notices where appropriate?

Tanker bay

• Can the vehicles drive in and out without reversing?

• Check separation distances from equipment, buildings,

other activities, etc

• Does the ground slope? Check potential vehicle run-away

• Check venting and ventilation facilities

• Is vapour recovery provided?

• Are there notices for action in an emergency (e.g

in the event of spillage, do not attempt to drive away)?

• Is the lighting adequate? Is there back-up?

• Will spillages be contained?

• Would fire water be contained?

• Earthing provisions

Tanker or tank container

• Is it a dedicated tanker or tank container?

• Who provides the pump and hoses and are these checked

(integrity, compatibility)?

• How is the tanker filled – top or bottom?

• Are appropriate connections available (flanged, snap-on,

self-sealing)?

• Check lids, pressure and vacuum relief

• Is switch loading in operation? If so, have the hazards

been recognized?

• Is tank dipping still necessary?

• Is the tanker labelled correctly?

• Check for cleanliness of tanker if loading

Product

• Check hazards of substance (e.g reactivity, flammability,

toxicity, corrosivity, etc.) versus precautions

• Check need for purging and inerting

• Check COSHH regulations compliance

• Check for provision of safety data sheet with paperwork

• Are quality control provisions adequate?

Activities

• Correct, identified tank

• Are up-to-date operating instructions available?

• What are the tanker driver’s responsibilities?

• Check paperwork provided versus correct material and

quantities Delay if unconfirmed

• Is a tanker run-away or drive-away protective system used?

• Check p.p.e needs

• Who has ultimate responsibility for rail cars, site

management or the train driver?

• Area cordoned off; restricted access

• Quantities and levels (adequacy of)

• No simultaneous transfers

• Is overfilling alarm and protection provided?

• Metering; calibration and reliability

• Velocity of liquid in pipes versus static electricity hazards

• Vapour venting and gas balancing

• If vapour return is used, what pressure is required and is

it below the tanker relief valve setting?

• Loading hot liquids; temperature checks, line heating andinsulation

• Procedure for blockages (and disposal of residues)

Safety and general management

• Driver training and licence check

• Operator training check

• Need for barriers, chocks or brake interlocks

• Drains and handling spillages

• Other safety equipment

• Control of ignition sources

• Smoking policy and notices

• Product specification and sampling

• Hoses, pumps, connections, lids, locked or capped valves,compartments

• Contamination and cross-contamination

• Quantities, weights or levels

• Actions in the event of faults

• Is the vehicle suitable for the material and in a roadworthycondition before loading?

Vehicle departure

• Tanker exterior cleaning?

• Security of openings, connections and valves

• Procedure on overfilling

• Approvals and paperwork Complete documentation

LOADING AND UNLOADING 485

Receipt Document

Segregate,e.g by type

Vent

Inspecttest (or check dates)

OK Major

repairsrequired

Refurbish,e.g valve capscagessupportsFabrication

RetestDocumentFill, labeldocumentCheck weightTest for leaksCheck integrity

Emergency/userinstructions

Despatch DocumentRecyle if

unsound/underweightunsuitable in any way

• Check fire-fighting capability and access for fire appliances

Foam make-up provisions

• Liaison with emergency services

• Procedures for dealing with the media

Figure 15.4 Procedure for refilling returnable chemical containers

Container filling/discharging

Considerations for the safe filling/discharging of containers will normally include:

• A segregated area adequately spaced from ignition sources, etc with provision for spillage control and with appropriate protection from vehicle impact.

• Avoidance of overhead piping, e.g process lines, water, steam.

• Adequate weather protection, both for operators and to avoid ingress of rainwater or other contaminants.

• Provision of information and instruction to personnel as to the hazards with the specific chemical, including possible reactions.

• Thorough inspection of containers for integrity, correct labelling, sound valves or closures Figure 15.4 shows a procedure for the refilling of returnable containers with a chemical of assured quality (This will require some combination of documentation, sampling and analysis to ensure that the chemical is of the correct type, and in the intended condition.) This is applicable to drums and plastic containers, and bottles, but some modifications are necessary for pressure systems, i.e gas cylinders, covered by the Pressure Systems Safety Regulations 2000 including:

• A check from marks on the cylinder indicating that it has undergone proper examination at appropriate intervals by a competent person.

• All appropriate safety checks including the provision of a correct valve, plug and protection cap, if appropriate.

• A check that it is not overfilled and is within its safe operating limits.

CONTAINER FILLING/DISCHARGING 487

Chemicals and the environment:

sources and impact

Protection of the environment from pollution caused by ‘wastes’ is a matter of increasing concern.

It can be a technically-complex exercise because the variety of waste is extremely wide, the volumes may be large, and the levels ‘permissible’ for release may be very low.

Examples of industrial chemical waste are given in Table 16.1 Common industrial sources of pollution are given in Table 16.2 Since waste can result in pollution, the two terms are often used synonymously.

Table 16.1 Types of waste and forms of pollutant