Teach Yourself UML in 24 Hours 3rd phần 1 doc

.123 9 Working with Sequence Diagrams.. .197 13 Working with Deployment Diagrams.. .45 HOUR 3: Working with Object-Orientation 47 Visualizing a Class.. .101 HOUR 7: Working with Use Case

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Sams Teach Yourself UML in 24 Hours, Third Edition

Copyright © 2004 by Sams Publishing

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no responsibility for errors or omissions Nor is any liability assumed for

damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein.

International Standard Book Number: 0-672-32640-X

Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2003098381

Printed in the United States of America

First Printing: March 2004

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Contents at a Glance

Introduction .1

Part I Getting Started HOUR 1 Introducing the UML .7

2 Understanding Object-Orientation .31

3 Working with Object-Orientation .47

4 Working with Relationships .61

5 Understanding Aggregations, Composites, Interfaces, and Realizations .79

6 Introducing Use Cases .91

7 Working with Use Case Diagrams .103

8 Working with State Diagrams .123

9 Working with Sequence Diagrams .135

10 Working with Communication Diagrams .157

11 Working with Activity Diagrams .173

12 Working with Component Diagrams .197

13 Working with Deployment Diagrams .213

14 Understanding Packages and Foundations .225

15 Fitting the UML into a Development Process .249

Part II A Case Study HOUR 16 Introducing the Case Study .267

17 Performing a Domain Analysis .285

18 Gathering System Requirements .307

19 Developing the Use Cases .325

20 Getting into Interactions .339

21 Designing Look, Feel, and Deployment .351

22 Understanding Design Patterns .367

Part III Looking Ahead

HOUR 23 Modeling Embedded Systems .383

24 Shaping the Future of the UML .403

Part IV Appendices A Quiz Answers .421

B Working with a UML Modeling Tool .435

C A Summary in Pictures .457

Index .467

Table of Contents

Introduction 1

What’s New in This Edition 1

Who Should Read This Book? 2

Organization of This Book .2

Conventions Used Throughout This Book .3

Part I Getting Started 5 HOUR 1: Introducing the UML 7 Adding a Method to the Madness 8

How the UML Came to Be 9

Components of the UML 10

Class Diagram .11

Object Diagram .12

Use Case Diagram .13

State Diagram .13

Sequence Diagram .14

Activity Diagram .16

Communication Diagram 16

Component Diagram .18

Deployment Diagram 19

Some Other Features 20

Notes .20

Keywords and Stereotypes 20

New Diagrams in UML 2.0 .22

Composite Structure Diagram 22

Interaction Overview Diagram .23

Timing Diagram 24 Something Old, Something New—The Package Diagram 25

Why So Many Diagrams? 26

But Isn’t It Just a Bunch of Pictures? .26

Summary 27

Q&A .28

Workshop 29

Quiz 29

Exercises 29

HOUR 2: Understanding Object-Orientation 31 Objects, Objects Everywhere .32

Some Object-Oriented Concepts .34

Abstraction 34

Inheritance 35

Polymorphism .36

Encapsulation 37

Message Sending 38

Associations .40

Aggregation .41

The Payoff .42

Summary 43

Q&A .45

Workshop 45

Quiz 45

HOUR 3: Working with Object-Orientation 47 Visualizing a Class .47

Attributes 48

Operations 50

Attributes, Operations, and Visualization .51

Responsibilities and Constraints .52

Attached Notes 54

Classes—What They Do and How to Find Them .54

Summary 57

Contents vii

Q&A .58

Workshop 58

Quiz 58

Exercises 59

HOUR 4: Working with Relationships 61 Associations .61

Constraints on Associations .63

Association Classes 63

Links .64

Multiplicity 64

Qualified Associations .65

Reflexive Associations 67

Inheritance and Generalization .67

Discovering Inheritance .69

Abstract Classes .70

Dependencies 70

Class Diagrams and Object Diagrams 71

Summary 73

Q&A .75

Workshop 75

Quiz 76

Exercises 76

HOUR 5: Understanding Aggregations, Composites, Interfaces, and Realizations 79 Aggregations .79

Constraints on Aggregations 80

Composites 81

Composite Structure Diagram 81

Interfaces and Realizations 82

Interfaces and Ports .86

Visibility 87

Scope .87

Summary 88

Q&A .89

Workshop 89

Quiz 89

Exercises 89

HOUR 6: Introducing Use Cases 91 Use Cases: What They Are .91

Use Cases: Why They’re Important .92

An Example: The Soda Machine 92

The “Buy Soda” Use Case .93

Additional Use Cases 94

Including a Use Case .96

Extending a Use Case 97

Starting a Use Case Analysis 98

Summary 98

Q&A .100

Workshop 100

Quiz 100

Exercises 101

HOUR 7: Working with Use Case Diagrams 103 Representing a Use Case Model 103

The Soda Machine Revisited .104

Tracking the Steps in the Scenarios .105

Visualizing Relationships Among Use Cases .106

Inclusion 106

Extension .107

Generalization .109

Grouping .110

Use Case Diagrams in the Analysis Process .110

Applying Use Case Models: An Example 111

Understanding the Domain 111

Contents ix

Understanding the Users 111

Understanding the Use Cases .113

Drilling Down 113

Taking Stock of Where We Are .115

Structural Elements 116

Relationships .116

Grouping .117

Annotation 117

Extension .117

And More .117

The Big Picture .117

Summary .117

Q&A .120

Workshop 120

Quiz 120

Exercises 121

HOUR 8: Working with State Diagrams 123 What Is a State Diagram? 123

The Fundamental Symbol Set .124

Adding Details to the State Icon .124

Adding Details to the Transitions: Events and Actions .125

Adding Details to the Transitions: Guard Conditions .127

Substates .127

Sequential Substates .128

Concurrent Substates .128

History States .129

New in UML 2.0 .130

Why Are State Diagrams Important? .131

Building the Big Picture .131

Summary .131

Q&A .133

Workshop 133

Quiz 133

Exercises 134

HOUR 9: Working with Sequence Diagrams 135 What Is a Sequence Diagram? .135

Objects .136

Messages 136

Time 137

Cars and Car Keys .138

A Class Diagram 138

A Sequence Diagram .139

The Soda Machine .141

Sequence Diagrams: The Generic Sequence Diagram 144

Creating an Object in the Sequence 146

Framing a Sequence: Sequence Diagramming in UML 2.0 149

Interaction Occurrences 149

Combined Interaction Fragments .151

Building the Big Picture .153

Summary .153

Q&A 155

Workshop 155

Quiz 155

Exercises 156

HOUR 10: Working with Communication Diagrams 157 What Is a Communication Diagram? 158

Cars and Car Keys .159

Changing States and Nesting Messages 160

The Soda Machine .162

Creating an Object 163

One More Point About Numbering .164

Contents xi

A Few More Concepts .164

Multiple Receiving Objects in a Class .165

Representing Returned Results 165

Active Objects 166

Synchronization .166

Building the Big Picture .168

Summary .168

Q&A 170

Workshop 170

Quiz 170

Exercises 171

HOUR 11: Working with Activity Diagrams 173 The Basics: What Is an Activity Diagram? 174

Decisions, Decisions, Decisions .174

Concurrent Paths .175

Signals .175

Applying Activity Diagrams .177

A Process: Creating a Document .177

Swimlanes .177

Hybrid Diagrams .180

New Concepts from UML 2.0 181

The Objects of an Activity 181

Taking Exception 183

Deconstructing an Activity .184

Marking Time and Finishing a Flow .186

Special Effects .187

An Overview of an Interaction .188

Building the Big Picture .191

Summary .191

Q&A 193

Workshop 194

Quiz 194

Exercises 194

HOUR 12: Working with Component Diagrams 197 What Is (and What Isn’t) a Component? 197

Components and Interfaces .198

Reviewing Interfaces 198

Replacement and Reuse .199

What Is a Component Diagram? .200

Representing a Component in UML 1.x and UML 2.0 .200

Representing Interfaces 201

Boxes—Black and White 202

Applying Component Diagrams .203

Component Diagrams in the Big Picture 209

Summary .209

Q&A 211

Workshop 211

Quiz 211

Exercises 211

HOUR 13: Working with Deployment Diagrams 213 What Is a Deployment Diagram? .213

Applying Deployment Diagrams 216

A Home System 216

A Token-Ring Network .216

ARCnet 218

Thin Ethernet .218

The Ricochet Wireless Network .219

Deployment Diagrams in the Big Picture 221

Summary .221

Q&A 223

HOUR 15: Fitting the UML into a Development Process 249

Methodologies: Old and New .250

The Old Way 250

A New Way 251

What a Development Process Must Do .251

GRAPPLE .253

RAD3: The Structure of GRAPPLE .254

Requirements Gathering .255

Analysis .257

Design .259

Development .260

Deployment .261

The GRAPPLE Wrap-up 261

Summary .262

Q&A 263

Workshop 263

Quiz 263

Part II A Case Study 265 HOUR 16: Introducing the Case Study 267 Getting Down to Business .267

GRAPPLEing with the Problem .268

Discovering Business Processes .268

Serving a Customer 269

Preparing the Meal 278

Cleaning the Table .279

Lessons Learned .281

Summary .282

Q&A 283

Workshop 283

Quiz 284

Exercises 284

HOUR 17: Performing a Domain Analysis 285

Analyzing the Business Process Interview .286

Developing the Initial Class Diagram .287

Grouping the Classes .289

Forming Associations .290

Associations with Customer 291

Associations with Server .294

Associations with Chef .295

Associations with Busser .295

Associations with Manager 296

A Digression 297

Forming Aggregates and Composites 298

Filling Out the Classes .300

Customer .300

Employee .301

Check 302

General Issues About Models 303

Model Dictionary .303

Diagram Organization .303

Lessons Learned .303

Summary .304

Q&A 305

Workshop 305

Quiz 305

Exercises 305

HOUR 18: Gathering System Requirements 307 Developing the Vision 308

Setting Up for Requirements Gathering 316

The Requirements JAD Session .317

The Outcome .320

Now What? .323

Contents xv

Summary .323

Q&A 324

Workshop 324

Quiz 324

Exercise .324

HOUR 19: Developing the Use Cases 325 The Care and Feeding of Use Cases 325

The Use Case Analysis .326

The Server Package 327

Take an Order 328

Transmit the Order to the Kitchen 329

Change an Order .330

Track Order Status 330

Notify Chef About Party Status .331

Total Up a Check .333

Print a Check .333

Summon an Assistant 334

Remaining Use Cases .336

Components of the System .336

Summary .337

Q&A 338

Workshop 338

Quiz 338

Exercises 338

HOUR 20: Getting into Interactions 339 The Working Parts of the System 339

The Server Package 339

The Chef Package 340

The Busser Package 341

The Assistant Server Package 341

The Assistant Chef Package 341

The Bartender Package .341

The Coat-Check Clerk Package .342

Interactions in the System 342

Take an Order 343

Change an Order .344

Track Order Status 346

Implications 347

Summary .348

Q&A 349

Workshop 350

Quiz 350

Exercises 350

HOUR 21: Designing Look, Feel, and Deployment 351 Some General Principles of GUI Design 351

The GUI JAD Session 353

From Use Cases to User Interfaces .354

UML Diagrams for GUI Design .357

Mapping Out System Deployment .358

The Network 358

The Nodes and the Deployment Diagram .359

Next Steps .359

And Now a Word from Our Sponsor .361

Empowering a Sales Force 361

Expanding in the Restaurant World 362

Summary .363

Q&A 365

Workshop 366

Quiz 366

Exercises 366

Contents xvii

HOUR 22: Understanding Design Patterns 367

Parameterization .367

Design Patterns 370

Chain of Responsibility 371

Chain of Responsibility: Restaurant Domain 372

Chain of Responsibility: Web Browser Event Models 373

Your Own Design Patterns .374

The Advantages of Design Patterns 377

Summary .377

Q&A 379

Workshop 379

Quiz 379

Exercise .379

Part III Looking Ahead 381 HOUR 23: Modeling Embedded Systems 383 Back to the Restaurant .383

The Mother of Invention 384

Fleshing Out the GetAGrip .385

What Is an Embedded System? .387

Embedded Systems Concepts 388

Time 388

Threads .388

Interrupts .389

Operating System .390

Modeling the GetAGrip 393

Classes .393

Use Cases .394

Interactions .395

General State Changes .398

Flexing Their Muscles .399

Summary .400

Q&A 401

Workshop 401

Quiz 401

Exercises 401

HOUR 24: Shaping the Future of the UML 403 Extensions for Business 403

Lessons from the Business Extensions .405

Graphic User Interfaces 405

Connecting to Use Cases 405

Modeling the GUI .406

Expert Systems .408

Components of an Expert System .408

An Example .410

Modeling the Knowledge Base 411

Web Applications .414

That’s All, Folks .416

Summary .417

Q&A 418

Workshop 418

Quiz 418

Exercises 418

Part IV Appendixes 419 APPENDIX A Quiz Answers 421 Hour 1 .421

Hour 2 .421

Hour 3 .422

Hour 4 .422

Contents xix

Hour 6 .424

Hour 7 .424

Hour 8 .425

Hour 9 .425

Hour 10 .426

Hour 11 .426

Hour 12 .427

Hour 13 .428

Hour 14 .428

Hour 15 .428

Hour 16 .429

Hour 17 .430

Hour 18 .430

Hour 19 .430

Hour 20 .431

Hour 21 .431

Hour 22 .432

Hour 23 .432

Hour 24 .433

APPENDIX B Working with a UML Modeling Tool 435 What You Should Find in a Modeling Tool .435

Working with UML in Visio Professional Edition .436

Getting Started .438

The Class Diagram .438

The Object Diagram .448

The Sequence Diagram 451

A Few Words About a Few Tools .456

Rational Rose .456

Select Component Architect 456

Visual UML 456

APPENDIX C A Summary in Pictures 457

Activity Diagram .457

Class Diagram .459

Communication Diagram 460

Component Diagram .461

Composite Structure Diagram .461

Deployment Diagram 462

Object Diagram 462

Package Diagram 463

Parameterized Collaboration 463

Sequence Diagram .464

State Diagram .465

Timing Diagram 465

Use Case Diagram .466

Contents xxi

About the Author

Joseph Schmuller, a veteran of over 20 years in Information Technology, is a

Technical Architect with Blue Cross–Blue Shield of Florida From 1991 through 1997,

he was Editor in Chief of PC AI Magazine He has written numerous articles and reviews on advanced computing technology and is the author of ActiveX No experi- ence required and Dynamic HTML Master the Essentials Holder of a Ph.D from the

University of Wisconsin, he is an Adjunct Professor at the University of North Florida.

Dedication

To my wonderful mother, Sara Riba Schmuller, Who taught me how to teach myself.

Writing a book is an arduous process, and creating a new edition is no day at the beach, either Happily, the world-class team at Sams Publishing has made it a lot eas- ier on every occasion It’s a pleasure once again to acknowledge their contributions For the first edition, Acquisitions Editor Chris Webb and Development Editor Matt Purcell helped turn my thoughts into readable prose Technical Editors Bill Rowe and Michael Tobler made sure the content was technically sound Senior Editor Susan Moore and the outstanding artists and Production Staff turned the manuscript and its numerous diagrams into production quality.

For the second edition, Associate Publisher Michael Stephens, Development Editor Christy Franklin, Production Editor Matt Wynalda, and Technical Editor Paul Gustavson did an exemplary job from start to finish.

In this edition, Acquisitions Editor Todd Green catalyzed the process Todd and Development Editor Songlin Qiu kept everything running smoothly They also showed the patience of saints, for which I’m most grateful Project Editor Matt Purcell (back for a return engagement in a new role) did an outstanding job on the comprehensibility of the material, and Project Manager Jan Fisher was indispens- able in keeping the book on track Technical Editor Jeffrey Pajor supplied expertise that significantly tightened up the content.

As always, my sincerest thanks to my agent, David Fugate of Waterside Productions During the writing of all the editions of this book, my professional colleagues have provided empathy and cooperation In particular, conversations with Keith Barrett and Rob Warner helped clarify my thinking on a number of issues Sadly, the time

of my involvement with the first edition marked the untimely passing of Tom Williamson, the director of the division in which Keith, Rob, and I worked Tom was

an advisor, mentor, colleague, and friend.

I thank my dearest friends, the Spragues of Madison, Wisconsin, for their continuing support and friendship I thank my mother and my brother David for their love and for always being there for me, and Kathryn (LOML and GOMD) for always being everything to me.

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Please note that I cannot help you with technical problems related to the topic of this book.

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When you write, please be sure to include this book’s title and author as well as your name, e-mail address, and phone number I will carefully review your comments and share them with the author and editors who worked on the book.

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It’s all about vision A complex system comes into being when someone has a vision

of how technology can make things better Developers have to fully understand the vision and keep it firmly in mind as they create the system that realizes the vision System development projects are successful to the extent they bridge the gap between visionary and developer The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a tool for building the bridge It helps you capture the vision for a system and then enables you to communicate the vision to anyone who has a stake in the system It does this via a set of symbols and diagrams Each diagram plays a different role within the development process.

The goal of this book—for all three editions—is to give you a firm foundation in the UML in 24 hours of study Each hour presents examples to strengthen your under- standing, and most of the hours provide exercises that enable you to put your new- found knowledge to use.

What’s New in This Edition

In preparing this edition, I went through the first two and tightened up the prose, adding and updating material where necessary Some of the additions were neces- sary because of UML 2.0, the newly adopted version Others were necessitated by the passage of time and the advancement of technology.

As in the first two editions, Hour 14, “Understanding Packages and Foundations,” presents theoretical concepts at the foundation of the UML In this edition, I’ve expanded this hour considerably in order to accommodate new concepts from UML 2.0.

I’ve refined some of the thinking behind the models and diagrams and added quiz questions and exercises As part of the refinement, in this edition I precede every interaction diagram with a class diagram that shows the operations of the classes The goal is to clarify the messages that appear in the interaction diagrams and make them more intuitive If you know a little about the UML, you’ll understand what I just said If not well, then you won’t By the end of the book, however, I’m certain you will.