BASIC HUMAN ANATOMY - PART 10 pot

The fourth ventricle is continuous with the part of the spinal cord known as the c c.. The spinal cord, located within the spinal l, is continuous with the b.. The other,associated with

18 Groups of related functions are associated with specific areas of the cerebralcortex For example, centers of speech and hearing are located along the lateral

Vision is centered in the lobe Sensory and motor functions arelocated along the central

19 The ventricles of the brain are interconnected hollow spaces filled with The right and left lateral ventricles are found in the cerebral s The lateralventricles are connected to the third ventricle by the i f The thirdventricle is located in the f The third and fourth ventricles are

connected by the c a The fourth ventricle is located in the

h The fourth ventricle is continuous with the part of the spinal cord known

as the c c

20 The spinal cord, located within the spinal l, is continuous with the

b The spinal cord has two enlargements One, associated withnerves for the upper members, is called the enlargement The other,associated with the nerves for the lower members, is called the enlargement Nerves arising from the spinal cord are called nerves

There are how many pairs of spinal nerves?

21 In the cross section of the spinal cord, one can see a central region of graymatter shaped like an Each arm of this figure is called a The connecting link is called the gray These horns are actuallysections of the gray s Since a column of white matter is a large bundle ofprocesses, it is called a

22 The skeletal covering for the brain is provided by bones of the The overall skeletal structure covering the spinal cord is the column (spine)

23 The brain and spinal cord have three different membranes surrounding themcalled The tough outer covering for the CNS is the Beneath

it is the space The fine second membrane is called the

Beneath it is the space, which is filled with The delicate membraneapplied directly to the surface of the brain and spinal cord is called the

24 The two main pairs of arteries supply oxygenated blood to the brain are theinternal and arteries Beneath the brain, branches of thesearteries join to form a circle, called the circle (of ) The mainpair of veins carrying blood back toward the heart is the internal veins.The blood supply of the spinal cord is by way of a combination of three l _arteries running along its length and reinforced by s arteries from the sides.

25 Found in the cavities of the CNS is a clear fluid called fluid ( ).This fluid is found in the s of the brain, the sub space, and thespinal cord's canal Special collections of arterial capillaries found in the roofs

of the third and fourth ventricles are called choroid s These structures

continuously produce CSF from the of the blood

26 As CSF is produced by the choroid plexuses, it flows into all four s.CSF from the lateral ventricles flows into the ventricle, and then through the aqueduct into the ventricle By passing through three small holes

in the roof of the fourth ventricle, CSF enters the subarachnoid From here,the CSF is transported through the arachnoid into the venous sinuses

27 The peripheral nervous system is that portion of the nervous system whichgenerally provides commands for muscles and other musclesand carries y information from the p of the body A nerve is a

collection of neuron s, together and the CNS

28 The 12 pairs of nerves attached to the right and left sides of the brainstemare called nerves Each such nerve is identified by a in order from

to and an individual name Attached to the sides of the spinal cord are 31pairs of nerves For each, the region is designated by a ; within eachregion, a nerve pair is identified by an

29 Like a tree, a typical spinal nerve has s, a , and branches (called ) Coming off of the posterior and anterior sides of the spinal cord are the

posterior and anterior of the spinal nerve An enlargement on the posterior root isthe A ganglion is a collection of , together,

outside the CNS Laterally, the posterior and anterior roots of the spinal nerve join toform the spinal nerve The spinal nerve trunk of each spinal nerve is located inthe corresponding intervertebral of the vertebral column As the nerve trunkemerges laterally, it divides into the anterior and posterior

30 If it carries information from the periphery to the CNS, it is an t( ) neuron If it carries information from the CNS to a muscle or gland, it is an

t ( ) neuron

31 An automatic reaction to a stimulus is referred to as a

The pathway from the receptor organ to the reacting muscle is called the

32 The pathway of a general reflex arc involves a minimum of structures.The stimulus is received by a organ That information is transmitted to theCNS by the t ( ) neuron Within the spinal cord, there is a specialneuron connecting the afferent neuron to the efferent neuron; this special connectingneuron is called the Carrying the appropriate command from the spinalcord to the reacting muscle is the t ( ) neuron The reacting muscle

is called the e organ

33 The autonomic nervous system is that portion of the nervous system

generally concerned with commands for s muscle, c muscles,

and s

34 In the ANS, the number of neurons connecting the CNS with a visceral organ

is always The cell bodies of the second neuron form a collection outside theCNS, called a The first neuron extends from the CNS to the ganglionand is therefore called the neuron Cell bodies of the second neuronsmake up the The second neuron's processes extend from the ganglion to the Thus, the second neuron is called the

neuron

35 The efferent pathways of the ANS fall into two major divisions The one mostactive during a "fight-or-flight" reaction is the - outflow ( nervoussystem) The other is the - outflow ( nervous system)

36 The intermediolateral gray columns from the T-1 to the L-2 levels of thespinal cord are made up of the cell bodies of the -ganglionic sympathetic neurons.The sympathetic ganglia are made up of the cell bodies of the -ganglionic

sympathetic neurons The sympathetic NS activates those visceral organs needed to It deactivates those which are

37 Four pairs of nuclei in the brainstem and the intermediolateral gray columns

at the S-2 through S-4 levels of the spinal cord are made up of the cell bodies of the

p p neurons The intramural ganglia within the walls of the

_ organs are made up of the cell bodies of the p

p neurons As compared to that of the sympathetic NS, the parasympathetic

NS has the (same) (opposite) effect on visceral organs

42 The human nervous system has several levels of control The lowest level is

the The highest level is the level Between, there

are several progressively levels All information input and all information output

are d and d

43 The right half of the brain controls the side of the body The left half

of the brain controls the side of the body

44 A pyramidal pathway is primarily concerned with ( )

control of body parts, particularly the movements of s These pathways are

called pyramidal because their neuron processes help to make up structures in the base

of the brain called

45 An extrapyramidal pathway is primarily concerned with

( ) control of body parts for purposes of

46 Name examples of general senses.

a

b

c

d

47 Name examples of special senses a

b

c

d

e

48 The general sensory pathway is from the organ, via the nerves, to the This general pathway then ascends fiber tracts in the The pathway ends in the central area of the opposite hemisphere 49 The receptors for the sense of smell are special hair cells called c s These are found in the o e , high in the n c s in the head The information received is transmitted by way of the o nerves to the y bulbs and then into the opposite l hemisphere 50 Describe the sensory receptors for the special sense of taste The information received is transmitted to the opposite side of the brain by three nerves 51 What is the eyeball? The eyeball is shaped like a

52 The outermost layer of the eyeball is colored and is made up of verydense ; it is known as the Its anterior portion is called the The major focusing device for the eyeball is the

53 The middle layer of the wall of the eyeball is known as the This layer is richly supplied with and pigmented with a material

54 The inner layer of the wall of the eyeball is known as the .The actual photoreceptor elements are located at the and the s.These elements are the s and the s

55 The elements which register colors are the However, requiremore intense light than do Rods register only

56 What are the fovea centralis and macula lutea?

59 Describe the lens and the process of accommodation

60 The space between the cornea and the iris is called the The space between the iris and the lens is called the Together,these make up the space between the cornea and the lens, called the _and filled with the This drains into the encircling ,located in the angle between the and the Behind the lens is a

jellylike material called the It fills the cavity of the eyeball

61 The orbit is the cavity in the upper facial skull which contains the _

and its The orbit is shaped roughly like a

62 Examples of the adnexa are the: a

b

c

d

e

63 Of the six extrinsic ocular muscles, four are called _ muscles Two are muscles The lateral rectus M is on the side of the eyeball The superior rectus M is the eyeball The medial rectus M is on the side of the eyeball The inferior rectus M is the eyeball The superior oblique and inferior oblique muscles approach the eyeball from the side 64 Attached to the margins of the orbit are the upper and lower These have special hairs called The inner lining of the eyelids is

continuous with the , a membrane over the anterior surface of the eyeball

65 In the upper outer corner of the orbit is a lacrimal d, which secretes a lacrimal d, which is ultimately collected and delivered into the nasal chamber by the duct

66 Neurons carry information from the photoreceptors located in the nervous They leave the eyeball at the Passing to the rear of the orbit, the neurons now belong to the nerve (cranial nerve ) The optic nerve enters the cranial cavity by passing through the canal Beneath the brain, the optic nerves from both sides join to form the , in which half of the neurons from each optic nerve From the optic chiasma, the right and left optic s proceed to the brain proper

67 The human ear has two major special sensory functions: ( y) and ( e) The three parts of the human ear are the ( ) ear, the ear, and the ( ) ear

68 The external flap of the ear is called the ( ) It directsairborne sound waves into the canal called the external auditory , which extendsinto the portion of the skull.

69 Where is the tympanic membrane?

On the medial side of the tympanic membrane, there is a space within thetemporal bone called the

What are the auditory ossicles?

The auditory ossicles respond to a sound stimulus by From the lateral to the medial ends, the names of the ossicles are: ,

, and The auditory tube connects the middle ear cavity with the

70 What is the bony labyrinth?

It has three canals, a (hallway), and a

snail-shaped portion

What is the membranous labyrinth?

71 Where is the endolymph found?

Where is the perilymph found?

72 The cochlea is a structure associated with ing Ithas turns Its outer boundaries are formed by the snail-shaped portion of the

73 The central column of the cochlea is called the m Extending fromthis central column is a spiral shelf of bone called the s l Connecting thisshelf with the outer bony wall is a fibrous membrane called the b membrane.This membrane forms the floor of the spiral portion of the membranous labyrinth calledthe c d This contains a structure with hairs, sensory receptors of hearing;this structure is called the organ of

74 Within the bony cochlea, the space above the cochlear duct is known as the and the space below is known as the Between the middle ear cavity and the upper space is an oval window called the

fenestra Between the middle ear cavity and the lower space is a roundwindow called the fenestra

75 A sound stimulus is transferred from the stapes to the fluid of the In response, the b membrane of the cochlea vibrates.The hair cells of the of are mechanically stimulated This stimulation istransferred to the neurons of the nerve, which passes out of the modiolus intothe internal auditory of the temporal bone From here, the nerve enters the cavity and goes to the

76 The two sac-like portions of the membranous labyrinth are the andthe They are filled with On the wall of each sac is a collection ofspecial hair cells known as the , which serves as a receptor organ for and linear gravitational forces The saccular macula and the

utricular macula are oriented at more or less ° angles to each other

77 Extending from and opening into the utriculus are three hollow structurescalled the ducts The utriculus completes the circle for each Thethree ducts are all oriented at ° angles to each other Where it opens into the

utriculus, each semicircular duct ends in an enlargement called an Movement of the fluid endolymph bends the hairs of the in specific

directions These are responses to and/or kinetic gravitationalforces

78 Carrying the information from the maculae and the cristae to the brain is the nerve Contained in the same fibrous sheath from the membranouslabyrinth to the brain are the v and a nerves

79 The simplest and lowest level of control is the Producingwider reactions to stimuli are s reflexes A number of nuclei in the hindbrainmonitor and control v l functions of the body, including r and

h b The facilitatory and inhibitory areas of the reticular formation monitorand control general body functions, including The thalamus is a primaryrelay for information going to and from the and One of themost important integrators of motor activity of the body is the

80 In humans, the highest level of control is in the Here, we canclearly designate three levels of control:

a The first level is concerned with activities of the body, asrelated to , fear, and other emotions

b At the second level, activities of the body are s dand repetitive in nature An example is the sequence of muscle actions involved in