Professional LAMP Linux Apache, MySQL and PHP5 Web Development phần 10 pot

MySQL Tools When you administer a MySQL database, you usually have two main options for administrationtools: the standard command-line toolset, or a graphical interface.. If you’re looki

throw new ExceptionType(args);

JSP/Javathrow new ExceptionType(args);

HTTP POST Values

PHP

$_POST(array)

ASP/VBScriptRequest.Form(collection)

ASP.NET/C#

System.Web.HttpRequest.Form(NameValueCollection)

JSP/Javarequest.getParameter()(method lookup)

HTTP GET Values

PHP

$_GET(array)

ASP/VBScriptRequest.QueryString(collection)

ASP.NET/C#

System.Web.HttpRequest.QueryString(NameValueCollection)

JSP/Javarequest.getParameter()(method lookup)

Alter native Tools

Whenever discussions of popular PHP tools spring up, the conversations usually center aroundtext editors or coding IDEs Which has the best language support, syntax highlighting, code pars-ing, and so on? Unfortunately, with all the focus on text editors, excellent non-coding tools cansometimes get neglected Instead of rehashing the usual arguments for one editor versus the other,this appendix shows you some of the tools you can use in your development cycle — those thatdon’t immediately churn out code, but those that you might find hold a key position in the overalldevelopment process

MySQL Tools

When you administer a MySQL database, you usually have two main options for administrationtools: the standard command-line toolset, or a graphical interface Despite the attitudes of manyhardened system administrators, there’s absolutely nothing wrong with using a graphical tool toget the job done Although the command-line interface offers unlimited control over the database,

it just can’t match the speed and clarity of a good graphical user interface to help facilitate youradministration workflow

If you’re looking for a good set of GUI-based MySQL administration tools, you need look no ther than MySQL AB’s own MySQL Administrator and MySQL Query Browser

fur-MySQL Administrator

MySQL Administrator is a feature-rich GUI administration tool or maintaining MySQL databases.The main interface is shown in Figure B.1

Figure B.1

MySQL Administrator allows you to do the following:

❑ View real-time server information, including connection information and statistics, memorystatistics, the value for MySQL internal variables and configuration settings, and more

❑ View the different server logs: Error log, Slow log, General Log (localhost only)

❑ Control the MySQL process itself (localhost only)

❑ Perform backup and restore operations, and even schedule periodic backups

❑ Administer the server’s user access and privileges

❑ Create and edit complete databases, including tables using the built-in MySQL Table Editor.MySQL Administrator is available for Windows, Linux, and Mac OS X; MySQL Administrator is a freedownload from the MySQL website: http://www.mysql.com/products/administrator/

348

Appendix B

MySQL Query Browser

MySQL Query Browser is a GUI that allows you to test and run various queries against the MySQLdatabase In a sense, it is a beefed-up GUI version of the command-line client, as you can see in Figure B.2.You can also use MySQL Query Browser similar to a standard spreadsheet program or desktop databaseapplication — you can pull up rows of data, and edit them directly in the query browser In addition tojust typing in and executing queries, and manipulating data, it also includes the MySQL Table Editorfound in MySQL Administrator, allowing you to visually create and edit databases and tables

349

Alternative Tools

Most MySQL benchmarking tools perform in roughly the same way: you provide a query to run, and itruns said query a large number of times, often using concurrent connections By thoroughly testing andexperimenting with some of your “heavier” queries (often found in the MySQL slow query log), you canimprove the execution times and server load at application bottlenecks.

MySQL Super Smack

Originally developed by Sasha Pachev, MySQL Super Smack is a standalone stress-testing tool for usewith MySQL and PostgreSQL MySQL Super Smack takes one or more files containing queries, andhammers the target database a predefined number of times for each query, with a specified number ofconcurrent connections

MySQL Super Smack is available at http://vegan.net/tony/supersmack/

MyBench

MyBench is a Perl-based benchmarking tool created by MySQL guru Jeremy Zawodny Like MySQLSuper-Smack, it can be used to send a barrage of connections and queries at a target MySQL machine, andgive clear results on how well it stood up to the attack Since it is written in Perl, you can easily modifyand extend it as you wish The downside is that a large test batch can hog machine resources, so it’s best

to run this tool on a different machine than the target MySQL server, to avoid tainting of the results.MyBench is available at Jeremy Zawodny’s site: http://jeremy.zawodny.com/mysql/mybench/

Version Control

You might want to consider some form of version control system in your development lifecycle or flow, if you haven’t already Version control systems provide a way to store historical snapshots of codeduring development, and allow multiple developers to check files in and out of the repository, control-ling the evolution of the codebase Two of the most popular open-source version control systems in usetoday are CVS and Subversion

work-CVS and Subversion are each version control systems that support the same basic features: historicalrecords of file versions, and multiple developer support with check-in/check-out functionality CVS hasbeen around since 1989, and is the perennial favorite among many developers Subversion is newer tothe scene, first appearing late 2000, but is quickly gaining devotees because of its feature set, whichextends beyond the “standard” functionality found in CVS Features such as atomic commits, “safe” filerenaming, file and directory copying, and WebDAV support are some of the reasons that many develop-ers are going with Subversion these days If you are looking for a robust feature set with good supportboth client- and server-side, Subversion is probably your best bet If you’re looking for stability, trackrecord, and support built-in to many development tools, CVS is probably preferable — although moreand more development packages are gaining Subversion support lately

350

Appendix B

Whichever you choose, it’s a good idea to get some sort of version control in place when you can — itmakes multiple-developer projects easier to manage, and can provide a safety net in case newer codeactually causes nasty new bugs or regression problems.

CVS is available at https://www.cvshome.org/.Subversion is available at http://subversion.tigris.org/

UML Tools

If you ever get deep into the realm of system architecting and design, chances are you will cross pathswith UML at some point If you’re not familiar with UML, simply put, it is a way to model and representthe structure, behavior, architecture, and process flow of an application or other system You can useUML to diagram different aspects of a system or application, including the class structure, user interac-tion, object interaction, process flow, and so on, similar to flowcharts and other diagrams you mightmake with Visio, Kivio, or other related tools

There are nine diagram types in UML, but from the developer’s point of view, one of the most important

is the Class diagram Class diagrams help you plan your various classes, and the relationships betweenthose classes

If you use UML in your PHP workflow, you have a couple tools at your disposal — some popular freetools are ArgoUML and Umbrello

ArgoUML

ArgoUML is a Java-based UML editor created by the Tigris.org community It supports eight of themajor UML diagram types, and can help you quickly plan out your objects, relationships, and behaviors.One of the main features of ArgoUML, from a PHP developer’s point of view, is that it can generatevalid PHP5 class skeletons from UML class diagrams automatically (as well as C#, Java, C++, andPHP4), as shown in Figure B.3

You simply create your class diagrams in UML and tell ArgoUML what and where to generate the code,saving you the time of typing the structure of the classes, and letting you get on to the meat of the code:the implementation ArgoUML also provides machine-generated suggestions regarding your class struc-tures, and features an integrated to-do list

ArgoUML is available as a desktop Java application, both downloadable and runnable from the Internetvia JavaWebStart, at http://argouml.tigris.org/

351

Alternative Tools

Figure B.3

Umbrello

Umbrello is another UML diagramming application, much like ArgoUML Umbrello is now part of theKDE developer tools package, and supports many of the major UML diagram types, including Class diagrams, Use Case diagrams, State diagrams, and Sequence diagrams As of version 1.4, Umbrello cangenerate PHP5 class skeletons, as well as code for several other programming languages, as shown inFigure B.4

352

Appendix B

Index

SYMBOLS AND NUMBERS

{ } (braces)indentation standards for, 214–217reducing nesting levels, 217–220: (colon)

with class constants (::), 28–29after scheme name in PHP URLs (://), 72with self keyword (::), 7, 27–28

$ (dollar sign)not used with class constants (PHP), 29

$thisreference variable (PHP), 23, 50

:: (double colon) See : (colon)

= (equals sign) in equality versus assignmentoperators, 219

404 handler, caching and, 226

“ (quotation marks)for function names within set_excep-tion_handler(), 5

speed of strings and, 201–205

‘ (single quotes), speed of strings and,201–205

/ (slash)/Gterminator for MySQL queries, 86after scheme name in PHP URLs (://), 72

A

abApacheBench program, 208–209abort()method (AJAX), 277abstract classes (PHP)abstractkeyword for, 7example, 7–8

language translation, 341–342naming conventions, 222overview, 34–35

rules for using, 8abstractkeyword (PHP), 7

access control (Apache) See authentication

access control (MySQL)alternatives to GRANT and REVOKE, 97–100columns_privtable for, 99, 100

dbtable for, 98–99, 100GRANTcommand for, 94–96reloading privilege tables, 100REVOKEcommand for, 96–97server restriction, 100tables_privtable for, 99, 100user administration, 93–100usertable for, 97–98, 99–100access control (PHP)

Basic Authentication, 166–171CAPTCHA images in registration forms for,175–177

access control (PHP) (continued)

forms authentication, 172–174

HTTP_REFERERvalue and, 174–175

REMOTE_ADDRvalue and, 174

server variables and, 174–175

access modifiers (PHP) See also specific

Google’s GMail application, 273

handling ReadyStateChange event, 280

handling the response, 280–282

working with browser differences, 279–280

XMLHTTP and XMLHttpRequest interfaces,

277–282

Alcantara, Frank (eAccelerator maintainer), 290

Allman indentation style, 215–216

alpha transparency, 244

ALTER TABLEstatement (MySQL), 87,

90–91, 92

Alternative PHP Cache See APC

analyzing databases (MySQL), 100–102

anonymous functions (PHP), 57–58

Apache See also URL rewriting (Apache)

authentication with MySQL, 129, 149–154, 166

mod_deflate, 129, 146–148mod_proxy, 138

mod_rewrite, 226mod_speling, 129, 144–145mod_ssl, 129, 154–155

as online file repository, 158–163PDFLib configuration and, 234performance improvements, 211–213SSL with, 154–157

URL spell checking, 144–145ApacheBench program (ab), 208–209APC (Alternative PHP Cache)

configuring, 288–290history, 287

installing, 288other caching engines and, 305overview, 287

removing, 290situations suitable for, 305website, 288

array functions (PHP) See also

call-backs (PHP)array_filter(), 53array_map(), 49, 50–51array_walk(), 49, 51–52callbacks provided for most, 48call_user_func_array(), 55–56described, 48

memory requirements for series of, 59–60preg_grep(), 53

preg_replace_callback(), 53–55using callbacks with, 48–50

variety and number of, 59array_filter()function (PHP), 53ArrayIteratorclass (PHP), 6array_map()function (PHP), 49, 50–51,55–56

356

access control

arrays (PHP) See also array functions (PHP)

checking size of, performance and, 229language translation, 331

naming conventions, 222scratch variables and performance, 229–230array_walk()function (PHP), 49, 51–52

ASP See language translation ASP.NET See language translation

ASP-style tags, php.ini settings for,106–107

assignment by value versus by reference(PHP), 29

Asynchronous JavaScript and XML See AJAX

attempt_auth()function (PHP), 169–170authentication

with Apache and MySQL, 149–154with Apache and SSL, 154–157Apache Basic Authentication, 154, 165–166Auth_HTTP PEAR package for, 187–188PHP-controlled, 166–177

with WebDAV, 159Auth_HTTP PEAR package, 187–188AUTO_INCREMENTcolumns (MySQL), 89

B

backups (MySQL), 103–104Basic Authentication (Apache)implementing, 165

limitations, 154with MySQL, 149–154, 166PHP-controlled authentication and, 166, 171situations not suitable for, 165–166

Basic Authentication (PHP)Apache-controlled authentication and, 166, 171creating the authentication database, 166–167phpauthbasic.phpscript for, 167–171testing, 171

benchmarking

abApacheBench program, 208–209defined, 206–207

MyBench MySQL tool, 350PEAR Benchmarking class, 207–208

results varying for different runs, 202speed of strings example, 201–205Benchmarking class (PEAR), 207–208blog Micro CMSs

popularity of blogging, 322reasons for blogging, 322Serendipity, 324

WordPress, 323braces ({ })indentation standards for, 214–217reducing nesting levels, 217–220BSD indentation style, 215–216Bzip2 extension (PHP), 271

C

C# See language translation

caching (PHP)APC caching engine, 287–290choosing a caching engine, 305client-side, 227

CMS provisions for, 225–226eAccelerator caching engine, 290–294Expires:header and, 227

JPCache caching engine, 296–300memcached caching engine, 300–304output pre-generation, 224–226PEAR packages for, 224–225performance advantages of, 223source pre-parsing, 223–224using 404 handler for, 226using different caching engines together,304–305

Zend Optimizer caching engine, 294–296calcArea()method, 21

call()magic method (PHP), 8–9, 38callbacks (PHP)

for abstracting functionality, 48for array_filter() function, 53for array_map function, null callback, 50–51for array_walk() function, 52

for call_user_func_array() function,55–56

357

callbacks (PHP)

callbacks (PHP) (continued)

create_function()function and, 57–58

new implementations likely for, 59

preg_replace_callback()function, 53–55

provided for most array functions, 48

selfkeyword with, 50

specifying class and object methods, 49–50

strings containing the name of a function, 49

$thisreference variable with, 50

using, 48–50

calling methods and functions

construct()magic method for, 6

CAPTCHA (Completely Automatic Public Turing

Test to Tell Computers and Humans

Apart), 175–177

caption()method (WebImage class),

251–252

CASCADEoption (MySQL), 92

casestatements, language translation for,

332–333

CERT website, 182

check_login()function (PHP), 170–171

Circleclass example

abstract Shape class and, 34–35

call()magic method with, 38

clonestatement with, 29–30

inheritance from Shape class, 31–33

for memcached caching engine, 303–304

class constants (PHP), 28–29classes (MySQLi), 13–16

classes (PHP) See also specific classes

abstract, 7–8, 34–35, 222, 341–342basics, 20–23

class constants, 28–29described, 20

finalkeyword with, 6instantiating, 22–23language translation, 337–342naming conventions, 222CLI, installing PEAR using, 186Client URL Library Functions (CURL) extension(PHP), 271

client-side caching, 227clonestatement (PHP), 29–30closing streams (PHP), 63CMSMatrix website, 328CMSReview website, 327CMSs (Content Management Systems)all-inclusive Web CMSs, 309–322blog packages, 322–324

caching provided by, 225–226described, 307

DocuWiki, 326Drupal, 321enterprise CMSs, 307–308ExponentCMS, 309–312Mambo, 321

MediaWiki, 325–326Micro CMSs, 322–328open source Web CMS packages, 308PHP-Nuke, 321

phpWebsite, 315–318Postnuke, 322resources, 327–328Serendipity, 324TikiWiki, 318–321Web CMSs, described, 308wiki packages, 324–326

358

callbacks (PHP)

WordPress, 323XOOPS, 312–315CMSWire website, 328

code efficiency See performance

coding standards (PHP)braces and indentation, 214–217comments, 216, 217, 220enforcing with parse errors, 222–223naming conventions, 220–222overview, 213–214

PEAR, 214reducing nesting levels, 217–220colon (:)

with class constants (::), 28–29after scheme name in PHP URLs (://), 72with self keyword (::), 7, 27–28

columns_privtable (MySQL), 99, 100comments

Big Flashy Box style, 216, 217coding standards for, 220Javadoc-style, 220language translation, 329tab characters for indentation and, 216, 217Completely Automatic Public Turing Test to TellComputers and Humans Apart (CAPTCHA),175–177

compressing content See content

compres-sion (Apache)concatenation, benchmarking speed of,201–205

conditional statementslanguage translation, 331–336performance and, 230

config-helpcommand (PEAR manager), 186ConfigManager.phpclass

code listing, 117configfileproperty, 118configtypeproperty, 118constructor method, 118declaration, 117

errorsproperty, 118processConfigmethod, 118–119ConfigProcessorinterface (PHP), 119

config-setcommand (PEAR manager), 186config-showcommand (PEAR manager),185–186

configuration checker (PHP)ConfigManager.phpclass, 117–119ConfigProcessorinterface, 119reqs.xmlfile, 116

test.phpcode, 128XMLConfigProcessor.phpclass, 119–128configuration variables (PEAR), 185

configuring PHP See php.ini configuration

file; runtime configuration (PHP)constkeyword (PHP), 29

constantsclass constants (PHP), 28–29language translation, 330naming conventions, 222 construct()magic method (PHP)Circleclass example, 25–26ConfigManager.phpclass, 118described, 37

overview, 6, 25–26PHP4 constructors versus, 25XMLConfigProcessor.phpclass, 122–123constructors (PHP)

Circleclass example, 25–26 construct()magic method for, 6, 25–26language translation, 339

overview, 25–26PHP4 constructors, 25content compression (Apache)configuration directives, 147–148described, 145–146

effectiveness of mod_deflate, 148httpd.conf file for, 146–147need for, 145

for PHP scripts, 148–149using mod_deflate, 146–148

Content Management Systems See CMSs

converting tablesInnoDB to MyISAM, 93MyISAM to InnoDB, 90

359

converting tables

Cowgill, Daniel (APC creator), 287

CPAINT (Cross-Platform Asynchronous Interface

Toolkit), 283

CREATE DATABASEstatement (MySQL), 75

CREATE TABLEstatement (MySQL)

for Apache authentication example, 149–150

enabling full-text searching, 86–87

overview, 75

for PHP authentication example, 166–167

create_function()function, 57–58

cross joins (MySQL), 81, 82

Cross-Platform Asynchronous Interface Toolkit

(CPAINT), 283

cross-site scripting (XSS), 180–181

CSS stylesheets

AJAX use of, 273

PEAR packages for, 192–193

CURL (Client URL Library Functions) extension

database analysis (MySQL), 100–102

database maintenance (MySQL), 103–104

database-related packages (PEAR)

databases (MySQL) See MySQL

Date PEAR package, 189–190

DB PEAR package, 190–192

dbtable (MySQL), 98–99, 100debugging scripts, Xdebug PECL packagefor, 197

DeflateCompressionLeveldirective(mod_deflate of Apache), 147DeflateFilterNotedirective (mod_deflate

of Apache), 148DeflateWindowSizedirective (mod_deflate

of Apache), 148DELETEstatement (MySQL), 77, 92deleting database information (MySQL), 77, 92 destruct()magic method (PHP),

6, 26–27, 37destructors (PHP)Circleclass example, 26–27 destruct()magic method for, 6, 26–27language translation, 339–340

overview, 26–27

directives (PHP) See php.ini

configura-tion filedirectoriesautomatically redirecting URL to, 132creating for SSL website, 157pattern matching reads with glob(), 60–61for WebDAV file repository, 158

DirectoryIteratorclass (PHP), 5disk access, performance and, 211display()method (WebImage class), 244DocuWiki Micro CMS, 326

dollar sign ($)not used with class constants (PHP), 29

$thisreference variable (PHP), 23, 50DOM (Document Object Model)

AJAX manipulation of, 273, 281–282DOM extension (PHP), 16, 271

double colon (::) See colon (:)

do whileloops, language translation for, 334

drawHR()function (PDFLib), 236Drupal CMS, 321

360

coordinate systems

DSO (dynamic shared objects)installing APC as, 287, 288installing eAccelerator as, 291installing memcached as, 301PDFLib configuration and, 234

E

eAccelerator caching engineconfiguring, 291–294installing, 291other caching engines and, 305overview, 290–291

removing, 294website, 291echostatement (PHP)printstatement versus, 228–229 toString()magic method with, 44emailExceptionclass, 3–4

enterprise CMSs, 307–308 See also CMSs

(Content Management Systems)equals sign (=) in equality versus assignmentoperators, 219

error messages, php.ini settings for, 106Exceptionclass (PHP), 2–4

exceptions (PHP)described, 1Exceptionclass for, 2–4language translation, 344–345PHP5 changes and enhancements, 1–5set_error_handler()function versus, 1–2try/catch/throwblocks for,

2, 234, 344–345Expires:header, caching and, 227ExponentCMS

additional modules, 310customizing default settings, 310–311default features, 309

“inactive” features, 309installing, 309–310strengths and weaknesses, 311websites, 309, 310

extendskeyword (PHP)emailExceptionexample, 3–4inheritance and, 31–33

interfaces and, 36–37overview, 3, 31–33eXtensible Object Oriented Portal System

See XOOPS

extension_loaded()function (PHP)overview, 111

in XMLConfigProcessor.php class,

124, 125external files, language translation for includ-ing, 343–344

F

fat-client web applications See AJAX

(Asyn-chronous JavaScript and XML)file access logger examplecode listing, 64–66registering stream wrapper, 66stream_close()function, 67stream_open()function, 67stream_read()function, 67stream_write()function, 67using logged streams, 66–67

file repository using Apache See WebDAV

(Web-based Distributed Authoring and Versioning)

Fileinfo PECL package, 196finalkeyword (PHP), 6, 33

Flash files (Shockwave) See Ming

exten-sion (PHP)FLUSH PRIVILEGEScommand (MySQL), 100forloops

array functions not requiring, 48language translation, 335foreachloops

array functions not requiring, 48array_walk()function for avoiding,

49, 51–52language translation, 335

361

foreach loops