RADIATION PROTECTION MANUAL Episode 1 doc

The Chief, Safety and Occupational Health Office, HQUSACE 2-1 2-1 Radiation Protection Staff Officer 2-2 2-1 USACE Commanders 2-3 2-2 Radiation Protection Laser Safety Officer 2-5 2-4 Qu

Engineer

Manual

385-1-80

Department of the Army

U.S Army Corps of Engineers

Washington, DC 20314-1000

EM 385-1-80

30 May 1997

Safety RADIATION PROTECTION MANUAL

Distribution Restriction Statement

Approved for public release; distribution is

unlimited

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY EM 385-1-80

U.S Army Corps of Engineers CESO Washington, D.C 20314-1000

Manual 30 May 1997

No 385-1-80

Safety RADIATION PROTECTION MANUAL

Table of Contents

Subject Para Page Subject Para Page

Chapter 1 Organization of USACE

Radiation Protection Program.

Applicability 1-2 1-1

Management Commitment,

Involvement, and

Overview of this

Chapter 2 USACE Personnel

Responsibilities and Qualifications.

The Chief, Safety and

Occupational Health

Office, HQUSACE 2-1 2-1

Radiation Protection

Staff Officer 2-2 2-1

USACE Commanders 2-3 2-2

Radiation Protection

Laser Safety Officer 2-5 2-4

Qualified Health

Physics Personnel 2-6 2-5

Authorized Users 2-7 2-5

Authorized Users’

Site Supervisors 2-9 2-7 Project/Plan/Procedure

Originators and

Radiation Protection

Hazardous, Toxic and Radioactive Waste (HTRW), Center of

Refresher Training 2-13 2-10 Additional Training/

Special Applications 2-14 2-10 All Personnel including

Visitors at a Radiation

Chapter 3 Introduction to Radiation.

Atomic Structure 3-1 3-1 Radioactive Decay 3-2 3-1

Types of Ionizing

Interaction of

Radiation With Matter 3-6 3-6

Human Health Effects 3-7 3-8

Determinants of Dose 3-8 3-9

Background Radiation 3-9 3-11

Radiation Quantities 3-10 3-12

Biological Effects

of Ionizing Radiation 3-11 3-16

Ways to Minimize

Standing Operating

Monitoring and

Surveying Equipment 3-14 3-21

Chapter 4 Licensing.

Overview of

Regulatory Agencies 4-1 4-1

Types of NRC

Radioactive Material

'Storage Only'

Radiation Generating

Reciprocity

Army Radiation

Authorization 4-6 4-5

Army Radiation Permits

and Other Service

Installation Permits 4-7 4-5

Applying for an NRC

Applying for an ARA 4-9 4-9

Amendment Requests 4-10 4-9

Renewing Licenses or

Transfer of Radioactive

Terminating a Radioactive Material License or ARAs 4-13 4-11 Information Flow

through Applicable USACE Channels 4-14 4-11

Chapter 5 Dose Limits and ALARA.

Occupational Dose Limit Structure 5-1 5-1 USACE Dose Limits 5-2 5-1 NRC and Agreement State

OSHA Dose Limits 5-4 5-4 Monitoring requirements 5-5 5-4 Doses to the Public 5-6 5-4

Chapter 6 Working with Radiation.

Caution Signs and

Airborne Radioactivity 6-2 6-3 Rooms/Areas in Which

Radioactive Material is

No Longer Used

Receiving Radioactive

Radioactive Material and Radiation

Generating Device

Storing Radioactive

EM 385-1-80

30 May 97

Contamination Control 6-7 6-7

Exposure Rate Surveys 6-10 6-10

Accident/Incident

Accident/Incident

Audits and Reviews 6-13 6-13

Chapter 7 Personnel Monitoring.

External Monitoring 7-1 7-1

Internal Monitoring 7-2 7-2

Advanced Monitoring 7-3 7-4

Exposure Reporting 7-4 7-5

Chapter 8 Transportation of

Radioactive Material.

Applicability 8-2 8-1

Hazardous Waste

Emergency Response

Hazmat Employee

Chapter 9 Waste Management.

Regulation of Radioactive Wastes 9-1 9-1 Low Level Radioactive

Elements of a Waste Management Program 9-3 9-4 Material Tracking 9-4 9-4 Waste Minimization 9-5 9-4 Waste Recycling 9-6 9-4 Waste Storage 9-7 9-5 Waste Disposal 9-8 9-5 Radionuclide

Concentrations 9-9 9-7

Chapter 10 Laser Safety.

Classifications of

Safety features and Labeling Requirements 10-2 10-1 Laser Protection

OSHA Standards 10-4 10-3 USACE Standards 10-5 10-3 Protective Eyewear 10-6 10-3

Chapter 11 Radio Frequency (RF) and Microwave Safety.

USACE Limits 11-2 11-1 OSHA Regulations 11-3 11-1

General Guidance 11-4 11-1

Warning Signs 11-5 11-2

RF Safety Training 11-6 11-2

Appendix A.

Appendix B.

Appendix C.

Sample Standing Operating

Appendix D.

X-Ray Fluorescence Lead Analysis

Appendix E.

Rules of Thumb and Conversions E-1

Appendix F.

Signs, Labels and Postings F-1

Appendix G.

Appendix H.

Applications and License Examples, Applicable Forms and Statements H-1

Appendix I.

USACHPPM Survey Protocol

Appendix J.

Acronyms Used in this EM J-1

EM 385-1-80

30 May 97 Chapter 1 Organization of

USACE Radiation Protection

Program.

1-1 Purpose

This guidance manual prescribes

the requirements of the

Radiation Protection Program of

the US Army Corps of Engineers

(USACE) contained in Engineer

Regulation (ER) 385-1-80,

Ionizing Radiation Protection,

and Engineer Manual

(EM)385-1-1, Safety and Health

Requirements Manual It is to

be used when activities utilize

or handle radioactive material

(which includes radioactive

wastes) or a radiation

generating device Radiation

generating devices include

X-ray equipment, accelerators,

lasers, radio-frequency and

e l e c t r o m a g n e t i c f i e l d

generators Authoritative

guidance and regulations are

contained in 10 CFR (Energy)

and the NRC Regulatory Guides,

29 CFR (Labor) 1910 and 1926

OSHA regulations, and 40 CFR

( P r o t e c t i o n o f t h e

Environment) This manual is

intended to assist USACE

Commands in integrating

e s s e n t i a l r e q u i r e m e n t s

contained in Federal, DA and

USACE radiation protection

regulations to ensure that the

safety and health requirements

of all agencies are met.

1-2 Applicability

This manual is applicable to USACE personnel and visitors to

a worksite under the jurisdiction of USACE where radioactive material or a radiation generating device may

be present It shall be used

in conjunction with ER 385-1-80 and EM 385-1-1 Contractor

r e q u i r e m e n t s c o n c e r n i n g ionizing and non-ionizing radiation protection issues are contained in EM 385-1-1.

1-3 Policy.

a USACE will work to ensure that all personnel radiation exposure is kept as low as is reasonably achievable (ALARA) taking technological and socioeconomic factors into account Radiation exposure to USACE personnel, visitors and contractors, as well as to the general public, will be con-trolled so that exposures are held well below regulatory limits There shall be no radiation exposure without a commensurate benefit.

b All personnel involved with ionizing radiation work of any kind will be knowledgeable

of the programs, policies, and procedures contained in ER 385-1-80 and this manual Personnel working with non-ionizing

r a d i a t i o n s h o u l d b e knowledgeable of the specific information concerning these topics presented in this manual They should demonstrate responsibility and

accountability through an

informed, disciplined, and

cautious attitude toward

radiation and radioactivity.

c Continuing improvement

in radiation (ionizing and

non-ionizing) protection is

essential to USACE operations

involving radiation All

personnel working with

radiation are expected to look

for ways to improve radiation

protection and make USACE

projects more efficient.

1-4 Management Commitment,

Involvement, and Leadership.

S u p e r i o r , c o n s i s t e n t

performance is achieved when

qualified personnel use

approved procedures and when

management actively monitors

the work place and assesses

ongoing activities To achieve

such performance requires

constant review, informed

involvement and leadership by

senior management All levels

of management must emphasize

the need for high standards of

radiation safety through direct

c o m m u n i c a t i o n , c l e a r

instruction, and frequent

inspections of the work area.

1-5 Scope.

a This manual fully

describes policies and

procedures for the safe use of

radioactive material and

radiation generating devices at

all USACE sites It should be

used to evaluate the

acceptability of health and safety practices by USACE personnel and contractors on USACE controlled sites.

b The manual is also intended to be consistent with all Federal (NRC, OSHA, EPA, DOE, and DOT) DA, USACE, State, and local statutes and regulations (that is,

“applicable regulations”), and integrate the various regulations into one coherent publication for USACE operations It will be revised whenever necessary to achieve consistency with statutes and regulations

c For all contracts and activities that require Federal, State, or local licensure or permitting, such licenses or permits shall be secured, and all license or permit conditions shall be adhered to If the stated license or permit conditions vary from applicable sections

of this manual, such license or permit conditions prevail Contractors will be required to secure proper licensure or permitting (for activities that require it) within specified time frames and before the date that they are scheduled to begin the work All USACE Commands and contractors using Army radioactive materials will meet requirements of Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) licenses and Army Radiation Authorizations (ARAs)

EM 385-1-80

30 May 97 issued to USACE and the US Army

Materiel Command, and of

applicable Army technical

publications.

e Alternatives to

procedures addressed in this

manual may be acceptable

provided the alternatives

achieve the same, or higher,

level of radiation protection.

Alternative procedures must be

approved by the Radiation

Protection Officer, or Laser

Safety Officer, as appropriate,

and for specific conditions,

higher level authorities prior

to implementation.

1-6 Overview of this Manual.

This manual is designed to address all health and safety aspects of work with radiation within USACE Most personnel within USACE will not need the entire manual but will need to select the chapters and sections applicable to their work requirements Some generic classifications of radiation work are listed in Table 1-1 with reference to the applicable chapters of this manual It is recommended that all personnel working with radioactive material and radiation generating devices read Chapters 1, 2 and 3 of this manual Depending on the type of work being performed, portions of other chapters may

be applicable.

USACE Radiation Protection

Program and the record keeping

requirements for work with

radioactive material and

radiation generating devices.

(5) a working knowledge

of US Nuclear Regulatory

C o m m i s s i o n ( N R C ) , U S

Environmental Protection Agency

(EPA), US Department of Energy

(DOE), US Department of

Transportation (DOT), and US

Department of Labor (DOL) which

is the responsible for the US

Occupational Safety and Health

Administration (OSHA), and US

Army regulations pertaining to

radioactive material and

radiation generating devices.

b Duties of the RPSO are

as follows:

(1) Serve as the primary

liaison between USACE, DA and

NRC in matters concerning

radioactive materials or

radiation generating devices.

(2) All NRC license

actions will be submitted

through, reviewed, and accepted

by the RPSO.

(3) Provide a copy of all

correspondence relating to NRC

applications to DA as required.

The RPSO will retain copies of

all NRC radioactive material

licenses and correspondence

(originals will be retained by

the licensee)

(4) Ensure that each USACE

Command possessing an NRC radioactive material license is audited at least triennially to ensure compliance with the USACE Radiation Protection Program The RPSO, or designee, will check for compliance with the USACE Radiation Protection Program and the NRC radioactive material license The RPSO, or his designee will document all inspection findings and submit them to the audited USACE Command for review and action 2-3 USACE Commanders.

USACE Commanders shall:

a Ensure a Radiation Protection Committee (RPC) shall be formed when the Command possesses an NRC license with a condition stating that the licensee shall have a RPC, or if the Commander considers an RPC necessary The RPC will consist of personnel and duties described

in subparagraph 2-11.

b Designate, in writing,

a qualified person to serve as USACE Radiation Protection Officer (RPO) when any of the following is true:

(1) an NRC License, Army Reactor Permit, ARA or

a p p l i c a b l e t e c h n i c a l publication requires it,

(2) personnel are required

to wear dosimetry,

EM 385-1-80

30 May 97

(3) personnel are required

to participate in a bioassay

program

c Fund, maintain and

support the RPO and the

Radiation Protection Program.

The RPO shall meet the

qualifications and provide the

services described in paragraph

2-4.

d Fund, maintain and

support the Laser Safety

Officer (LSO) and the Laser

Safety Program when a USACE

Command operates, maintains or

services a non-type-classified

class IIIb or class IV laser

system as defined in section

1.3, ANSI Z136.1 The RPO may

be designated as the LSO The

L S O shall meet the

qualifications and provide the

services described in paragraph

2-5.

2-4 Radiation Protection

Officer (RPO).

a The RPO (also known as

a Radiation Safety Officer

(RSO) in other documents) is a

person, designated by the USACE

Command, and tasked with the

supervision of the USACE

Radiation Protection Program

for that command The RPO

shall have direct access to

the Commander for radiation

protection purposes The RPO

ensures compliance with current

directives (AR’s, ER 385-1-80,

EM 385-1-1, etc.) for radiation

protection and with this

manual The RPO may limit or cease operations within their Command where there is an eminent and legitimate radiation safety issue.

b The RPO shall be responsible for:

(1) Establishing written policies and procedures to

a s s u r e compliance with applicable Federal, DOD, and Army radiation protection regulations and directives These documents will include emergency reaction plans as necessary and procedures for investigating and reporting radiation accidents, incidents, and overexposures.

(2) Assuring that all personnel occupationally exposed to radiation receive

a p p r o p r i a t e r a d i a t i o n

p r o t e c t i o n t r a i n i n g commensurate with potential hazards from radiation sources they may encounter.

(3) Maintaining an inventory of radiation sources

as higher headquarters directs and IAW with requirements of NRC licenses, Army reactor permits, ARAs, and technical publications.

(4) Approving and filing records noting all Authorized Users, Authorized Users’

Assistants and site supervisors working with radioactive materials or radiation

generating devices within the

Command

(6) Providing or securing

an acceptable source for all

required initial and annual

refresher training for all

individuals within the Command.

c The RPO will review

the USACE Radiation Protection

Program for their Command

annually for content and

implementation The RPO will

assure that the quality and

timeliness of the program meet

the radiation safety standards

outlined in this manual The

RPO will review work with

radiation within the Command.

The RPO will write and/or

review Standing Operating

Procedures to ensure the

safety, timeliness, and

compatibility with existing

radiation regulations.

d The RPO will be

technically qualified, meeting

the experience, training, and

education requirements listed

below:

(1) A working knowledge

of NRC, EPA, DOE, DOT, and US

Army regulations pertaining to

radioactive material, radiation

g e n e r a t i n g d e v i c e s ,

radioactive and mixed waste

used within their Command.

(2) Forty hours of formal

training covering:

(a) the physics of

r a d i a t i o n , r a d i a t i o n ' s interaction with matter, and the mathematics necessary to understand the above subjects; (b) the biological effects

of radiation;

(c) the instrumentation necessary to detect, monitor, and survey radiation, and the use of such instrumentation; and

(d) radiation safety techniques and procedures This training will include the use of time, distance,

s h i e l d i n g , e n g i n e e r i n g controls, and PPE to reduce exposure to radiation.

(3) Practical, hands-on experience using radiation instrumentation, procedures, and theory.

(4) A working knowledge

of the Army Radiation Protection Program and the USACE Radiation Protection Program, and the record keeping requirements for work with radioactive material and radiation generating devices used within their Command 2-5 Laser Safety Officer (LSO).

a The LSO is a person designated by the USACE Command tasked with the supervision of the Laser Sections of the USACE Radiation Protection Program