Beginning PHP and Postgre SQL 8 From Novice to Professional phần 10 docx

Afilias IncPostgreSQL users, 576 AFTER trigger, PostgreSQL, 740, 741 aggregate functions, PostgreSQL, 724 aggregate functions, SQLite :alnum: character class, 194 :alpha: character class

Copying Data to and from a Table

Copying data from a table to a text file or standard output is accomplished using the COPY

tablename TO {filename | STDOUT} variant of the COPY command The complete syntax follows: COPY tablename [(column [, ])]

TO {'filename' | STDOUT}

[[WITH]

[BINARY]

[OIDS]

[DELIMITER [AS] 'delimiter']

[NULL [AS] 'null string']

[CSV [HEADER]

[QUOTE [AS] 'quote']

[ESCAPE [AS] 'escape']

[FORCE NOT NULL column [, ]]

Copying data residing in a text file to a table or standard output is accomplished using the same syntax as that for copying from a table, except for three slight variations of the syntax These changes are bolded in the syntax that follows:

COPY tablename [(column [, ])]

FROM {'filename' | STDIN}

[[WITH]

[BINARY]

[OIDS]

[DELIMITER [AS] 'delimiter']

[NULL [AS] 'null string']

[CSV [HEADER]

[QUOTE [AS] 'quote']

[ESCAPE [AS] 'escape']

[FORCE QUOTE column [, ]]

As you can see, COPY has quite a bit to offer Perhaps the best way to understand its many capabilities is through several examples

Copying Data from a Table

To begin, let’s dump data from a table containing employee information to standard output:psql>COPY employee TO STDOUT;

This returns the following:

1 JG100011 Jason Gilmore jason@example.com

2 RT435234 Robert Treat rob@example.com

3 GS998909 Greg Sabino Mullane greg@example.com

4 MW777983 Matt Wade matt@example.com

To redirect this output to a file, simply specify a filename, like so:

psql>COPY employee TO '/home/jason/sqldata/employee.sql';

Keep in mind that the PostgreSQL daemon user will require the necessary privileges for

writing to the specified directory Also, an absolute path is required, because COPY will not

accept relative pathnames

■ Note On Windows, forward slashes should be used to specify the absolute path So, for example, to COPY

data to PostgreSQL’s data directory, the path might look like c:/pgsql/data/employee.sql

Copying Data from a Text File

Copying data from a text file to a table is as simple as copying data to it Let’s begin by importing the

employee data dumped to employee.sql in the earlier example into an identical but newly

named and empty employee table:

psql>COPY employeenew FROM '/home/jason/sqldata/employee.sql';

Now, SELECT the data from employeenew and you’ll see the following output:

employeeid | employeecode | name | email

1 | JG100011 | Jason Gilmore | jason@example.com

2 | RT435234 | Robert Treat | rob@example.com

3 | GS998909 | Greg Sabino Mullane | greg@example.com

4 | MW777983 | Matt Wade | matt@example.com

(4 rows)

Note that an absolute path must be used to refer to the file Additionally, the PostgreSQL

daemon user must be capable of reading the target file Finally, keep in mind that COPY will not

attempt to perform any processing on the file to determine whether the data in each field can

legally be placed in a particular table column; rather, it will simply incrementally match each

field in the text file to the table column of the same offset

COPY FROM presumes each field is delimited by a predefined character string, which is by

default a tab (\t) for text files, and a comma for CSV files (see the later section “Working with

CSV Files”) Furthermore, each row is presumed to be delimited by a similar predefined string,

which is by default newline (\n) These predefined characters can be changed if necessary; see

the later section “Changing the Default Delimiter” for more information

Binary

This clause tells PostgreSQL to copy data using a custom format, resulting in a slight increase

in performance However, executing COPY FROM BINARY can only be used when the data was

previously written using COPY TO BINARY Furthermore, this has nothing to do with storing

data such as Word documents or images It’s merely a slightly more efficient way to copy large files

Exporting the Table OIDs

If the target table was created with OIDs (object identifiers), you can specify that they are output along with the rest of the table data by using the OIDS clause For example:

psql>COPY employee TO STDOUT OIDS;

This produces:

24627 1 GM100011 Jason Gilmore jason@example.com

24628 2 RT435234 Robert Treat rob@example.com

24629 3 GS998909 Greg Sabino Mullane greg@example.com

24630 4 MW777983 Matt Wade matt@example.com

Changing the Default Delimiter

Note the apparent white space found in between each column in the previous example’s output This is actually a tab (\t), which is the default delimiter By using the DELIMITER clause, you can change the default to, for instance, a vertical pipe (|):

psql>COPY employee TO STDOUT DELIMITER '|';

This returns the preceding output (minus the OIDs) in the following format:

psql>COPY employeenew FROM '/home/jason/sqldata/employee.sql' DELIMITER |;

Copying Only Specific Columns

If you wanted to copy just the employees’ names and e-mail addresses to standard output, specify the column names like so:

psql>COPY employee (name,email) TO STDOUT;

This produces the following:

Jason Gilmore jason@example.com

Robert Treat rob@example.com

Greg Sabino Mullane greg@example.com

Matt Wade matt@example.com

Likewise, if a text file contains only some of the fields to be inserted in a table, you can

specify them as was done previously Keep in mind, however, that the other table columns

need to either be nullable or possess default values

Dealing with Null Values

While e-mail is a crucial communications tool for individuals working in an office environment,

suppose some of the employees work solely in the warehouse, negating the need for e-mail

Therefore, some of the e-mail values in the employee table might be null When exporting data

using COPY, the default for null values is \N, and when using CSV mode (discussed later in this

section), it’s an empty string However, what if you want to declare a custom string for such

instances, no email for example? You should use the NULL clause, like so:

psql>COPY employee TO STDOUT NULL 'no email';

This produces output similar to this (presuming some of the employee e-mail addresses

have been set to null):

Jason Gilmore no email

Robert Treat rob@example.com

Greg Sabino Mullane greg@example.com

Matt Wade no email

Similarly, if you are importing data from a text file and a NULL value is specified, anytime

that value is located, the corresponding column will be nulled

Working with CSV Files

A comma-separated value (CSV) file is a format accepted by possibly every mainstream

rela-tional database in existence today, not to mention a wide variety of products such as Microsoft

Excel You can easily create a CSV file from a PostgreSQL table by using COPY accompanied by

the CSV clause For instance, to create a file capable of immediately being viewed in Microsoft

Excel or OpenOffice.org Calc, execute the following command:

psql>COPY employee (name, email) TO '/home/jason/sqldata/employee.csv' CSV HEADER;

Specifying the HEADER clause as indicated above causes the names of the retrieved columns

to be listed in the first row as column headers For example, executing this command and

opening the employee.csv file in Microsoft Excel produces output similar to that shown in

Figure 37-1

Figure 37-1 Viewing the employee.csv file in Microsoft Excel

If you are reading a CSV file into a table using COPY FROM and the HEADER clause is declared, the first line will be ignored.

Some data may be delimited by single or double quotes, which have special significance within PostgreSQL, so you need to be aware of them to make sure they are properly accounted for You can use the QUOTE clause to specify this character, which by default is set to double quotes The specified quotation character can then be escaped using the character identified

by the ESCAPE clause, which also defaults to double quotes

If you’re exporting data from a table and use FORCE NOT NULL, it is presumed that no value

is null; if any null value is encountered, it will be inserted as an empty string

If you’re importing data into a table and use FORCE QUOTE, then all non-null values will be quoted, either using the default double quotes or whatever value is specified if the QUOTE clause

is declared

Calling COPY from a PHP Script

While the COPY command as described previously is useful for developers and database administrators, certainly a more intuitive solution is required for end users To satisfy this need, the pg_copy_from() and pg_copy_to() functions (introduced in Chapter 30) are made available via PHP’s PostgreSQL extension Both functions operate identically to the previously introduced COPY FROM and COPY TO commands, respectively, except that they’re also easily executable from within your Web application

In this section, we’ll consider a real-world example in which pg_copy_to() is used to copy data from a PostgreSQL table to a text file

Copying Data from a Table to a Text File

Suppose you want to create an interface that allows managers to create CSV files consisting of employee contact information These files are saved by date to a folder made available to a directory placed on a shared drive The code for doing so is found in Listing 37-1

Listing 37-1 Saving Employee Data to a CSV File (saveemployeedata.php)

<?php

$pg = pg_connect("host=localhost user=jason password=secret dbname=corporate")

or die("Could not connect to db server.");

// Copy the employee table data to an array

$array = pg_copy_to($pg, "employee", ",");

// Retrieve current date for file-naming purposes

$date = date("Ymd");

// Open the file

$fh = fopen("/home/reports/share/employees-$date.csv", "w");

// Collapse the array to a newline-delimited set of rows

$contents = implode("\n", $array);

// Write $contents to the file

You can also easily add a header to the CSV file by writing a line to it before outputting the

array contents, like so:

fwrite($fh, "Employee ID,Name,Email\n");

Importing and Exporting Data with phpPgAdmin

If you’re looking for a convenient and powerful administration utility that is capable of being

accessed from anywhere you have a Web browser, phpPgAdmin (http://www.phppgadmin.net/) is

the most capable solution around First introduced in Chapter 27, phpPgAdmin is capable of

managing your database with ease, in addition to both importing and exporting data in a

variety of formats

■ Note At the time of writing, using this phpPgAdmin feature with Windows is not supported

To export data, navigate to the target table and click the Export link located in the top-right

corner of the page Doing so produces the interface found in Figure 37-2

Figure 37-2 phpPgAdmin’s export interface

As you can see, you can export data in three ways:

• Only the table data: If you want to export only the data, you can do so in six different

formats, including COPY, CSV, SQL, Tabbed, XHTML, and XML

• Only the table structure: If you want to export just the table structure, then the table

creation SQL syntax is exported Checking the corresponding Drop checkbox causes table DROP commands to be inserted at the top of the output file so that any preexisting tables of the same name are dropped before being re-created

• Both the data and structure: If you want to export both the table structure and the table

data, you can choose to export it in both COPY and SQL formats Checking the sponding Drop checkbox causes table DROP commands to be inserted at the top of the output file so that any preexisting tables of the same name are dropped before being re-created

corre-Note that in all cases, you can either output the information to the browser or download it Choosing to download it saves the information in a file with the extension sql before prompting you to download it to your local computer

Importing data is accomplished by navigating to the target table and clicking the Import menu item Doing so produces the interface found in Figure 37-3

Figure 37-3 phpPgAdmin’s import interface

Imported files are accepted in four formats: Auto, CSV, Tabbed, and XML The purpose of each format should be obvious, except for perhaps Auto Selecting Auto causes phpPgAdmin to

choose one of the other three formats by examining the file extension (valid extensions are

.csv, tab, and xml) Also, if any null characters are found in the file, you can specify whether

they appear using the sequence \N, the word NULL, or as an empty string

Summary

As you learned in this chapter, you have several options at your disposal for importing data into

and exporting data from your PostgreSQL database You can do it manually via the command

line or through scripting by using the COPY command Or, you can incorporate these features into

a Web application by using PHP’s pg_copy_to() and pg_copy_from() functions Alternatively, you

can rely on applications such as phpPgAdmin to facilitate the process

This concludes the book We hope you enjoyed reading it as much as we enjoyed the process

of writing it Good luck!

using full-text indexes, PostgreSQL, 757

401 (Unauthorized access) message

hard coded authentication, 329

HTTP authentication, 325

sending to user, 327

404 (File not found) message, 321

■ A

A (IPv4 Address Record) record type, DNS, 360

A6 (IPv6 addresses) record type, DNS, 360

AAAA (IPv6 Address Record) record type,

DNS, 360abstract classes, OOP, 168–169

abstract classes or interfaces, 169

configuring Apache lookback feature, 316

access privilege system, PostgreSQL, 651–662

accessibility, 475

accessors, 140

getter (_get) method, 142

Account Domain/Name parameters

installing PostgreSQL, 586

ACID tests, transactions, 765

actor parameterSoapClient constructor, 503SoapServer constructor, 508addDays method, 294

addFunction methodcreating SOAP server, 509adding data

ldap_mod_add function, 416adding entries

ldap_add function, 416addition (+) operator, 71addl_headers parametermail function, 368addl_headers parameter, mail()sending e-mail with additional headers, 369addl_params parameter

mail function, 368addMonths method, 295Addresses optioninstalling PostgreSQL, 587addslashes function, 34AddType directiveinstalling PHP on Linux/Unix, 13installing PHP on Windows, 15addWeeks method, 296

addYears method, 297adl attribute, messages, 379administration

PostgreSQL, 593–610Administrator Account optioninstalling PostgreSQL, 587affectedRows function, PostgreSQL, 691

Afilias Inc

PostgreSQL users, 576

AFTER trigger, PostgreSQL, 740, 741

aggregate functions, PostgreSQL, 724

aggregate functions, SQLite

:alnum: character class, 194

:alpha: character class, 194

ALTER DATABASE command, 627

ALTER DOMAIN command, 646

ALTER GROUP command, 659

ALTER SCHEMA command, 628

ALTER SEQUENCE command, 633

ALTER TABLE command, 632

ALTER TABLESPACE command, 602

ALTER TRIGGER command, 740

ALTER TYPE command, 645

ALTER USER command, 658

always_populate_raw_post_data

parameter, 36amortizationTable function, 97

ampersand (&)

converting special characters into

HTML, 212ANALYZE command, PostgreSQL, 603

autovacuum parameter, 604

running with VACUUM, 603AND (&&) operator, 73answered attribute, messages, 379, 383ANY record type, DNS, 360

Apachedownloading, 9–10Apache manual, 18binary distribution, 10selecting Apache version, 10source distribution, 10hiding configuration details, 520–521installing

on Linux/Unix, 11–13

on Windows, 13–16problems, 18scope of discussion, 11lookback feature, 314configuring, 315–316rewrite feature, 315SSL support, 10testing installation, 16–17APPDATA

storing configuration information in startup file, 616

Archive_Tar package, PEAR, 260arg_separator.input parameter, 33arg_separator.output parameter, 32arguments

see also parameters

default argument values, 94escapeshellarg function, 526optional arguments, 94passing arguments by reference, 93passing arguments by value, 92PL/pgSQL functions, 731register_argc_argv directive, 34arithmetic operators, 70

array data types, PHP, 52

at end of array, 109

at front of array, 110increasing array length to specified size, 110

array pointers, 105associative keys, 104breaking array into smaller arrays, 130counting number of values in, 116counting occurrences of values in, 117creating, 106–108

from structured data, 107range of numerical values, 108described, 104

keys, 104locating array elements, 111–112manipulating, 124–129

appending arrays together, 125combining array of keys to array of values, 124

removing and returning section of array, 126

returning common key/value pairs in arrays, 127

returning key/value pairs not common

to arrays, 128returning section of array, 125

returning values common to arrays, 127

returning values not common to

arrays, 128multidimensional arrays, 104

first element of array, 110

key element at current pointer, 113

key/value pair at current pointer, 113

last element of array, 110

last element of array, pointer to end, 114

next array value beyond current

pointer, 114random values, 129

to client, 498

value at current pointer, 113

value before current pointer, 114

reversing key/value roles, 116

reversing order of elements, 116

searching, 111–112

all elements, 201

for specific key, returning true/false, 112

for specific value, returning key, 112

for specific value, returning

true/false, 111setting array pointer to end of array, 114

setting array pointer to start of array, 113

single-dimensional arrays, 104sizing, 116–117

sorting, 118–124

by ASCII value, 118

by keys NOT values, 122

by user-defined function, 123case insensitive, 120

in another language, 118key/value associations maintained, 120key/value associations not

maintained, 119multidimensional arrays, 121natural number order maintained, 119numerically, 118

ordering elements from lowest to highest value, 118

reverse (descending) order, 120reverse order, by keys NOT values, 123reverse order, key/value associations maintained, 122

sqlite_array_query function, 543sqlite_fetch_array function, 541starting position zero, 104testing if variable is an array, 108–109traversing, 112–116

uniqueness, 118working with multivalued form components, 307

arsort array function, 122

AS ON event_typeCREATE RULE command, 709asort array function, 120

ASP style tags (<% %>)delimiting PHP code, 45asp_tags parameter, 22assign parameterinsert tag, Smarty, 463assignment operators, 71assoc_case directive, sqlite, 538

attributes method, SimpleXML, 488

attributes parameter, ldap_search(), 404

attributes_only parameter, ldap_search(), 404

auditing, 7

Auth package, PEAR, 261

authenticating against Samba server, 266

Auth_HTTP class, PEAR

authenticating against PostgreSQL

database, 335–337authentication methodologies, PHP,

334–337installing, 334–335

validating user credentials with

Auth_HTTP, 335authentication

Auth_HTTP class, PEAR, 334–337

database based authentication, 331–332

file based authentication, 329–331

hard coded authentication, 328–329

PostgreSQL access privilege system, 652authentication variables, PHP, 327–328determining if properly set, 328PHP_AUTH_PW, 327

PHP_AUTH_USER, 327authentication, PHPheader function, 327isset function, 328authentication, PostgreSQLmethods of, pg_hba.conf file, 655pg_hba.conf file, 654

authenticationFile.txtfile based authentication, 329location for security, 329PHP script for parsing, 330authorization

PostgreSQL access privilege system, 652pg_class table, 656

auto login examplesession handling, 437–439auto_append_file parameter, 35auto_detect_line_endings parameter, 39auto_prepend parameter, 100

auto_prepend_file parameter, 35auto_start parameter, 429autoloading objects, OOP, 155–156_autoload function, 155

require_once statement, 155autovacuum parameter, PostgreSQL, 604avg function, PostgreSQL, 725

■ B

backtick operatorsystem level program execution, 257backup and recovery, PostgreSQL, 605–609Bakken, Stig, 259

testing, 397–398

base exception class

see exception class

base_convert function, 240

baseclass

class inheritance, OOP, 162

basename function, 230

bccaddress attribute, messages, 379

BEFORE trigger, PostgreSQL, 740, 741, 742

BEGIN command

example PL/pgSQL function, 736

beginTransaction method, PDO, 571

begintransaction method, PHP, 772

BETWEEN operator, PostgreSQL, 720

BIGINT datatype, PostgreSQL, 637

BIGSERIAL datatype, PostgreSQL, 639

binary data, SQLite, 549–550

binary distribution, Apache

downloading, 10

BINARY keyword, COPY command

copying data to/from tables, 779

bindColumn method, PDO, 570

binding

ldap_bind function, 402

ldap_unbind function, 403

bindir option

installing PostgreSQL from source, 583

bindParam method, PDO, 564, 565

block file type, 232body (of message), 385, 386Boolean data type, PHP, 50BOOLEAN datatype, PostgreSQL, 640bound columns

setting, PDO, 570–571boxing client/serverSOAP client and server interaction, 511brackets([]), regular expressions, 193breadcrumb trails

creating from database table data, 319–321

creating from static data, 318–319navigational cues, 317–321navigational trail illustrated, 317break statement, PHP, 85

BSD licenselicensing PostgreSQL, 579buffering

sqlite_unbuffered_query function, 541buffers

output_buffering directive, 23shared_buffers setting, PostgreSQL, 596business logic

separating presentational logic from, 448bytea type, PostgreSQL, 635

bytes attribute, messages, 382

■ C

c command, psql, 614

c option, psql, 612

c psql command, 626C#

C# SOAP client, 513using C# client with PHP Web Service, 512–514

cache directoryinstalling Smarty, 451

PostgreSQL, 598feeds, MagpieRSS, 485

Calendar package, PEAR, 285–288

classes, 286

creating monthly calendar, 286–288

date and time classes, 286

decorator classes, 286

installing, 285

isValid method, 288

tabular date classes, 286

validating dates and times, 288

manipulating string case, 208–209CASE function, PostgreSQL, 725case sensitive/insensitive functions

see under string function actions

case-insensitive searchPerl regular expression modifier, 199casing

PDO_ATTR_CASE attribute, 560casting, 54

ccaddress attribute, messages, 379c-client library, 373

CHAR datatype, PostgreSQL, 639char file type, 232

character casingPDO_ATTR_CASE attribute, 560character classes

predefined character ranges, 194character encoding

ldap_8859_to_t61 function, 420ldap_t61_to_8859 function, 421character entity references, 210character sets, 211

default_charset directive, 36characters

counts number of characters in string, 224htmlentities function, 527

localized formats, 280CHECK attributePostgreSQL datatypes, 640check constraint, columns, 640checkboxes

working with multivalued form components, 307

checkdate function, PHP, 272checkdnsrr function, 360–361checkpoint_segments setting, PostgreSQL, 599

checkpoint_timeout setting, PostgreSQL, 599

checkpoint_warning setting, PostgreSQL, 599

chgrp function, 240

child class

class inheritance, OOP, 162

children method, SimpleXML, 489

chown function, 239

CIDR-ADDRESS field, pg_hba.conf file, 654

class constants, 143

class inheritance, OOP, 162

child class (subclass), 162

constructors and inheritance, 164–165

autoloading objects, OOP, 155

class_exists helper function, 153

see also objects, OOP

assigning data to class field, 140

characteristics and behaviors, 136

checking if class exists, 153

class constants, 143

generalized class creation syntax, 136

getting fields of class, 154

getting list of defined classes, 154

getting methods of class, 154

getting name of class, 153

getting parent class, 154

objects and classes, 136

retrieving a class variable, 142

static class members, 152–153

client authentication, PostgreSQLpg_hba.conf file, 654

Client errorfaultstring attribute, NuSOAP, 500clients

PDO_ATTR_CLIENT_VERSION attribute, 560

PostgreSQL, 611–623clone keyword, OOP, 158clone method, OOP, 160cloning

OOP object cloning, 158–161closedir function, 251

closelog function, 182clusters

databases and, 625CNAME record type, DNS, 360:cntrl: character class, 194COALESCE function, PostgreSQL, 726code

code reuse, 259getCode method, exception class, 186coding consistency

PDO features, 557columnCount method, PDO, 567columns

check constraint, 640copying specific columns, 780default values, 641

primary key values, 642setting bound columns, PDO, 570–571sqlite_column function, 543

sqlite_fetch_column_types function, 548sqlite_fetch_single function, 544

COM/DCOM support, 3comma separated values

see CSV

command line optionsPEAR package for reading, 260

command not found message

installing PostgreSQL from source, 582

command-line interface, PostgreSQL, 611

COALESCE function, 726NULLIF function, 726conditional statements, PHP, 79–81alternative syntax, 80

else statement, 80

if statement, 79ifelse statement, 80switch statement, 81config_load functioncreating Smarty configuration files, 465configs directory

installing Smarty, 451configuration directives, PHP

see PHP configuration directives see also PHP configuration directives, list of

configuration file, Apacheinstallation problems, 18configuration files

installing Smarty, 451referencing configuration variables, 466Smarty templating engine, 465–466configuration options, LDAP, 418ldap_get_option function, 420ldap_set_option function, 420configuration options, PostgreSQLinstalling PostgreSQL from source, 583configurations

configuring PHP securely, 516–520changing document extension, 522configuration parameters, 518–520expose_php directive, 521

hiding configuration details, 520–522safe mode, 516–518

stopping phpinfo Calls, 522

PDO (PHP Data Objects), 558

phpinfo function, 522

configure command

customizing PHP installation on Unix, 17

installing PostgreSQL from source, 582

connections, 669pg_close function, 671

ACID tests for transactions, 765Console_Getopt package, PEAR, 260running info command for, 265constants, OOP, 143

constants, PHP, 68CONSTRAINT keyword, 641constraints

check constraint, 640defining, 641domains, 645, 646foreign keys, 643PRIMARY KEY attribute, 642constructors

declaration syntax, 148default exception constructor, 185invoking parent constructors, 150invoking unrelated constructors, 150overloaded constructors, 185overloading, 151

PHP 4, 148constructors, OOP, 148–151inheritance and constructors, 164–165containers

container not mailbox, 376contexts

stream wrappers, 391continue statement, PHP, 86Contrib Modules

installing PostgreSQL, 588control structures, 78–89conditional statements, 79–81execution control statements, 78–79file inclusion statements, 86–89

allowing/restricting URL rewriting, 428

changing cookie name, 429

Coordinated Universal Time, 271

COPY command, PostgreSQL, 777–783

BINARY keyword, 779

calling from PHP script, 782–783

COPY FROM command, 778

delimited fields, 779

COPY TO command, 778

copying data to/from tables, 778–782

changing default delimiter, 780

copying data from a table, 778

copying data from a text file, 779

copying data from table to text file, 782

copying specific columns, 780

dealing with NULL values, 781

exporting table OIDs, 780

working with CSV files, 781

copying data to/from tables, 778–782copying messages, 389

copying tables, 630pg_copy_from function, 684pg_copy_to function, 683PGSQL_COPY_IN value, 674PGSQL_COPY_OUT value, 674count array function, 116count function, PostgreSQL, 725count_chars function, 224count_words function, Smarty, 455CrackLib extension, PHP

avoiding easily guessable passwords, 340installation, 340

minimum password requirements, 340PECL web site, 340

using, 340–341using dictionaries, 341cracklib_dict.pwd dictionary, 341CREATE DATABASE command, 626CREATE DOMAIN command, 646CREATE FUNCTION command, 727CREATE GROUP command, 659CREATE INDEX command, 753CREATE RULE command, 709CREATE SCHEMA command, 627CREATE SEQUENCE command, 633CREATE TABLE statement, 629, 630CREATE TABLESPACE command, 601CREATE TRIGGER command, 739CREATE TYPE command, 644CREATE USER command, 658CREATE VIEW command, 707, 708create_crumbs function

creating breadcrumbs from database table

data, 320creating breadcrumbs from static data,

318, 319create_dropdown function

autoselecting forms data, 310

generating forms with PHP, 308

createdb command-line tool, 626

credentials

ldap_bind function, 402, 403

cross-site scripting, 524

cryptType element

Auth_HTTP class, PEAR, 337

CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)

literal tag, Smarty, 464

Smarty configuration files and, 465

using with Smarty templating engine,

467–468CSV (comma-separated value) files, 246

copying data from table to text file, 782

copying data to/from tables, 781

curly bracket syntax

change in PHP 5, 192

currency

localized formats, 280

current array function, 113

current_date function, PostgreSQL, 724

current_time function, PostgreSQL, 724

current_timestamp function,

PostgreSQL, 724currval sequence function, 634

cursor_offset parameter

fetch method, PDO, 568

cursor_orientation parameter

fetch method, PDO, 568

custom error handlers

d option, psql, 612Daemon Account parameterinstalling PostgreSQL, 586data

copying data from table to text file, 782copying data to/from tables, 778–782hiding sensitive data, 522–523importing and exporting data, 777–785phpPgAdmin, 783–785

retrieving and displaying data, PostgreSQL, 678–681rows selected and rows modified, 681sanitizing user data, 524–528

data encryption, 528–532Auth_HTTP class, PEAR, 337MCrypt, 531

mcrypt_decrypt function, 532mcrypt_encrypt function, 531md5 function, 529

mhash function, 529, 530PHP 4 features, 3PHP’s encryption functions, 528data handling

deleting LDAP data, 417inserting LDAP data, 415ldap_add function, 416ldap_delete function, 418ldap_mod_add function, 416ldap_mod_del function, 418ldap_modify function, 417ldap_rename function, 417PHP configuration directives, 32streams, 390–393

updating LDAP data, 417data integrity, PostgreSQL, 574data retrieval, PDO, 567–570

Data Source Name

table, 332authenticating using login pair and IP

address, 333database class

see PostgreSQL database class

Database Cluster option

applications accessing, 555check constraint, 640cluster of, 625connecting to, 626creating, 626default databases, 625default values, 641deleting, 626domains, 645–647foreign keys, 643indexes, PostgreSQL, 749–759migrating between, 260modifying, 627

primary keys, 642referential integrity, 643renaming, 627

searching, PostgreSQL, 759–764template databases, 625datadir option

installing PostgreSQL from source, 583datatypes, PostgreSQL, 635–640

attributes of, 635, 640–644CHECK, 640

DEFAULT, 641NOT NULL, 642NULL, 642PRIMARY KEY, 642REFERENCES, 643UNIQUE, 644BOOLEAN, 640bytea, 635composite types, 635, 644–645date and time datatypes, 636–637DATE, 636

INTERVAL, 637

validators, 293date and time datatypes, PostgreSQL, 636–637

DATE, 636INTERVAL, 637TIME, 636TIMESTAMP, 637date and time functions, PHP, 272–278calculating dates, 284

determining days in current month, 283displaying localized date and time, 279–282

displaying web page modification date, 283

functionscheckdate, 272date, 272–275getdate, 275getlastmod, 283gettimeofday, 276mktime, 277

setlocale, 279

strftime, 281–282

strtotime, 284

time, 278

date and time functions, PostgreSQL, 723, 724

date attribute, messages, 380, 383

date classes

Calendar package, PEAR, 286

DATE datatype, PostgreSQL, 636

date function, PHP, 272–275

determining days in current month, 283

format parameters, 273

date method, 290

date_format function, Smarty, 455

date_part function, PostgreSQL, 724

dates

Calendar package, PEAR, 285–288

localized formats, 280

prior to Unix epoch, 272

standardizing format for, 271

DB database abstraction layer, 556

debug_str property, NuSOAP, 502

debugging

getLastRequest method, SOAP, 505

getLastResponse method, SOAP, 505

Calendar package, PEAR, 286decrement ( ) operator, 72decryption

see data encryption

default argument values, 94DEFAULT attributePostgreSQL datatypes, 641default exception constructorbase exception class, 185default function, Smarty, 456default values

columns, 641domains, 646default_charset parameter, 36default_mimetype parameter, 35default_socket_timeout parameter, 39define function, 68

define_syslog_variables function, 181define_syslog_variables parameter, 39delete rules, PostgreSQL, 711

DELETE statementmaking views interactive, 711deleted attribute, messages, 380, 383deleting data, PostgreSQL, 685deleting entries/values, ldap, 418delim parameter, 683, 684DELIMITER clause COPY commandchanging default delimiter, 780delimiters

templating engines, 448delimiting PHP code, 43–46ASP style tags (<% %>), 45default syntax (<?php ?>), 44embedding multiple code blocks, 45script tag, 45

short tags, 44

dependencies, PEAR packages

automatically installing dependencies, 267

failed dependencies, 266

deref parameter, ldap_search(), 405

design, web sites

CrackLib extension using, 341

die statement, PostgreSQL, 691, 692

:digit: character class, 195

dir file type, 232

directives

see PHP configuration directives

see also PHP configuration directives, list

ofdirectives, SQLite, 537–538

directories

see also LDAP

closing directory stream, 251

retrieving directory component of path, 230

retrieving directory name, 231

retrieving size, 237

returning array of files and directories, 252

returning directory elements, 251

max_fsm_pages setting, PostgreSQL, 597random_page_cost setting, PostgreSQL, 598disk_free_space function, 236

disk_total_space function, 236disks

identifying partition free/total space, 236display method, Smarty, 453

display_errors parameter, 30, 179display_startup_errors parameter, 30, 179displaying data, PostgreSQL, 678–681Distinguished Name

see DN

division (/) operator, 71

DN (Distinguished Name)aliases, LDAP, 419LDAP working with, 421ldap_dn2ufn function, 421ldap_explode_dn function, 421ldap_get_dn function, 410DNS (Domain Name System), 360–364checkdnsrr function, 360–361checking for existence of DNS records, 360dns_get_record function, 362–363DNS_ prefix for dns_get_record, 362getmxrr function, 363–364

getting DNS records, 362host information record, 362name server record, 362record types, 360, 362verifying existence of domain, 361verifying if domain name is taken, 361DNS_ALL record type, 362

DNS_ANY record type, 362dns_get_record function, 362–363

DNS_HINFO record type, 362

DocumentRoot directive, Apache

hiding sensitive data, 523

DOM (Document Object Model)

Google Web Service, 494

DOUBLE PRECISION datatype, PostgreSQL,

638double quotes

determining available PDO drivers, 559DROP CASCADE command, 645, 647DROP DATABASE command, 626DROP DOMAIN command, 647DROP GROUP command, 660DROP RULE command, 709DROP SCHEMA command, 628DROP SEQUENCE command, 635DROP TABLE statement, 632DROP TABLESPACE command, 602DROP TRIGGER command, 741DROP TYPE command, 645DROP USER command, 658DROP VIEW command, 708dropdb command-line tool, 626DSN (Data Source Name)Auth_HTTP class, PEAR, 336DSN parameter

PDO constructor, 559

dt commandviewing tables, 631

du command, 237durabilityACID tests for transactions, 766dynamic extensions

PHP configuration directives, 39

■ E

e option, psql, 614E_XYZ levelsPHP error reporting levels, 30, 178each array function, 113

echo statement, PHP, 48effective_cache_size setting, PostgreSQL, 598else statement, Smarty, 458

else statement, PHP, 80

ELSEIF/ELSIF options

PL/pgSQL functions, 732

e-mail, 367–372

see also mail function

Mail package, PEAR, 260

sending attachments, 371, 372

sending e-mail with additional

headers, 369sending HTML formatted e-mail, 370–371

sending plain text e-mail, 369

see data encryption

end array function, 114

$_ENV superglobal variable, 67envelope, messages, 386environment variablessafe_mode_allowed_env_vars directive, 518safe_mode_protected_env_vars

directive, 518equality operators, 73equals operator, PostgreSQL, 720ereg function, 195

ereg_replace function, 196eregi function, 196eregi_replace function, 197error handling

see also exception handling

configuration directives, 177–180custom error handlers, 321–323displaying errors, 179

displaying initialization errors, 179error logging, 180–183

LDAP, 422ldap_err2str function, 422ldap_errno function, 422ldap_error function, 423logging errors, 180ignoring repeated errors, 180limiting maximum length, 180storing most recent error message, 180logging errors in syslog, 180

NuSOAP, 500–501PDO (PHP Data Objects), 561–562PDO_ERRMODE_EXCEPTION, 560, 561PDO_ERRMODE_SILENT, 560, 561PDO_ERRMODE_WARNING, 560, 561PHP configuration directives, 29PHP error reporting levels, 178PL/pgSQL functions, 733–735notifying errors, 734trapping errors, 733

error mode, setting, 562

error reporting levels, PHP, 30

error reporting modes, PDO

errorCode method, PDO, 562

ErrorDocument directive, Apache, 321

errorInfo method, PDO, 562

log_errors_max_len, 31track_errors, 31PGSQL_ERRORS_DEFAULT, 678PGSQL_ERRORS_TERSE, 678PGSQL_ERRORS_VERBOSE, 678PGSQL_FATAL_ERROR, 675PGSQL_NONFATAL_ERROR, 675retrieving error information, 562ESCAPE clause, COPY commandcopying data to/from tables, 782escape formats

short_open_tag directive, 22escape sequences, PHP, 76escape strings

sqlite_escape_string function, 549escapeshellarg function, 255, 526escapeshellcmd function, 255, 527exception class, 185

default exception constructor, 185extending, 187

getXyz methods, 186methods, 186overloaded constructor, 185EXCEPTION clause

PL/pgSQL functions, 733exception handling, 183–189

see also error handling

brief introduction, 177catching multiple exceptions, 187–189PHP 5 features, 4

PHP’s exception-handling, 185raising an exception, 186steps to implement, 184throwing an exception, 183value of, 183–185

checking if file executable, 241

execute method, PDO, 564, 565

features of language, 4–7feeds

aggregating feeds, MagpieRSS, 483description, 476

parsing feeds, MagpieRSS, 479, 481popular aggregators, 476

publication of RSS feeds, 477rendering retrieved feed, MagpieRSS, 481–482

feof function, 242fetch method, PDO, 567choosing fetch() or fetchAll(), 569cursor_offset parameter, 568cursor_orientation parameter, 568fetch_style parameter, 567PDO_FETCH values, 567fetch statement, Smarty, 462fetch_style parameterPDO_FETCH values, 567fetchAll method, PDO, 568choosing fetch() or fetchAll(), 569fetchArray function, PostgreSQL, 691fetchColumn method, PDO, 569fetchfrom attribute, messages, 380fetchObject function, PostgreSQL, 691fetchRow function, PostgreSQL, 691fetchsubject attribute, messages, 380fgetc function, 245

fgetcsv function, 245fgets function, 246fgetss function, 247fieldName function, PostgreSQL, 696

getting fields available to object, 154

getting fields of class, 154

fifo file type, 232

file based authentication, PHP, 329–331

identifying EOF reached, 242

moving file pointer, 249, 250

newline character, 242

opening files, 243

outputting data to file, 250

reading from files, 244–249

reading a single character, 245

reading into a string, 245

reading into an array, 244

stripping HTML and PHP tags, 247

resources, 242retrieving file pointer position, 250returning array of files and directories, 252setting access level, 243

file inclusion statements, PHP, 86–89include statement, 87

include_once function, 88require statement, 88require_once function, 89file ownership

effect of enabling safe mode, 516safe_mode restrictions, 516file pointers

moving file pointer, 249, 250retrieving current position, 250file uploads

HTTP, 345–346HTTP_Upload class, PEAR, 355–357file uploads, PHP, 346–355

caution: permissions, 352examples, 351–355first file upload example, 351–352listing uploaded files by date, 352–353working with multiple file uploads, 353–355

file upload functions, 349–350is_uploaded_file function, 349move_uploaded_file function, 350

$_FILES array, 348PHP configuration directives, 37UPLOAD_ERR_XYZ error messages, 350–351

upload/resource directives, 346–347file_uploads, 346

max_execution_time, 346memory_limit, 347post_max_size, 347upload_max_filesize, 347upload_tmp_dir, 347file_get_contents function, 245

File_SMBPasswd package, PEAR, 266

checking if file executable, 241

checking if file readable, 241

checking if file writeable, 241

creating symbolic link, 235

cross-site scripting, 524

file deletion risk, 524

getFile method, exception class, 186

renaming, 253

retrieving file extension, 231

retrieving file name, 231

retrieving file type, 232

retrieving filename component of path, 230

retrieving group ID of owner, 240

retrieving information about, 233, 234

retrieving last access time, 238

retrieving last changed time, 238

retrieving last modification time, 239

retrieving permissions for, 240, 241

retrieving size of, 235

retrieving user ID of owner, 240

setting access level, 243

setting modification/access times, 253

upload_max_filesize directive, 38

$_FILES array

handling file uploads with PHP, 348

$_FILES superglobal variable, 66

Files directiveconfiguring Apache lookback feature, 315files storage option

storing session information, 427save_path directive, 428filesize function, 235

filetype function, 232filters

stream filters, 391, 393final fields, 140

final methods, 147Firebird, 558firewallssecuring PostgreSQL, 650flagged attribute, messages, 380, 383Flex lexical analysis generatorinstalling PHP on Linux/Unix, 12Flex package

installing PHP on Linux/Unix, 11flexibility, PDO, 557

FLOAT datatype, PostgreSQL, 638floating point numbers, PHP, 51flushing

implicit_flush directive, 24followup_to attribute, messages, 380footers

auto_append_file directive, 35fopen function, 243

fopen wrappersallow_url_fopen directive, 38PHP configuration directives, 38FOR loops

PL/pgSQL functions, 733for statement, PHP, 83FORCE clause, COPY commandcopying data to/from tables, 782force_extra_parameters directivemail function, 368

ForceType directive

configuring Apache lookback feature, 315

foreach statement, Smarty, 458

foreach statement, PHP, 84

foreachelse statement, Smarty, 459

foreign keys, 643

forms

see web forms

forms-based searches, PostgreSQL, 759–764

fputs function, 250

fread function, 247

free space

identifying on disk partition, 236

FreeBSD operating system, 596

freespace map

max_fsm_pages setting, PostgreSQL, 597

max_fsm_relations setting, PostgreSQL,

597FreeTDS

PDO supported databases, 558

from attribute

foreach statement, Smarty, 458

from attribute, messages, 383

full-text indexes, PostgreSQL, 755–759

full-text search, PostgreSQL, 763

function model, LDAP, 400

helper functions, 153–155name evaluated before execution, 99nesting functions, 96

OOP functions and methods compared, 143passing form data to, 306

Perl regular expression syntax, 200–205PHP’s encryption functions, 528POSIX regular expression functions, 195–198

recursive functions, 63, 97returning values from functions, 95returning multiple values, 96sqlite_create_function function, 550value of, 91

variable functions, 99functions, PostgreSQLinternal functions, 723–727pg_affected_rows, 681pg_close, 671

pg_connect, 668pg_connection_busy, 672pg_connection_status, 673pg_convert, 683

pg_copy_from, 684pg_copy_to, 683pg_delete, 685pg_execute, 686pg_fetch_array, 678pg_fetch_assoc, 680pg_fetch_object, 680

installing PostgreSQL from source, 582

$_GET superglobal variable, 65

GET method

passing data between scripts, 304

get_class helper function, 153

get_class_methods helper function, 154

get_class_vars helper function, 154

get_config_vars method, Smarty, 466

get_declared_classes helper function, 154

get_html_translation_table function, 212

get_object_vars helper function, 154

get_parent_class helper function, 154

getArray method, 291getAttribute method, PDO, 561getdate function, PHP, 275getDay method, 291getDayOfYear method, 298getFiles method

HTTP_Upload class, PEAR, 357getFunctions method, SOAP, 504getISOWeekOfYear method, 299getJuliaan method, 292

getlastmod function, PHP, 283getLastRequest method, SOAP, 505getLastResponse method, SOAP, 505getMonth method, 292

getmxrr function, 363–364getProp method

HTTP_Upload class, PEAR, 356getQuote function

creating SOAP server, 509boxing client, 511getRandQuote functionusing C# client with PHP Web Service, 512getResultAsTable method

PostgreSQL database class, 696, 698, 699getservbyname function, 364

getservbyport function, 364getter (_get) methodcreating custom getters and setters, 142properties, 142

gettimeofday function, PHP, 276gettype function, 57

getWeekday method, 298getWeekOfYear method, 299getXyz methods, exception class, 186getYear method, 293

GID (group ID)retrieving group ID of file owner, 240Global Development Group

PostgreSQL, 575

installing PostgreSQL from source, 582

Google Web Service, 494

GRANT command

securing PostgreSQL, 660

:graph: character class, 195

greater than (>) operator, 74

PostgreSQL, 720

group IDs

safe_mode_gid directive, 517

groups

changing group membership of file, 240

retrieving group ID of file owner, 240

groups, PostgreSQL

adding groups, 659

amending users in groups, 659

deleting groups, 660

managing privileges for, 659

GUI-based clients, PostgreSQL, 620–623

see error handling

hard coded authentication, PHP, 328–329hash mark

referencing configuration variables, Smarty, 466

hash_bits_per_character directive, 432hash_function directive, 431

hashingmhash function, 529HEADER clause, COPY commandcopying data to/from tables, 781header function

authentication, PHP, 327headers

see also message headers

auto_prepend_file directive, 35headline function

using full-text indexes, PostgreSQL, 758headlines

limiting number displayed, MagpieRSS, 484help option, psql, 612

help option, SQLite, 536helper functions, 153–155class_exists, 153get_class, 153get_class_methods, 154get_class_vars, 154get_declared_classes, 154get_object_vars, 154get_parent_class, 154interface_exists, 154is_a, 155

is_subclass_of, 155method_exists, 155heredoc syntaxstring interpolation, 77hexadecimal characterspredefined character ranges, 195

host connection type

securing PostgreSQL connections, 662

host parameter

pg_connect function, 668

hostaddr parameter

pg_connect function, 668

HOSTNAME, $_ENV superglobal, 67

hostnossl/hostssl connection types

securing PostgreSQL connections, 662

.htaccess file

managing configuration directives, 21

HTML

converting into plain text, 214

converting plain text into, 210–213

sending HTML formatted e-mail, 370–371

file uploads, 345–346HTTP 404 File not found message, 321HTTP authentication, 325–326safe_mode restrictions, 517HTTP proxy, NuSOAP, 493HTTP session handling, 425–446PHP 4 features, 3

HTTP_AUTHORIZATION variablePHP authentication and IIS, 327HTTP_REFERER, $_SERVER superglobal, 65http_response_code parameter,

header functionauthentication, PHP, 327HTTP_Upload class, PEARfile uploads, 355–357installing, 355languages (foreign) supported, 357moving uploaded file to final destination, 356–357

retrieving information about uploaded files, 355–356

retrieving value of single property, 356uploading multiple files, 357

HTTP_USER_AGENT, $_SERVER superglobal, 65

httpd.conf fileinstalling PHP on Linux/Unix, 13installing PHP on Windows, 14, 16managing configuration directives, 21httpd.conf file, Apache

denying access to some extensions, 523Hutteman, Luke, 477

■ I

i command, psql, 614

IBM DB2, 558

id attribute, messages, 382

ident authentication method

pg_hba.conf file, PostgreSQL, 655

fsync setting, PostgreSQL, 598

ifid attribute, messages, 382

ignore_repeated_errors parameter, 31, 180

ignore_repeated_source parameter, 31, 180

ignore_user_abort parameter, 27

IIS

PHP authentication and IIS, 327

IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol),

372–389composing messages, 386

establishing and closing connections, 375

mailbox administration, 388–389

mailboxes and messages, 375–378

message administration, 389

NNTP protocol, 372

opening and closing connections, 374

opening connections to IMAP

mailboxes, 374POP3 protocol, 372

purpose and advantages, 372

IMMUTABLE functionsuser defined functions, PostgreSQL, 728implements keyword

interfaces, OOP, 166implicit_flush parameter, 24implode function, 217importing data, 777–785phpPgAdmin, 783–785in_array array function, 111in_reply_to attribute, messages, 380include directory

c-client library confusion, 373include statement

function libraries, 100PHP, 87

Smarty templating engine, 462include_once function, PHP, 88include_path parameter, 36installing Smarty, 451include_php function, Smarty, 464

inet type, PostgreSQL, 635

Infinity special value

numeric datatypes, 638

info command, PEAR, 265

information model, LDAP, 400

information schema, PostgreSQL, 687–688

managing configuration directives, 21initdb command

installing PostgreSQL on Linux, 584Initialize Database Cluster optioninstalling PostgreSQL, 587input

system level program execution, 254input/output functions

safe_mode restrictions, 516INSERT INTO commandswap meet project, 768insert rules, PostgreSQL, 710INSERT statement

making views interactive, 711mass inserts, 683

insert tag, Smarty, 463inserting data, PostgreSQL, 682–684mass inserts, 683–684

pg_copy_from function, 684pg_copy_to function, 683pg_insert function, 682Install as a Service parameterinstalling PostgreSQL, 586install command, PEAR, 266installations

Apache/PHP, 18MagpieRSS, 479NuSOAP, 493PDO (PHP Data Objects), 558PEAR, 262–264

PEAR packages, 266PL/pgSQL functions, 730PostgreSQL, 581–589

on Linux and Unix, 582–585

on Windows 2000/XP/2003, 585–589

on Windows 95/98/ME, 589

Smarty templating engine, 450–452

INSTEAD form of a rule, 715

integer data type, PHP, 51

INTEGER datatype, PostgreSQL, 637

Interbase

PDO supported databases, 558

interface_exists helper function, 154

interfaces, OOP, 165–168

abstract classes or interfaces, 169

caution: class members not defined within

interfaces, 165checking if interface exists, 154

description, 157

general syntax for implementing, 166

implementing a single interface, 167

implementing multiple interfaces, 168

date and time functions, 723

further information on, 727

IP spoofing, 334IP-ADDRESS field, pg_hba.conf file, 654IP-MASK field, pg_hba.conf file, 654

is equal to (= =) operator, 73

is identical to (= = =) operator, 73

is not equal to (!=) operator, 73is_a helper function, 155is_array array function, 108is_cached method, Smarty, 469is_name function, 57

is_subclass_of helper function, 155is_uploaded_file function, PHP, 349ISAPI support, PHP 4, 3

isexecutable function, 241isLeap method, 293ISO 8601 specification, 299isolation

ACID tests for transactions, 766transaction isolation, 766isreadable function, 241isset function

authentication, PHP, 328isValid method

Calendar package, PEAR, 288Date and Time Library, 294HTTP_Upload class, PEAR, 357iswriteable function, 241

item attributeforeach statement, Smarty, 458

pg_hba.conf file, PostgreSQL, 655

krsort array function, 123

ksort array function, 122

retrieving attributes, 407–410retrieving LDAP data, 404–405searching for LDAP data, 404–405sorting and comparing LDAP entries, 410–412

updating LDAP data, 417using from PHP, 401–423working with Distinguished Name, 421–422

working with entries, 412–415working with entry values, 405–406ldap_8859_to_t61 function, 420ldap_add function, 416ldap_bind function, 402ldap_close function, 403ldap_compare function, 411ldap_connect function, 401ldap_count_entries function, 407ldap_delete function, 418ldap_dn2ufn function, 421ldap_err2str function, 422ldap_errno function, 422ldap_error function, 423

less than (<) operator, 74

less than operator, PostgreSQL, 720

using CSS in conjunction with Smarty, 467linkinfo function, 233

links

see also connections

creating hard link, 232creating symbolic link, 235link rot, 321

pageLinks function, 704pgsql.allow_persistent directive, 666pgsql.max_links directive, 667retrieving symbolic link information, 233retrieving target of symbolic link, 235Linux

downloading PHP, 10installing Apache/PHP on, 11–13installing PostgreSQL on, 582–585post-installation steps, 583–585list array function, 107

returning multiple values, 96list function, PHP

sqlite_fetch_array function, 542listen_address, postgresql.conf filesecuring PostgreSQL, 651literal tag

Smarty templating engine, 464using CSS in conjunction with Smarty, 467local variables

variable scope, PHP, 60