ECOLOGICAL BASIS OF AGROFORESTRY - CHAPTER 1 pps

xiii Part I Ecological Interactions: An Overview Chapter 1 Ecological Interactions in Agroforestry: An Overview.... 3 Ravinder Kumar Kohli, Harminder Pal Singh, Daizy Rani Batish, and S

ECOLOGICAL BASIS OF

AGROFORESTRY

CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business

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Edited by

Daizy Rani Batish

Ravinder Kumar Kohli

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Ecological basis of agroforestry / editors, Daizy Rani Batish [et al.].

p cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-4200-4327-3 (alk paper)

1 Agroforestry systems 2 Agricultural ecology I Batish, D (Daizy) II Title.

Preface ixThe Editors xiContributors xiii

Part I

Ecological Interactions: An Overview

Chapter 1 Ecological Interactions in Agroforestry: An Overview 3

Ravinder Kumar Kohli, Harminder Pal Singh, Daizy Rani Batish, and Shibu Jose

Chapter 2 Tree–Crop Interactions: Lessons from Temperate Alley-Cropping Systems 15

Shibu Jose, Samuel C Allen, and P.K Ramachandran Nair

Chapter 3 Allelopathic Tree–Crop Interactions under Agroforestry Systems 37

Daizy Rani Batish, Harminder Pal Singh, and Ravinder Kumar Kohli

Chapter 4 Approaches to Tree–Environment–Crop Interactions 51

Ramun M Kho

Chapter 5 Weeds, Diseases, Insect Pests, and Tri-Trophic Interactions

in Tropical Agroforestry 73

G Sileshi, Götz Schroth, Meka R Rao, and H Girma

Chapter 6 Ecologically Based Pest Management in Agroforestry Systems 95

Miguel A Altieri and Clara I Nicholls

Chapter 7 A Case Study on the Potential of Contour Hedgerow Intercropping

for Sustainable Crop Production on Sloping Highlands in Humidand Subhumid Zones of Sri Lanka 109

W.A.J.M De Costa, A.G Chandrapala, P Surenthran, and L.G.N Dharmasiri

Part II

The Belowground Ecology

Chapter 8 Belowground Interactions in Tree–Crop Agroforestry:

Need for a New Approach 159

Götz Schroth, Michaela Schaller, and Francisco Jiménez

v

Chapter 9 Tree–Grass Interactions and Water Use in Silvopastoral Systems

in N.W Patagonia 171

Javier E Gyenge, María Elena Fernández, and Tomás M Schlichter

Chapter 10 Litter Dynamics in Plantation and Agroforestry Systems

of the Tropics—A Review of Observations and Methods 181

B Mohan Kumar

Chapter 11 Developments in the Research of the Potential of Agroforestry

for Sustaining Soil Fertility in Zimbabwe 217

S Zingore, R Chikowo, G Nyamadzawo, P Nyamugafata, and P.L Mafongoya

Chapter 12 Soil Sustainability in Agroforestry Systems: Experiences on Impacts

of Trees on Soil Fertility from a Humid Tropical Site 239

Florencia Montagnini

Chapter 13 Root Competition for Water between Trees and Grass

in a Silvopastoral Plot of 10 Year Old Prunus avium 253

Philippe Balandier, François-Xavier de Montard, and Thomas Curt

Part III

Models in Agroforestry

Chapter 14 Relationship of Three-Dimensional Structure to Shelterbelt Function:

A Theoretical Hypothesis 273

Xinhua Zhou, James R Brandle, Eugene S Takle, and Carl W Mize

Chapter 15 Modeling a Field Shelterbelt System with the Shelterbelt

Agroforestry Modeling System 287

Carl W Mize, Joe Colletti, William Batchelor, Jong-Sung Kim, Eugene S Takle,and James R Brandle

Part IV

Ecological Economics

Chapter 16 Social and Economic Implications of Agroforestry for Rural Economic

Development in Temperate Regions 303

Chris J Doyle and Tony Waterhouse

Chapter 17 Forest Patches in Northeast Luzon (the Philippines): Their Status, Role,

and Perspectives for Conservation in Integrated Land-Use Systems 319

Denyse J Snelder and Gerard A Persoon

Chapter 18 Adoption, Profitability, Impacts, and Scaling up of Agroforestry

Technologies in Southern African Countries 343

Oluyede Clifford Ajayi, Festus K Akinnifesi, Joyce Mullila-Mitti,Judith J DeWolf, Patrick W Matakala, and Freddie R Kwesiga

Chapter 19 Pasture Production and Tree Growth in Agroforestry Systems

of Northwest Spain 361

M.P González-Hernández and M.J Rozados Lorenzo

vii

The world at present is facing innumerable problems such as burgeoning population, ecosystemdegradation, particularly in the tropics, declining agricultural productivity, and changing environ-ment In order to sustain in the future, it is essential tofind solutions to these problems, particularlywith regard to ensuring food security and coping with the changing environment Existingapproaches to enhance productivity and mitigate environmental degradation are inadequate Properland-use patterns, sustainable agroecosystems, and resource management are possible alternatives tothese problems Agroforestry—a traditional practice of combining trees with agriculturalcrops or pasture—can contribute substantially in this direction through its multiple benefits andecosystem services If properly designed, agroforestry may help in alleviating poverty, provid-ing food security and livelihood, maintaining ecosystem health, managing pest and weeds, con-serving biodiversity, and mitigating greenhouse effects by carbon sequestration Conversely, apoorly designed agroforestry system may lead to problems such as loss of productivity due toresource competition and allelopathy or negative effects of shading, aggravated problems of pestand weed infestation, loss of diversity, and ecosystem degradation due to the introduction ofinvasive species

For an agroforestry system to be profitable, better understanding of various ecological processesthat govern these complex systems is required This volume aims at providing knowledge as to howecologically sustainable agroecosystems can meet the challenges of enhancing crop productivity,soil fertility, and environment sustainability The topics of the 19 chapters were carefully selected toaccomplish the above objectives These are divided into four sections—Ecological Interactions: AnOverview (seven chapters), Belowground Ecology (six chapters), Models in Agroforestry (twochapters), and Ecological Economics (four chapters)

Part I focuses on various tree–crop interactions in different ecoregions of the world Variousabove- and belowground interactions, especially in alley-cropping systems in temperate zones,have been critically analyzed and will be of immense help to readers Among various interactionsthat affect crop productivity, allelopathy—a chemical-mediated interplant interaction—has oftenbeen rejected because of lack of sufficient field demonstration A chapter is devoted to thisimportant aspect of chemical ecology, which also highlights how allelopathy and the chemicalsinvolved therein can be put to some practical use The proof of attempt has also been made toinclude other important issues such as tri-trophic interactions and ecologically based pestmanagement in agroforestry and how crop production can be enhanced Part II is devoted toroot-mediated belowground interactions in agroforestry systems and their role in enhancing cropproductivity, soil fertility, and sustainability An exhaustive study on litter dynamics in plantationand agroforestry systems and various factors affecting nutrient release may be beneficial toreaders Part III provides insight into the role of ecological modeling of complex agroforestrysystems such as shelterbelts and how they help in choosing suitable computer-based designs

to gain profitability Part IV deals with various socioeconomic aspects of agroforestry andtechnological tools that benefit society in different eco-regions of the world It also intends tosupply in-depth knowledge on various farming systems and technologies that help enhance thesocioeconomic status of farmers and provide environmental benefits to land users

In sum, efforts have been made to integrate the relevant information on various ecologicalprocesses in the agroforestry system into a single comprehensive volume that will be useful to

ix

university teachers, students, researchers, agroforestry specialists, landscapists, agriculture andforestry extension workers, scientists, and farmers.

We offer our sincere thanks to all the authors and reviewers for their commendable contributionsand cooperation

Daizy Rani BatishRavinder Kumar Kohli

Shibu JoseHarminder Pal Singh

x

The Editors

Daizy Rani Batish, Ph.D., is a reader (associate professor) in the Department of Botany, PanjabUniversity, Chandigarh, India Her research interests include ecophysiology of the plant interactions,tree–crop interactions under agroforestry systems, biology and ecology of invasive weeds, ecologicalweed management, and allelopathy She teaches ecology, environment botany, and forestry toundergraduate and postgraduate students She has published more than 60 research papers in refereedjournals, 4 books, and 35 research articles She is a recipient of the Rajib Goyal Young ScientistAward in Environmental Sciences and the University Grants Commission (India) Research Award.Ravinder Kumar Kohli, Ph.D., is a professor of botany and the coordinator of the Centre forEnvironment and Vocational Studies at Panjab University His research interests include plantationforestry, the impact of exotic trees on native vegetation, ecology and biology of exotic weeds, and thebiochemical interactions among plants He has published more than 100 research papers, 5 books, and

50 research articles His honors and awards include the Nanda Memorial Young Scientist Award fromthe Society of Tree Scientists, recognition from the Government of Chandigarh for his work ondisseminating environment awareness among the masses, and the B.P Pal National EnvironmentFellowship from the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India He is a fellow

of the National Academy of Agricultural Sciences (India), the National Academy of Sciences(India), the Indian Botanical Society, and the National Environment Science Academy (India).Shibu Jose, Ph.D.,is an associate professor of forest ecology at the School of Forest Resources andConservation at the University of Florida at Gainesville He holds affiliate faculty status in the School

of Natural Resources and the Environment and the Soil and Water Science Department His currentresearch efforts focus on production ecology and ecophysiology of intensively managed pineand hardwood forests, restoration ecology of the longleaf pine ecosystem, invasive plant ecologyand management, and ecological interactions in tree–crop mixed systems and mixed species forestplantations He serves on the editorial boards of Journal of Forestry (editor), Forest Science (bookreview editor), Tree Physiology (board member), and Agroforestry Systems (associate editor)

He teaches forest ecology and ecology and restoration of the longleaf pine ecosystem at theundergraduate level and applied forest ecology and advanced forest ecology at the graduate level.His awards and honors include the Aga Khan International Fellowship (Switzerland), the NehruMemorial Award for Scholastic Excellence (India), the UF CALS Junior Faculty Award of Meritfrom Gamma Sigma Delta—the Honor Society of Agriculture, the Award of Excellence in Research

by the Southeastern SAF, and the Stephen Spurr Award by the Florida Division of the Society ofAmerican Foresters

Harminder Pal Singh, Ph.D.,is a lecturer in biotic environment at the Centre for Environment andVocational Studies, Panjab University He teaches ecological principles, basics of environmentscience, conservation of life support systems, and environmental pollution to postgraduate students.His research interests include chemical ecology of plant interactions, impact of exotic plants on nativeecosystems, ecology of invasive species, and biochemical aspects of allelopathy He has published 50research papers in international refereed journals, 4 books, and 27 research articles He is a recipient ofYoung Scientist Awards from Punjab Academy of Sciences, the Indian Science Congress Associ-ation, and the Dalela Educational Foundation, and the Junior Environmentalist Award from theNational Environment Science Academy

xi

Oluyede Clifford Ajayi

World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)

Cemagref, Applied Ecology of Woodlands

Clermont-Ferrand Regional Centre

Joe CollettiNatural Resource Ecology and ManagementDepartment

Iowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa

W.A.J.M De CostaFaculty of AgricultureUniversity of PeradeniyaPeradeniya, Sri Lanka

Thomas CurtCemagref, Applied Ecology

of WoodlandsClermont-Ferrand Regional CentreClermont-Ferrand, France

Judith J DeWolfWorld Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)Lilongwe, Malawi

L.G.N DharmasiriFaculty of AgricultureUniversity of PeradeniyaPeradeniya, Sri Lanka

Chris J DoyleThe Scottish Agricultural CollegeEdinburgh, U.K

María Elena FernándezCONICET

Instituto Nacional de TecnologíaAgropecuaria

San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina

xiii

H Girma

African Highlands Initiative

Bugolobi, Kampala, Uganda

M.P González-Hernández

Department of Crop Production

University of Santiago de Compostela

CITA-Consellería de Medio Ambiente

Xunta de Galicia, Spain

P.L Mafongoya

Zambia-ICRAF Agroforestry Project

Chipata, Zambia

Patrick W MatakalaWorld Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)Mavalane, Maputo, Mozambique

Carl W MizeDepartment of Natural Resource Ecologyand Management

Iowa State UniversityAmes, Iowa

Florencia MontagniniSchool of Forestry andEnvironmental StudiesYale University

New Haven, Connecticut

François-Xavier de MontardINRA Clermont-FerrandU.R Agronomy

Clermont-Ferrand, FranceJoyce Mullila-MittiWorld Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)Zimbabwe National Office

Harare, Zimbabwe

P.K Ramachandran NairSchool of Forest Resources and ConservationUniversity of Florida

Gainesville, Florida

Clara I NichollsDepartment of Environment Science Policyand Management

Division of Insect BiologyUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeley, California

G NyamadzawoDepartment of Soil Science and AgriculturalEngineering

University of Zimbabwe

Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe

P NyamugafataDepartment of Soil Science and AgriculturalEngineering

University of Zimbabwe

Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe

Gerard A Persoon

Department of Environment and Development

Institute of Environmental Sciences

World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)

Chitedze Agricultural Research Station

Lilongwe, Malawi

Denyse J Snelder

Department of Environment and Development

Institute of Environmental Sciences

Leiden University

Leiden, the Netherlands

P SurenthranFaculty of AgricultureUniversity of PeradeniyaPeradeniya, Sri Lanka

Eugene S TakleGeological and Atmospheric Sciencesand Agronomy DepartmentsIowa State University

Ames, Iowa

Tony WaterhouseHill and Mountain Research CentreEnvironment Division

The Scottish Agricultural CollegeKirkton and Auchtertyre

Crianlarich, U.K

Xinhua ZhouSchool of Natural ResourcesUniversity of NebraskaLincoln, Nebraska

S ZingoreTropical Soil Biology and FertilityProgramme

Institute of CIAT

Mt Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe

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