Plastics Technology Handbook 2011 Part 1 potx

Commonly Used Abbreviations for Industrial Polymers AAS Copolymer of acrylonitrile, acrylate, and styrene ABR Acrylate–butadiene rubber ABS Acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene terpolymer ACS

Trade Names for Some Industrial Polymers

Trade Name Company Type of Polymer

Abson B F Goodrich Acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene

terpolymerAclar, Aclon Allied Polychlorotrifluoroethylene

Acraldon Bayer Ethylene–vinyl acetate copolymersAcrylan Monsanto Acrylic fiber

Acrylite Cyanamid/Rohm Acrylic resin

Acrypanel Mitsubishi Poly(methyl methacrylate)

Adiprene Du Pont Polyurethanes

Afcoryl Pechiney–Saint-Gobain Acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene

terpolymerAflas Asahi Glass Tetrafluorethylene–propyleneCcure

site monomer terpolymerAflon Ashai Glass Tetrafluoroethylene–ethylene

copolymerAkulon Akzo Nylon-6

Alathon Du Pont Low-density polyethylene

Algoflon Montedison Polytetrafluoroethylene

Alkathene ICI Low-density polyethylene

Alkox Meisei Chemical Works Poly(ethylene oxide)

Alloprene ICI Chlorinated natural rubber

Alpolit Hoechst Unsaturated polyester resins

Amberlite Rohm & Haas Ion-exchange resin

Ameripol-CB B F Goodrich Polybutadiene

Amidel Union Carbide Transparent amorphous PolyamideAmilan, Amilon Toray Nylon-6

Antron Du Pont Polyamide fiber

Araldite Ciba–Geigy Epoxy resin

Ardel Union Carbide Polyarylate

Arnite Akzo Poly(ethylene terephthalate)

Arnite E Akzo Thermoplastic polyester elastomersArnite PBTP Akzo Poly(butylenes terephthalate)

Arnitel Akzo Thermoplastic polyester elastomerArotone Du Pont Polyaryletherketones (PEEK)

Arylef Solvay Polyarylate

Arylon Du Pont Polyarylates

Astrel 3M Polyarylsulfone

Avimid Du Pont Polyimide

(continued)

A1-1

Commonly Used Abbreviations for Industrial Polymers

AAS Copolymer of acrylonitrile, acrylate, and styrene

ABR Acrylate–butadiene rubber

ABS Acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene terpolymer

ACS Thermoplastic blend of a copolymer from acrylonitrile and styrene with chlorinated

CAB Cellulose acetate butyrate

CAP Cellulose acetate propionate

CMC Carboxymethyl cellulose

CPE Chlorinated polyethylene

CPVC Chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride)

CTA Cellulose triacetate

CTFE Chlorotrifluoroethylene polymer

ECTFE Ethylene–chlorotrifluoroethylene copolymer

EEA Elastomeric copolymer from ethylene and ethyl acrylate

EMA Ethylene–methyl acrylate copolymer

E/P Ethylene–propylene copolymer

EPDM Terpolymer from ethylene, proplene, and a (nonconjugated) diene

EPM Ethylene–propylene copolymer

EPR Elastomeric copolymer of ethylene and propylene

EPT, EPTR Elastomeric copolymer of ethylene, propylene, and a diene

ETFE Ethylene–tetrafluoroethylene copolymer

EVA Copolymer from ethylene and vinyl acetate

EVOH Ethylene–vinyl alcohol copolymer

FEP Fluorinated ethylene–propylene copolymer

HDPE High-density polyethylene

HIPS High-impact polystyrene

IIR Butyl rubber (isobutylene–isoprene copolymer)

Index of Trade Names, Manufacturers, and

Suppliers of Antioxidants

The following index of trade names, manufacturers, and suppliers is based on a choice of representative antioxidants for thermoplastics No claim is made for completeness Detailed lists can be found in the source cited.

The letters A to M symbolize chemical classes of compounds with the following meanings: AZ alkylphenols; BZalkylidene-bisphenols (molecular weight 300–600); CZalkylidene-bisphenols (mol- ecular weight O600); DZthiobisphenols (molecular weight 300–600); EZhydroxybenzyl compounds (molecular weight 300–600); FZhydroxy-benzyl compounds (molecular weight O600); GZAcylami- nophenols (4-hydroxyanilides); HZoctadecyl-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionate; IZ poly-hydroxyphenylpropionates (molecular weight O600); JZamines; KZthioethers; LZphosphites and phosphonites; MZzinc dibutyldithiocarbamate.

Chemical ClassTrade Name A B C D E F G H I J K L M Manufacturer/SupplierAge Rite X X R.T Vanderbilt Norwalk, CT,

U.S.A

Vanox X X X X X X

Anox X X X X Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi,

Rome, ItalyCAO X X X Ashland Chemical Ltd.,

Columbus, OH, U.S.A.Carstab X X Morten Thiokol Inc., Danvers,

Good-rite X X X B.F Goodrich Chemical Group,

Cleveland, OH, U.S.A.Hostanox X X X Hoechst AG, Frankfurt,

Germany; American HoechstCorp., Somerville, NJ, U.S.A

(continued)

Index of Trade Names, Manufacturers, and Suppliers of Metal

Deactivators

The following index of trade names, manufacturers, and suppliers is based on a choice of representative metal deactivators for thermoplastics No claim is made for completeness Detailed lists can be found in the source cited.

Trade Name Chemical Class Manufacturer/Supplier

Cyanox Not disclosed Cyanamid GmbH, Wolfratschausen, Germany

American Cyanamid Co., Wayne, NJ, U.S.A.Eastman Inhibitor OABH Dibenzalhydrazone Eastman Chemical Products, Kingsport, TN, U.S.A.Hostanox Phosphorous acid ester Hoechst AG, Augsburg, Germany

Irganox MD Diacylhydrazine Ciba–Geigy AG, Division KA, Basel, Switzerland

Ciba–Geigy Crop., Plastics and Additives Div.,Hawthorne, NY, U.S.A

Mark Not disclosed Argus Chemical SA, Drogenbos, Belgium

Argus Chemical Corp., Brooklyn, NY, U.S.A.Naugard Oxalamide derivative Uniroyal Chemical, Naugatuck, CT, U.S.A.Source: Henman, T J 1982 World Index of Polyolefin Subilizers, Kogan Page Ltd., London

Index of Trade Names, Manufacturers, and Suppliers of Light

Stabilizers

The following index of trade names, manufacturers, and suppliers is based on a choice of representative light stabilizers for thermoplastics No claim is made for completeness Detailed lists can be found in the source cited.

The letters A to J symbolize chemical classes of compounds with the following meanings: AZ benzophenones; BZbenzotriazoles; CZnickel compounds; DZsalicylates; EZcyanocinnamates; FZ benzylidene malonates; GZbenzoates; HZoxanilides; IZsterically hindered amiens and JZpolymeric sterically hindered amines.

Trade Name Compound Type Manufacturer

Aduvex A Ward Blenkinsop and Co Ltd., Wembley (Middx.),Anti-UV A, D Societe Francaise D’Organo Synthese Neuilly-sur-Seine,

FranceCarstab A Cincinnati Milacron Chemicals Inc., New Brunswick, NY,

U.S.A

Chimassorb A, C, J Chimosa S.p.A., Pontecchio Marconi, Italy

Cyasorb UV A, B, C, E, F, I, J American Cyanamid Co., Wayne, NJ, U.S.A

Eastman Inhibitor A Eastman Chemical Product Inc Kingsport, TN, U.S.A.UV-Chek AM A, C, G Ferro Corp., Cleveland, OH, U.S.A

Goodrite UV I B F Goodrich, Chemical Group, Cleveland, OH, U.S.A.Hostavin A, I, K Hoechst AG, Frankfurt/M Germany

Interstab G Interstab Ltd., Liverpool, U.K

Irgastab C Ciba–Geigy AG, Basel Switzerland

Mark A, I Argus Chemical Corp., Brooklyn, NY, U.S.A

Mixxim I, J Fairmount Chemical Co., Newark, NJ, U.S.A

Rylex A, C E I Du Pont de Nemours and Co., Wilmington, DE,

U.S.A

Salol A, D Dow Chemical Co., Midland, MI, U.S.A

Sanol LS I Sankyo Co Ltd., Tokyo, Japan

Seesorb A, B, C, D, E, G Sun Chemical Corp., Tokyo, Japan

Sumisorb A, D Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd., Osaka, Japan

Tinuvin B, H, I, J Ciba–Geigy AG Basel, Switzerland

UV-Absorber Bayer A, E Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany

Uvinul A, E BASF AG, Ludwighafen, Germany

Viosorb A, B, D Kyodo Chemical Co Ltd., Tokyo, Japan

Source: Henman, T J 1982 World Index of Polyolefin Stabilizers, Kogan Page Ltd., London

Trademark Chemical Class Producer

Amgard Phosphoric acid ester Albright and Wilson, London, U.K

Chlorowax Chlorinated paraffins Diamond Shamrock Plastics Div., Cleveland OH, U.S.A.Cereclor Chlorinated paraffins ICI, London, U.K

Dechlorane Chlorine containing

cycloaliphatics

Occidental Chemical Corp., Niagara Falls, NY, U.S.A.Disflamoll Organic phosphates and

halogenated organicphosphates

Bayer AG, Leverkusen, Germany

Exolit Chlorinated paraffins, organic

phosphates

Hoechst AG, Frankfurt/M, GermanyFirebrake Inorganic flame retardants US Borax & Chem Corp., Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A.Fire Fighters Organic bromine compounds Great Lakes Chem Corp., West Lafayette, IN, U.S.A.Fireguard Organic bromine compounds Teijin Chem Co., Nishishinbasi, Tokyo, Japan

Firemaster Organic bromine compounds Great Lakes Chem Corp., West Lafayette, IN, U.S.A.Fire-Shield Organic bromine compounds,

antimony trioxide

PPG Industries Inc., Chicago, IL, U.S.A

Firex Organic halogenated compound

with antimony trioxide

Dr Th Bohme KG Geretstried, GermanyFlammastik Flame retardant on the basis of

antimony

Chem Fabrik Grunau GmbH, Illertissen, GermanyHydral Hydrated alumina Aluminum Company of America, Pittsburgh, PA, U.S.A.Ixol Organic bromine and chlorine

compounds

Kali-Chemie AG, Hannover, GermanyMartinal Hydrated alumina Martinswerk GmbH, Bergheim, Germany

Nonnen Organic bromine compounds Marubeni Corp., Osaka, Japan

Nyacol Flame retardant on the basis of

antimony

Nyacol Products Inc., Ashland, MA, U.S.A

Phosflex Organic phosphates Stauffer Chem Co., Specialty Chem Div., Westport, CT,

U.S.A

Proban Phosphoric acid esters,

quaternary phosphoniumcompounds

Albright and Wilson, London, U.K

Pyro-Check Organic bromine compounds Ferro Corp., Chem Div., Bedford, OH, U.S.A

Pyrovatex Organic phosphates Ciba–Geigy AG, Basel, Switzerland

(continued)

Index of Trade Names

and Suppliers of Foaming Agents

The following index of trade names and suppliers is based on a choice of representative foaming agents for thermoplastics No claim is made for completeness Detailed lists can be found in the source cited.

Chemical Foaming Agent Trade Name and Suppliera Processing

TemperatureRange, (8C)

Gas Yield (cm3/g) Recommended for

Unicell D (Dong Jin)

150–230 220 ABS, Acetal,

Acrylic, EVA,HDPE, LDPE,PPO, PP, PS,HIPS, flexiblePVC, TPE

Unicel DXRV (DongJin); Azofoam DS-1,DS-2 (Biddle Sawyer);

Ficel AC2 (Schering)

125–190 240 ABS,

polyurethane,silicone, naturalrubber, SBR

(continued)

A7-1

Formulations of Flame-Retarded

Selected Thermoplastics

In the following formulations the fire performance properties of flame-retarded thermoplastics are compared with those of the base resin, the properties of the latter being given in brackets The test methods used are: ASTM-D 633-77, the value for average time of burning (ATB) given in seconds and that for average extent of burning (AEB) in millimeters; ASTM 2863-77, limiting oxygen index (LOI)

High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE)

Formulations of Selected Rubber

Formulations of Selected PVC Compounds

The formulations given below (in parts by weight) are example of typical formulations of PVC compounds from the many available, which have been designed to meet specific requirement of different applications.

Glass-Clear Food Packaging Film

Oxidized polyethylene wax 0.2–0.4

Transparent Sheet for exterior Application

Formulations of Polyurethane Foams

The formulations given below (in parts by weight) are three examples of typical formulations from the many available, which have been designed to meet specific requirements Noteworthy points reading the formulations are explained An example of formulation for reaction injection molding (RIM) and reinforced reaction injection molding (RRIM) is also given,

In order to achieve the desired balance of hydroxyl to isocyanate groups in a formulation, the isocyanate index is specified:

Isocyanate index Z Number of mole equivalents of isocyanate

Number of mole equivalents of polyols !100

If water in included in the formulation, this is also included in the mole equivalent of polyol.

A Typical Rigid Foam Formulation

Component A

Polyol mixture containing a significant

amount of triols and hex/octols to produce

cross-linking

100

Catalyst 1 N,N-cyclohexylamine 0.3Catalyst 2 N,N-dimethylethanolamine 0.3Freon 11 (CFCI3) 50

Surfactant (A block copolymer of polyether and silicone) 1Component B

Impure liquid MDI Equal in volume to component A and to give

an isocyanate index near to 100

A12-1

Commercial Polymer

Blends and Alloys

The following index of trade names and suppliers is based on a choice of commercial polymer blends and alloys No claim is made for completeness Detailed lists can be found in the source cited.

Blend Manufacturer Composition Reinforceda Properties and Typical

UsesAlcryn Du Pont PO/EPDM — Processable, TPOArloy 1000 Arco Chem Co PC/SMA — Automotive, medicalArloy 2000 Arco Chem Co SMA/PET — Food grade, transp.Azloy Azdel Inc PC/PBT Yes Automobile,

electronicsBayblend Mobay/Bayer PC/ABS GF Al High impact strength,

dimensionalstabilityBexlov V Du Pont TPO blends — Automotive fasciasBexloy W Du Pont Ionomeric alloys — Automotive bumperCandon Monsanto SMA/ABS — Moldability

paintabilityCelanex Celanese PBT/PET/Elast GF Mechanical propertiesCycolac EHA Borg-Warner ABS/PC — Automotive

applicationsCycoloy Borg-Warner/Ube ABS/PC or TPU — Heat, impact

resistanceCycoloy EHA Borg-Warner PC/ABS — Automotive

applicationsDenka HS Denki Kagaku ABS/PC — Automotive

electronicDia Alloy Mitsubishi Rayon ABS/PC — Automotive,

electronicsDiacon ICI Acrylic/East — Clear

Duraloy/Vandar Celanese/Hoechst POM/TPU or PBT GF Automotive,

electronicsDurethan Bayer AG Nylon-6/PO or Elast — Household appliancesDynyl Rohne-Poulenc Nylon-6,6-modified

block

GF Low T impact, flex

properties, sportsgoods

Ektar MB Eastman Kodak PCTG/PC or SMA — Electronic, appliancesElemid Borg-Warner ABS/nylon — Auto, high T

applicationEnvex Rogers Corp PI/PTFE — Continuous-use TZ

2258C

(continued)

A13-1

Conversion of Units

SI Units and Conversion Factors

Physical Quantity Name of SI Unit Symbol for SI Unit Definition of SI UnitLength Meter m Basic unit

Mass Kilogram kg Basic unit

Time Second s Basic unit

Force Newton N kg m sK2(ZJ mK1)Pressure Pascal Pa kg mK1sK2(ZN mK2)Energy Joule J kg m2sK2

Power Watt W kg m2sK3(ZJ sK1)Physical Quantity Customary Unit SI Unit To Convert from

Customary Unit to SI UnitsMultiply byLength in m 2.54!10K2

Mass lb kg 4.5359237!10K1Force dyne N 1!10K5

kgf N 9.80665lbf N 4.44822Pressure dyne/cm2 Pa or N/m2 1!10K1

ft.2 M2 9.290304!10K2

Density lb/ft.3 kg /m3 1.6018463!10Viscosity poise kg /(m.s) 1!10K1

or N s/m2

Typical Properties of Polymers Used for Molding and Extrusion

PolyethyleneASTM Test Method Low Density High Density Polypropylene