Seamanship Techniques 2011 E Part 8 potx

Flags or arms brought togetherin front of operators chest Flags or arms maintained at 45 ° downward and away from the body Separation of letters groups or words Separation of dots and da

Flags or arms brought together

in front of operators chest

Flags or arms maintained at 45 °

downward and away from the body

Separation of letters groups or words Separation of dots and dashes

Circular motion

of flags or arms over

the head means

erase when made

by the transmitting

station, and request

for repetition when

made by the

receiving station.

Figure 9.4 Morse signalling by hand flags or arms.

A Receiving Station – In Answer

On receiving the call-up signal the receiver should answer the call by the

answer signal – TTTTT Should a receiving station be unable to

communicate by this method, the signal YS1 should be displayed by any

available means, meaning ‘I am unable to communicate by morse signalling

by hand-flags or arms’

Completing the Signal

All signals are completed by the transmission of the ending signal – AR

This method of signalling can be carried out by flags or just by the

operator’s arms, and if the operator has only one arm available, the

system is still feasible But it is tiring and time-consuming, and unpopular

with mariners

SEAMAN’S SELF-EXAMINER

The headings indicate the examinations to which the following questionsand answers are directed

EFFICIENT DECK HAND

1 Qu. What are the natural fibre ropes called?

Ans. Manilla, hemp, sisal, coir and cotton

2 Qu. What is the construction of log line?

Ans. Sennet laid hemp

3 Qu. Describe hawser layed rope?

Ans. Three-stranded rope laid up left- or right-handed

4 Qu. How would you commence a back splice in a natural fibre

rope before starting the normal tucks?

Ans. By use of a crown knot

5 Qu. What are the main differences between the construction of

a flexible steel wire rope and a non-flexible steel wirerope?

Ans. A flexible wire will have more wires per strand and a fibreheart running through the centre Non-flexible wires donot possess the fibre heart and have less wires per strand

6 Qu. What is the difference between a ‘hard eye’ and a ‘soft eye’,

8 Qu. What would you use to mouse a shackle?

Ans. Seizing wire

9 Qu. How would you make a ‘temporary eye’ in the end of a

rope?

Ans. By means of a bowline

Seaman’s Self-Examiner

10 Qu. What is the length of a ‘shackle of cable’?

Ans. 15 fathoms or 90 ft

11 Qu. Where would you expect to find a ‘monkey’s fist’?

Ans. In the end of a heaving line to weight the end when

throwing

12 Qu. How would you secure a bosun’s chair to a gantline, prior

to working aloft?

Ans. By use of a double sheetbend

13 Qu. With what tool would you open up the lay of a rope when

splicing? Explain why a marline spike would not be used

Ans. A wood ‘fid’ is used for splicing ropes If a marline spike

was employed, the fibres of the rope would be cut against

the metal tip of the spike, which would considerably weaken

the finished splice

14 Qu. When coming to a single anchor with your vessel what

would you consider to be good holding ground for the

anchor?

Ans. Mud, clay or hard sand are all considered to be good holding

grounds

15 Qu. When worming, parcelling and serving, why would you

not use marline for the operation of ‘worming’?

Ans. Marline will not compress under the parcelling and an

uneven finish would result

16 Qu. How would you join two wire hawsers together for the

purpose of ‘towing’, without eye splicing one to another?

Ans. Secure both hawsers by means of a ‘carrick bend’

When towing, the hawsers could be expected to take a

considerable amount of weight Allow the weight to be

taken up first, before seizing the tails down to the standing

parts, or the seizings may be pulled adrift

17 Qu. What are the main functions and purpose of locking bars

when battening down conventional hatches?

Ans. The locking bars prevent the tarpaulins from blowing off

in the wind They also act to retain the hatch boards (wood)

from floating off should the hatch become full of water

Locking bars may also be considered an anti-theft device

18 Qu. What is the safe working angle between the two cargo

runners considered to be, when working union purchase?

Ans. The safe working angle between the runners is 90° The

rig can also work up to 120° without incurring excessive

stress for the occasional lift

19 Qu. Where would you expect to find the ‘bitter end’ aboard a

vessel?

Ans. In the chain cable locker The ‘bitter end’ is the very end of

the cable secured in or just outside the chain locker

20 Qu. If a tackle was rove to advantage, would you be pulling on

the downhaul from the standing or from the moving block?

Ans. From the moving block

266 Seamanship Techniques

21 Qu. When would you encounter a ‘union plate’, sometimes

referred to as a monkey face plate?

Ans. When handling derricks The union plate connects the bullwire chain preventer and the single span topping lift at onepoint

22 Qu. What is the function of tank top ceiling, and in what type

of vessel would you expect to encounter it?

Ans. The tank top ceiling is a wooden sheathing to protect thetank top of the double bottom It is normally found ingeneral cargo vessels situated in way of the hatchway, at thebottom of the hold Not only will it afford protection fromheavy loads, but, depending on its design, it may well assist

in drainage and ventilation of cargoes

23 Qu. How could a bottle screw (turnbuckle) be locked and

secured?

Ans. (a) By means of an adjustable locking bar.

(b) By means of locking nuts on to the screw threads (c) By means of seizing wire turned about through thecentre and the end eyes

24 Qu. Give an example of when a ‘solid thimble’ would be

employed, and state why you would use it as opposed, say,

to an open heart thimble?

Ans. A solid thimble is used in ‘standing rigging’, e.g stays,shrouds The rigid securing when the solid thimble isemployed resists any movement of the bolt of the securingshackle

25 Qu. What prevents the lead pellet which retains in the spile pin

of a ‘Kenter Lugless Joining Shackle’ from falling out?

Ans. The lead pellet is inserted over the spile pin into a ‘dove tailrecess’, which prevents the pellet from coming adriftaccidentally

CERTIFICATE OF PROFICIENCY IN SURVIVAL CRAFT AND RESCUE BOATS

1 Qu. What types of wooden-built lifeboats do you know?

Ans. Clinker, carvel and double diagonal

2 Qu. How many boathooks are required in lifeboats?

Ans. Two

3 Qu. Where would you find the ‘garboard strake’?

Ans. It is the first strake outward from the keel

4 Qu. How long are the painters of a ship’s lifeboat?

Ans. As long as necessary to allow the boat to be safely launched

at lightest seagoing draught

5 Qu. What pyrotechnics would you expect to find in the lifeboat?

Ans. Six hand held flares, four rocket parachute flares and twoorange smoke floats

6 Qu. How would you recognise the ‘steering oar’ in a ship’s

lifeboat?

Seaman’s Self-Examiner

Ans. The blade of the oar would be painted a distinctive colour

The blade should also be facing aft The steering oar is also

approximately 12 to 14 in longer than other oars

7 Qu. If you were the cox’n of the only motorised survival craft

to be launched after a disaster, what would be your major

function

Ans. Collect and assemble all other survival craft This would

enable a roll call to be made of known survivors The

action would also provide a larger target for rescue craft to

see One of the other craft may have an emergency radio

and in any event life support systems can be jointly used

for the survival of all

8 Qu. How would you take a reef in lifeboat sails?

Ans. Down helm, head the boat into the wind, and let fly the

sheets Stream the sea anchor to keep to boat’s head up

wind Lower the yard and lay it on to the side benches of

the boat Clear the foot of the sail Secure the luff and leach

earrings, respectively to the tack and clew cringles

Commence to secure the reef points about the bunched

sail, starting to tie the reef knots from the forward end to

aft Secure the yard strop to the traveller and reset the sails

Trip the sea anchor and resume course

9 Qu. How long is the tripping line of the sea anchor found in

the ship’s lifeboats?

Ans. About 2 fathoms longer than the sea anchor hawser

10 Qu. Of what construction would you expect wire lifeboat falls

to be How often would you expect them to be renewed?

Ans. Extra flexible steel wire rope (6 × 36 or 17 × 7) wps To be

renewed whenever required, and at no greater than at a

five-yearly interval

11 Qu. What is the purpose of the ‘tricing-in pennants’ on the

davits of lifeboats?

Ans. The tricing-in pennants are secured to bring the boat

alongside the embarkation deck particularly when the mother

vessel has an adverse list

12 Qu. What types of life raft are popularly employed in the marine

industry?

Ans. The rigid raft, the inflatable raft, and the davit-launched

raft

13 Qu. What is the standard length of painter fitted to an inflatable

life raft? Can this length ever differ?

Ans. The standard length is 25 m (80 ft) This length can be

increased by order to the manufacturer if so desired, e.g for

high freeboard vessels

14 Qu. Three life rafts are located together Would you attempt to

join up the rafts and if so at what distance would you

connect them together?

Ans. Yes, you would under normal circumstances join the rafts

268 Seamanship Techniques

together They should be secured as far apart as possible so

as to avoid the painters snatching and parting when in anysea and/or swell

15 Qu. What is the release gear for the davit-launched life raft

called, i.e the gear found at the end of the fall above theraft?

Ans. Mills Atlas Release Gear

16 Qu. At what angle of adverse list must a davit-launched raft be

capable of being launched?

Ans. 20° of adverse list

17 Qu. How would you attempt to beach a life raft?

Ans. As follows, during the hours of daylight and on a gentlysloping beach, if circumstances permit:

(a) Inflate the floor of the raft.

(b) Stream both sea anchors (drogues).

(c) Open up the entrances and man the paddles

(d) See that all personnel are wearing lifejackets.

18 Qu. When in a life raft, what would you use the two sponges

for?

Ans. One sponge should be used after the bailing to dry theinside floor area of the raft The other sponge should beused to collect condensation from the inside canopy fordrinking use

19 Qu. What is the breaking strain of the weak link of the hydrostatic

release system?

Ans. 500 lb ± 100 lb or 227 kg ± 45 kg

20 Qu. After a raft has been launched, how would you get it away

from the ship’s side?

Ans. Cut the painter, and use both paddles If the raft is of acircular design, use of the paddles may prove difficult Inthat case use them in conjunction with a heavy objectplaced in the sea anchor: throw the sea anchor at right-angles to the fore and aft line of the vessel, then pull theraft towards the sea anchor

21 Qu. What markings would you expect to find on the outside

canister of an inflatable life raft?

Ans. The maker’s name, an indication as to the top of the canister,

the capacity of the raft (number of persons to be carried),the length of painter, date of last service, date of nextservice, statement whether raft complies with SOLASregulations, instructions for launching, do not roll symbol

if fitted with aerial facility

22 Qu. How often are life rafts and hydrostatic release units surveyed

and by whom?

Ans. Every twelve months by a Department of Trade approvedagency

23 Qu. What is the emergency boat muster signal?

Ans. Seven or more short blasts on the ship’s bells and whistles,followed by a continuous long ringing/sounding of each

PART TWO

SHIP HANDLING

CONTENTS TO PART TWO

Construction and interpretation of synoptic chart 66

Effects of heavy weather on vessel at sea 71General behaviour of vessels in heavy weather 72

Judging another vessel’s heading at night 124

Rule of the road – questions and answers 129IALA maritime buoyage systems ‘A’ and ‘B’ 132

Deck department checklist for watertight integrity of hull

Engine room department checklist for machinery spaces

International shore connection 183

Communications between surface craft and aircraft 192

10 TANKER WORK AND OIL POLLUTION

v

Contents to Part Two

General definitions 254

Appendix: Seaman’s self-examiner

Class 2 Certificate of Competency (Oral) 292Certificate of Competency for Master Mariner, Class 1 297

Stanford Maritime Ltd., for references from Tugs by Captain

Armi-tage and from Basic Shiphandling for Masters

& Mates, by P.F Willerton The Motor Ship (published by IPC Industrial Press Ltd)

Schilling RuddersF.R Hughes & Co., Ltd

29 Vessel moored at quayside 234

2 Seamanship Techniques

1 Modern wide bridge design A Minerva fire-detection

unit may be seen on the after bulkhead opposite the

control console.

The Master should further be aware that the protection of the marineenvironment is a major consideration He should take all necessaryprecautions to ensure that no operational or accidental pollution of theenvironment takes place, being guided in this matter by the existinginternational regulations

Checklist of Items for Passage Appraisal

1 Select largest scale appropriate charts for the passage

2 Check that all charts to be used have been brought up to date fromthe latest information available

3 Check that all radio navigational warnings affecting the area havebeen received

4 Check that sailing directions and relevant lists of lights have beenbrought up to date

5 Estimate the draught of the ship during the various stages of thepassage

6 Study sailing directions for advice and recommendations on route

to be taken

7 Consult current atlas to obtain direction and rate of set

8 Consult tide tables and tidal atlas to obtain times, heights anddirection and rate of set

9 Study climatological information for weather characteristics of thearea

10 Study charted navigational aids and coastline characteristics forlandfall and position monitoring purposes

11 Check the requirements of traffic separation and routeing schemes

12 Consider volume and flow of traffic likely to be encountered

4 Seamanship Techniques

*Further reading: IMO Recommendations on Navigational Watchkeeping.

2 Radar reflector unit.

radar, additional manpower, helmsman, or anything else considered necessaryfor the safety of the vessel.*

The OOW should make full use of navigational aids such as sounder, whenever possible to check navigational accuracy Radar plottingshould be carried out in good weather as well as in foul to ensure thatthe mariner becomes proficient in the correct plotting techniques.Any watch officer should also be aware of the ship’s capabilities in theway of ‘turning circles’ and emergency stop distances He should nothesitate to summon the Master at any time, day or night, should herequire assistance In any event the Master should be kept informed bythe officer of the watch of all the movements and events affecting thevessel’s progress

echo-Calling the Master

The officer of the watch should notify the Master immediately in thefollowing circumstances:

(a) If restricted visibility is encountered or suspected.

(b) If the traffic conditions or the movements of other vessels are

causing concern

(c) If difficulty is experienced in maintaining course.

(d ) On failure to sight land or navigation mark, or to obtain soundings

by the expected time

(e) If land or navigation mark is sighted or a change of soundings

occurs unexpectedly