Safety at Work 6 E Part 18 potx

Non-ethicalactivities typically include the use of child labour in emerging countries,poor health and safety records or a history of environmental problems.The Co-operative Bank is perha

The environment at large 995

methods even though the least damaging environmental choice was theiroriginal proposal One lesson of this event is that companies need toconsider the whole life cycle of their products and processes, includingtheir end-of-life treatment or disposal, rather than leaving this as anafterthought

5.5.5 Ethical investing and green procurement

Concepts such as ethical investments are likely to be low on the agenda

of senior management but in recent years there has been a flurry ofproposals, strategies, suggestions etc that their investments should belinked with responsible or ethical funds The aims of these are, in theory,

to loan money or invest only in activities that are ethical Non-ethicalactivities typically include the use of child labour in emerging countries,poor health and safety records or a history of environmental problems.The Co-operative Bank is perhaps the best known large UK institutionthat claims to embrace ethical investing According to their policy3theyonly put money into projects and companies that meet certain sociallyresponsible criteria It is difficult to predict whether this is going to be theusual approach in the future, or whether it is just appeasing Greenpeaceand Friends of the Earth Even if ethical investing does increase in thefuture, it may continue only if the world economy remains healthy Inperiods of recession when companies and even governments are facedwith economic survival, it will be tempting to simply maximise profitsand only meet legislative requirements

In 2001 the FTSE4Good4index was launched internationally with theaim of showing potential investors the most ethical companies based on

a range of criteria There have been some criticisms of the basis of theindex and the presence or absence of certain companies The criteria used

to compare companies on the index include:

 working towards environmental sustainability;

 developing positive relationships with stakeholders;

 upholding and supporting universal human rights

However limited the uptake at present, this is clearly a political initiativethat is unlikely to disappear Their Internet site is being updated regularlyand extended to cover different parts of the world

Many claims have been made that government purchasing ments should buy ‘green’ products or services under the concept ‘GreenProcurement’ This attempts to encourage industry and service providers

depart-to consider the overall environmental impact of their products, processes,activities etc over their complete life cycle, i.e the ‘cradle to grave’concept or Life Cycle Assessment In theory the benefit to organisationsfollowing this approach is that they will have preferential treatment whentendering for government contracts However, government departmentshave to operate within financial constraints that can predispose ordersbeing placed with those who undercut prices rather than those with

‘Green Products’

Life Cycle Assessment and Design for Environment principles are stillcomparatively new concepts and can have widely variable and unpre-dictable outcomes In the competitive real world, few companies canproduce sufficient ‘environmentally-friendly’ products at a cost thatwould sell in sufficient numbers to make them profitable orsustainable.

Even so, there are proposals in the European Union (EU) to bring theprinciples of Life Cycle Assessment and Design for Environment in for arange of products These proposals are currently being resisted byindustry as unworkable, although political trade-offs are likely to result

in some controlling legislation before 2010 Responsible companies arebeginning to incorporate these principles in their research into newproducts However, the incorporation of green issues into product design

is only practised if there is a potential market advantage

In manufacturing operations protecting the environment is often awin/win situation bringing reduced costs through reduced waste, usingless raw materials and reduced energy demand Many attempts havebeen made to persuade industry to adopt the recognised environmentalmanagement systems of ISO 14000 and the Eco Management AuditScheme (EMAS) as a means of enhancing environmental performance.This topic is dealt with in section 5.5.10

5.5.6 Increasing environmental legislation, controls and public reporting

Compared with health and safety legislation, effective environmentalcontrols are a relatively recent innovation Most environmental legislationhas appeared over the past 30 years and although it seems to increaseeach year, the focus appears to be changing The trend is shifting frommonitoring and controlling at point sources of emissions and releasestowards reducing impacts at source by making changes to processes Thisdoesn’t mean that controlling emissions will be abandoned Recently the

EU adopted a Directive on Environmental Liability5 that deals withidentifying those responsible for damaging the environment and holdingthem accountable With increasing accountability comes the need toreport There are already mandatory reporting requirements in manycountries for certain regulated processes For example, in the UK, a sitethat operates a Part A Process under the 1990 Environmental ProtectionAct has certain environmental data reporting obligations In Ireland sincethe mid-1990s certain sites have Integrated Pollution Prevention ControlLicences with extensive reporting obligations and this approach has beenwidely adopted across the European Union

Many large responsible organisations produce voluntary annualenvironmental reports as part of their public relations policy Some arestand-alone environmental reports while others are integrated with ahealth and safety report and presented as part of the company’s AnnualReport There is pressure on government to put a legal obligation oncompanies above a certain size to publish an annual environmentalreport6

The environment at large 9975.5.7 End-of-pipe control

‘End-of-pipe’ controls are those schemes aimed at ameliorating, at thepoint of emission, the worst effects of atmospheric pollution and were thebasis of most of the early environmental legislation which concentrated

on setting absolute emission limits in the pious hope that it wouldmaintain the status quo With hindsight this approach was flawed since,

to reduce environmental damage emissions should be either eliminated

or reduced to as low as is technically possible An example is the setting

of SOx emission limits on power stations In the electricity industry, agenerating station could only meet these limits by either reducing output

or by putting scrubbers on the top of the emission stacks to absorb most

of the SOx Problems then arose when there was pressure to increaseoutput resulting in exceeding the capacity of the scrubbers In thesecircumstances end-of-pipe controls were no longer sufficient Even ifthese moves were successful, there was little pressure to reduce theconsumption of oil or coal and thus the environmental impact associatedwith their extraction Another example is the reduction by incineration oforganic solvents to carbon dioxide and water with the aim of preventingVOCs entering the atmosphere and creating smog While smog may beeliminated at ground level more carbon dioxide would be released to theatmosphere and add to the Global Warming problem This represents apartial environmental gain at best

The problem relates to setting limits that are absolute and are notlinked to production levels Hence, a site could reduce its emissions,discharges or waste per unit of production yet still exceed its legal limitsbecause its overall production had to be increased in an effort to remainmore profitable in a highly competitive world Controls that set fixedabsolute limits do not lead to a culture embracing continuousimprovement

If new technologies became available, the BATNEEC principle (bestavailable technology not entailing excessive cost) needs to be appliedwhen setting revised emission limits It is important that economic factorsare considered when setting environmental limits Unfortunately, withthe setting of absolute emission levels there is no real incentive for acompany to reduce impacts as far as possible because there is no rewardbased on a sliding scale On the contrary, the pressure is to maintainoperations at a level that just meets legal requirements Ed Gallagher(former Chief Executive of the UK Environmental Agency) lamented onmany occasions that some companies are only motivated to operate the

‘CATNAP’ principle (cheapest available technology neatly avoidingprosecution)!

This attitude of industry is not surprising when there is no obviouseconomic incentive to continuously reduce environmental impacts Theissue of a statutory notice will only halt operations until emissions can bebrought down to agreed levels but will not result in any ongoingimprovements If bringing emissions down to set levels results in theoperation no longer being viable it poses the dilemma of closing downlocal businesses and putting local people out of work Emission limitsalso require recording to ensure that they are not being breached

Responsible site owners will monitor and record their levels of emission

to ensure they are operating within the agreed limits with enforcersvisiting premises only to check or validate the data The costs ofmonitoring are an on-cost on the product

5.5.8 Polluter pays

Legislative arrangements vary from setting absolute limits to introducingcharges linked to the amount of environmental impact caused byemissions This latter arrangement is cost-based and gives a financialincentive to companies to reduce their impacts on the environment.Examples are the Water Industries Act 19917and the Water Resources Act

19918 The former relates to discharges to sewers of trade effluent wherethe concern is to control the quality of the discharge to ensure it can beaccommodated by the sewage treatment works It is enforced by thewater utility companies who make a charge depending on the type,content and quantity of the discharge This gives an incentive tocompanies to improve the quality of their discharges The water utilitycompanies decide which sites require consents and also have somecontrol on deciding what parameters to apply Criteria in these consentscan be influenced by the limits imposed by the Environment Agency onthe water utility company itself Monitoring data have to be obtained,available and checked periodically at locations chosen by the water utilitycompany

The Water Resources Act 1991 relates to water abstraction and todischarges to controlled waters It is administered by the EnvironmentAgency who apply stricter standards than those required under the WaterServices Act since the discharges are to natural water courses that have nomeans of treatment Usually the water utility companies have consentsfrom the Environmental Agency to discharge their treated effluent intocontrolled waters

Charges paid by the polluter are based on the ‘Mogden Formula’9

which allows for suspended solids, concentration of certain componentssuch as ammonia, BOD (biological oxygen demand) and/or COD(chemical oxygen demand), and volume discharged There are also

‘standing charges’ which vary among the Water Service Companies Theactual charge finally levied increases with the amount of pollutingmaterial discharged and requiring treatment The output from thetreatment works is a water stream that is usually discharged directly tocontrolled waters and a solid residue that may be spread on land, treated

as solid waste for landfill disposal or burnt in an incinerator

A Landfill Tax was introduced in the UK in the mid-1990s in theattempt to encourage industry to reduce the amount of waste disposed of

by landfill burial Reports suggested that landfill costs in the UK were fartoo low and did not reflect the true cost of this treatment method Othercountries such as The Netherlands had already banned landfill disposals

By imposing a tax based on the weight and related to the hazardousproperties of the wastes, the intent was to encourage producers of waste

to reduce the amounts This tax is a direct charge on a company’s profits

The environment at large 999

but the revenue from this tax can be ploughed back into environmentalimprovement projects by providing grants to worthy causes Critics ofthis tax fall into two camps which claim, either that it is too low to makeany difference on industry’s practices of sending wastes to landfill or that

it is too high and so leads to an increase in ‘fly-tipping’ that actually has

a far more harmful impact on the environment Whatever the issues oflandfill taxes, the problem is that many countries simply have less andless landfill space for burying their wastes The logical solution seems to

be to generate less waste in the first place

5.5.9 Producer or shared responsibility

During the 1990s environmental laws were introduced into the EuropeanUnion that made those responsible for generating the adverse environ-mental impacts also responsible for their treatment and control Thusthere is or soon will be legislation on packaging waste, tyres, batteries,end-of-life vehicles and electronic products, placed on the supplier of theproduct However, there is a major problem with this approach becausethe key question becomes who is or who are the producer(s)? Is it just oneperson or company that makes a product or provides a service? Dodistributors have a responsibility? Furthermore, do the general public orthe consumers and customers have an element of responsibility? It can beargued that they contribute to any environmental damage by wanting theproducts and/or services thereby creating the demand for the producer

to meet In Europe much of the ‘Producer Responsibility’ legislation isfocused on the role of industry An alternative approach could be toconsider shared responsibility where all those involved in the manu-facture, supply and use of products have some role to play which shouldrelate to their part in producing the waste

There is an example of a shared approach in the UK The ProducerResponsibility Obligations (Packaging Waste) Regulations 199710requireseach player to carry a certain percentage of the cost of collecting andrecycling the wastes Companies have to obtain Packaging RecoveryNotes (PRNs) to cover their obligated packaging wastes However,companies having a turnover less than £2 million or handling less than 50tonnes of packaging per year are exempt It is interesting that of all theEuropean Union Member States only the UK has this ‘shared’ approach

A possible explanation is that it has proved quite complex to implementeven though the format was agreed by a cross-section of UK industry Thecomplexity arises because of the attempt to include all parties in sharingthe costs and prevent ‘free riders’ The problem faced in Europe is toachieve an equitable balance between all the contributors within acomplex legal system

The lawmakers, to justify the introduction of legislation, use the term

‘Producer Responsibility’ Without really involving all types of ducers, the responsibility normally focuses on industry This approach,however, tends to go beyond controlling traditional environmentalimpacts and is starting to impinge on product design via Design forEnvironment principles There are some attempts in Europe to bring in

pro-legislation that would control the actual design of products but these gobeyond current legislative requirements and, arguably, beyond what thecustomer wants11.

5.5.10 Environmental management system (EMS) and sustainable development

Environmental management became topical in the mid-1990s as anaddition to the suite of management quality systems InternationalStandards such as ISO 1400112 and the predominantly European EcoManagement Audit Scheme13 became very popular and the number ofaccredited sites grew rapidly Some companies such as IBM announced in

1997 a single registration for their worldwide operations14 Othercompanies like Eastman Kodak introduced a site-by-site programme overseveral years until all their manufacturing sites were registered15.There was some resistance at first to an imposed EMS as a result ofexperience with the ISO 9000 Quality Standards16 which had, in someinstances, become just a bureaucratic process The benefit to a company offollowing another standard were not widely appreciated, however, thecentral concept of an EMS is that a company or site should identify theenvironmental impact of its operations by carrying out an ‘aspects andimpacts analysis’ Subsequently it can rank these and thereby focus itsmanagement programmes on those areas having the highest adverseimpact Essential to achieving recognition under these schemes is that thewhole assessment process is repeated periodically A continuousimprovement culture is thus generated This emphasis on continuousimprovement was missing from the early ISO 9000 Quality Standards

As companies began to introduce their EMS it became apparent thatprotecting the environment need not be seen as an add-on cost but rather

as an opportunity to save money For example reducing energy, using lessfuel, water, raw materials, producing less waste and introducing vehicleroute optimisation all lead to environmental protection and improvedbusiness performance This is a win-win situation Hence in someorganisations it became relatively easy to convince senior managers of thebenefits of having an EMS Because of the similarity in the structure ofquality and environmental management systems there was also a greatopportunity to merge the two Batts in his book17 explains in practicalterms how to implement an environment management system to meetthe requirements of ISO 14001

Environmental management has moved on to embrace the concept ofSustainable Development The 1987 World Commission on Environment/Development under the guidance of Gro Harlem Brundtland (PrimeMinister of Norway) made Sustainable Development the theme of itsentire report called ‘Our Common Future’18 It defined SustainableDevelopment as ‘development that meets the needs of the presentgeneration without compromising the ability of future generations to meettheir own needs’ In the UK in the mid-1990s the Department of Trade andIndustry (DTI) modified the definition to ‘development which ensures abetter quality of life for everyone, now and for generations to come’

The environment at large 1001

The basic concept of Sustainable Development is that the Earth doesnot have infinite resources of all the raw materials that are consumed bypeople around the world during their lives However, it also recognisesthat economic success is also important and that in theory there is noreason why the human race cannot co-exist with its environment withoutdamaging it irrevocably Sustainable Development says there is nothingwrong with making money by economic activity as long as the well-being

of the environment is a factor in that economic success An obviousexample is sustainable forests supplying wood and pulp where trees arecontinuously planted to replace those cut down Finland for exampleplants three trees for every one cut

In fact it is not surprising that most of the ‘wealthy’ or developedcountries around the world have good environmental records becausethey can afford to treat the environment with respect There are of coursesome exceptions The key is to move from situations where the Earth’sresources are plundered for a quick profit to one where the long-termeffect of human activity on the planet is considered

Sustainable Development is at the centre of the 6th European UnionEnvironmental Impact Strategy Action Plan as outlined in a keynotespeech by Peter Johnston of the Information Society DG19 It notes thatSustainable Development does not really focus enough on end-productsobserving that the rapid development of global communications ‘short-ens the timetable for progress on sustainable development and offers apotential ‘win-win’ alternative to the traditional trade-off betweengrowth and environmental sustainability’ The Action Plan demonstratesthat real improvements can be made It cites IBM as having achieved a 4%per year improvement in its use of energy corporately in its manufactur-ing sites The report states that many of the improvements needed toreach Sustainable Development have come from the service sector.International conferences such as the ‘Rio+10’ conference in SouthAfrica20 seek solutions to these difficult issues It is predominantly achallenge to the ‘rich nations’ that have not always been as responsible asthey might have been It has recently become apparent that certainEuropean countries plus the USA tried to block environmental agree-ments at the 1972 Stockholm Conference for economic reasons21 Eventoday problems of balancing sustainable development issues remain andsome countries will always place economic factors above environmentalissues22

But it is not all bad news Good examples can be found in globalindustries and small companies The 2001 Queen’s Award for SustainableDevelopment recognises large companies such as Kodak Limited andsmaller ones for their environmental responsibility23

5.5.11 Corporate social responsibility

Sustainable Development links environmental protection with economicprosperity and this link is being extended into Corporate SocialResponsibility to include moral and ethical issues This is sometimescalled ‘triple bottom line reporting’ and means that more and more is

expected of large organisations to conduct their business according tocertain principles This direction brings more accountability to reportdifferent performances against certain criteria The European Commis-sion published a Green Paper ‘Promoting a European Framework forCorporate Social Responsibility’24 Some forward thinking companiesand organisations already consider Corporate Social Responsibility to be

an investment for the future, rather than a cost, in the same way thatprotecting the environment can also be good business The underlyingprinciple of Corporate Social Responsibility outlined in the Green Paper

is the ‘triple bottom line’ concept The term ‘triple’ is used to mergeeconomic, social and environmental issues into management strategies tocreate a better business The European Commission believes that byadopting this strategy, businesses can contribute to the strategic EuropeanUnion goal decided at the Lisbon Summit25 This goal is ‘to become themost competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world,capable of sustainable economic growth with more and better jobs andgreater social cohesion’

It is hoped that the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility will leadbusiness beyond conventional legal requirements to a greater responsibil-ity that matches the expectations and interests of their stakeholders.These stakeholders include employees, shareholders, suppliers, cus-tomers, local authorities, non governmental organisations, and localcommunities Together they are providing the pressures that are shapingthe political climate The first steps along a tortuous road have beentaken The pace will increase with implications to all professionals whohave a role to play in protecting the environment

References

1 Meadows, D., The Limits to Growth, Report to the Club of Rome and the United Nations

Conference on the Human Environment, Stockholm (1972)

2 Fellenberg, G., The Chemistry of Pollution, J Wiley & Sons, New York (2000), ISBN

5 European Union, White Paper COM92000/66, On Environmental Liability, EU,

Luxembourg (2000) It can be downloaded from europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en

6 Meacher, M., UK Environment Minister reported in Industrial Environmental Management

December (1998)

7 The Water Industries Act 1991, The Stationery Office, London (1991)

8 The Water Resources Act 1991, The Stationery Office, London (1991)

9 The British Photographic Association, The Mogden Formula: A Code of Practice for the

Photoprocessing Industry for the Care of the Environment The British Photographic

Association now the Photo Imaging Council (PIC), Caterham (1997)

10 The Producer Responsibility Obligations (Packaging Waste) Regulations 1997, The Stationery

Office, London (1997)

11 European Union, Proposal for a Draft Directive on the impact on the environment of electrical

and electronic equipment (EEE), EU, Luxembourg (2000)

12 British Standards Institution, BS ISO 14001, Environmental Management Systems.

Specifications for guidance for use, BSI, London (1996)

The environment at large 1003

13 European Union, Regulation (EC) No: 761/2001, Allowing voluntary participation by

organisations in a Community eco-management audit scheme (EMAS), published in the

Official Journal L114 dated 24 April 2001, EU, Luxembourg (2001)

14 IBM, IBM and the Environment, Progress Report, IBM, New York (1997) See also

www.ibm.com/ibm/environment

15 Eastman Kodak, Press Release: Kodak Reaches Goal: All 28 facilities worldwide now certified

to ISO 14001, Eastman Kodak, Rochester, US (January 2002)

16 British Standards Institution, BS ISO 9000, Quality management systems Fundamentals and

Vocabulary, BSI, London (2000)

17 Batts, G., An Essential Guide to ISO 14001, Chandos Publishing, Oxford (1999), ISBN

1 902375 30 0

18 Brundtland, Gro Harlem, Our Common Future, World Commission on Environment and

Development, Oxford University Press, Oxford (1987)

19 Johnston, P., h:/C1/Johnston/Speeches/Amsterdam IT for EH&S June 2001 (7–8 June

2001), The Knowledge Economy Can We Have Growth, More and Better Jobs and Sustainable

Development?

20 Rio-declaration signatory countries committed themselves, at the 19th Special Session of the United Nations’ General Assembly (1997), to draw up strategies for sustainable development for the 2002 World Summit on sustainable development

21 Hammer, M., Filthy rich, New Scientist, No: 2324, p 7, 5 January 2002

22 EC Conference, Brussels 27&28/11/2001 accessible from

http://www.socialresponsibility.be

23 UK Government, Queen’s Award for Enterprise: Sustainable Development, The Stationery

Office, London accessible from www.queensawards.org.uk or www.dti.gov.uk

24 European Union, COM(2001) 366; Promoting a European framework for Corporate Social

Responsibility, EU, Luxembourg (2001) This document is downloadable from

http://europa.eu.int/eur-ex/en/com/availability/cpi_avail_year2001_351_400_en.html

25 European Union Member State Summit in Lisbon, Portugal (2000)

Appendices

1 The Institution of Occupational Safety and Health 1007

2 Reading for Part 1 of the NEBOSH Diploma examination 1008

3 List of abbreviations 1009

4 Organisations providing safety information 1015

5 List of Statutes, Regulations and Orders 1017

6 List of Cases 1025

at work and for those affected by work activities The Institution provides

a focal point for practitioners in the setting of professional standards,their career development and for the exchange of technical experiences,opinions and views

Increasingly employers are demanding a high level of professionalcompetence in their safety and health advisers, calling for them to holdrecognised qualifications and have a wide range of technical expertise.These are evidenced by Corporate Membership of the Institution forwhich proof of a satisfactory level of academic knowledge of the subjectreinforced by a number of years of practical experience in the field isrequired

Recognised academic qualifications are an accredited degree inoccupational safety and health or the Diploma Part 2 in OccupationalSafety and Health issued by the National Examination Board inOccupational Safety and Health (NEBOSH) For those assisting highlyqualified OSH professionals, or dealing with routine matters in low risksectors, a Technician Safety Practitioner (SP) qualification may beappropriate For this, the NEBOSH Diploma Part 1 would be anappropriate qualification

Further details of membership may be obtained from the Institution

Reading for Part I of the

NEBOSH Diploma examination

The following is suggested as reading matter relevant to Part 1 of the NEBOSHDiploma examination It should be complemented by other study

Module 1A: The management of

risk

Chapters 9–all

10–paras 8–1111–all

12–paras 1–322–paras 1–629–para 11Module 1B: Legal and organisational

factors Chapters 1–all2–all

3–paras 1–67–para 28–all10–paras 13 and 1414–paras 1–4Module 1C: The workplace Chapters 7–para 2

20–all21–all24–all26–paras 1–828–paras 2 and 429–paras 1, 2, 7 and 11Module 1D: Work equipment Chapters 25–all

26–all27–all

16–all17–all19–paras 1–620–all22–paras 4–729–paras 1–4Module 1CS: Common skills Chapter 12–para 7

Additional information in summary form is available in Health and Safety in brief by John Ridley published by Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford (1998).

ACAS Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service

Hygienists

ACTS Advisory Committee on Toxic Substances

All ER All England Law Reports

APAU Accident Prevention Advisory Unit

BATNEEC Best available technique not entailing excessive costsBLEVE Boiling liquid expanding vapour explosion

BPEO Best practicable environmental option

BSI British Standards Institution

CAW Control of Asbestos at Work Regulations 2002

CBI Confederation of British Industries

1996

CDG-CPL The Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (Classification,

Packaging and Labelling) and Use of Transportable sure Receptacle Regulations 1996

Pres-CDM The Construction (Design and Management) Regulations

1994

CEN European Committee for Standardisation of mechanical

CHASE Complete Health and Safety Evaluation

CHAZOP Computerised hazard and operability study

CHIP 2 The Chemical (Hazard Information and Packaging for

Supply) Regulations 1994

CISBE The Chartered Institution of Building Services EngineersCLAW Control of Lead at Work Regulations 2002

CIMAH The Control of Industrial Major Accident Hazards

Regula-tions 1984

1999

COREPER Committee of Permanent Representatives (to the EU)COSHH The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations

2002

CTE Centre tapped to earth (of 110 V electrical supply)

EcoSoC Economic and Social Committee

List of abbreviations 1011

EINECS European inventory of existing commercial chemical

substances

ELINCS European list of notified chemical substances

EMAS Employment Medical Advisory Service, also (European)

Eco-Management and Audit System

ESR Essential safety requirement

EWA The Electricity at Work Regulations 1989

FAFR Fatal accident frequency rate

FMEA Failure modes and effects analysis

FP(W) Fire Precautions (Workplace) Regulations 1997

FSLCM Functional safety life cycle management

HAZCHEM Hazardous chemical warning signs

HAZOP Hazard and operability study

HELA HSE/Local Authority Enforcement Liaison Committee

HIV+ve Human immune deficiency virus positive

HSW The Health and Safety at Work, etc Act 1974

ICRP International Commission on Radiological ProtectionIEC International Electrotechnical Committee (International

electrical standards)

IEE Institution of Electrical Engineers

IOSH Institution of Occupational Safety and Health

IPC Integrated pollution control

IQ Intelligence quotient

IRLR Industrial relations law report

standards)

ISRS International Safety Rating System

LEP.d Daily personal noise exposure

LOLER Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations

1998

lv/hv Low volume high velocity (extract system)

MHOR The Manual Handling Operations Regulations 1992MHSW The Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations

1992

MOSAR Method organised for systematic analysis of risk

NEBOSH National Examination Board in Occupational Safety and

Health

NIHH The Notification of Installations Handling Hazardous

Sub-stances Regulations 1982

NIJB Northern Ireland Judgements Bulletin (Bluebook)

NONS The Notification of New Substances Regulations 1993

NRPB National Radiological Protection Board

List of abbreviations 1013

OJ Official journal of the European Community

Co-operation

PSSR Pressure Systems Safety Regulations 2000

QUENSH Quality, environment, safety and health management

systems

r A clause or regulations of a Regulation

RIDDOR The Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous

Occur-rences Regulations 1995

RoSPA Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents

RPS Radiation protection supervisor

RSI Repetitive strain injury

SAFed Safety Assessment Federation

SEN State enrolled nurse

SIESO Society of Industrial Emergency Services Officers

Sk Skin (absorption of hazardous substances)

SMSR The Supply of Machinery (Safety) Regulations 1992

SRSC The Safety Representatives and Safety Committee

Regula-tions 1977

SWORD Surveillance of work related respiratory diseases

UKAEA United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority

UKAS United Kingdom Accreditation Service

WATCH Working Group on the Assessment of Toxic Chemicals

WHSWR The Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations

1992

WRULD Work related upper limb disorder

Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents, Edgbaston Park, 353 BristolRoad, Birmingham B5 7ST 0121 248 2222

Employment National Training Organisation, Kimberley House, 47Vaughan Way, Leicester LE1 4SG 011 6251 7979

British Standards Institution, 389 Chiswick High Road, London W4 4AL

HSE Books, PO Box 1999, Sudbury, Suffolk CO10 6FS 01787 881165Employment Medical Advisory Service, at local HSE Area office

Institution of Fire Engineers, 148 New Walk, Leicester LE1 7QB 0116 2553654

Medical Commission on Accident Prevention, 35–43 Lincolns Inn Fields,London WC2A 3PN 0171 242 3176

The Asbestos Information Centre Ltd, PO Box 69, Widnes, Cheshire WA89GW 0151 420 5866

Chemical Industry Association, King’s Building, Smith Square, LondonSW1P 3JJ 020 7834 3399

School of Industrial and Manufacturing Sciences, Cranfield University,Cranfield, Bedford MK43 0AL 01234 750111

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, 5600 Fishers Lane,Rockville, Maryland, 20852, USA

Noise Abatement Society, Chalkhurst, Upper Austin Lodge Road,Eynsford, Dartford, Kent DA4 0HT

Home Office, 50 Queen Anne’s Gate, London SW1A 9AT 0171 273 4000Fire Services Inspectorate, Horseferry House, Dean Ryle Street, LondonSW1P 2AW 0171 217 8728

Department of Trade and Industry: all Departments on 020 7215 5000Consumer Safety Unit, General Product Safety: 1 Victoria Street,London SW1H 0ET

Gas and Electrical Appliances: 151 Buckingham Palace Road, LondonSW1W 9SS

Manufacturing Technology Division, 151 Buckingham Palace Road,London SW1W 9SS

Department of Transport

Road and Vehicle Safety Directorate, Great Minster House, 76 MarshamStreet, London SW1P 4DR 0171 271 5000

Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service (ACAS), Brandon House,

180 Borough High Street, London SE1 1LW 020 7210 3613

National Radiological Protection Board (NRPB), Chilton, Didcot, shire OX11 0RQ 01235 831600

Oxford-Northern Ireland Office

Health and Safety Inspectorate, 83 Ladas Drive, Belfast BT6 9FJ 028

Appendix 5

List of Statutes, Regulations and Orders

Abrasive Wheels Regulations 1970, 145

Activity Centres (Young Persons Safety) Act 1995, 63

Administration of Justice Act 1982, 169, 170

Asbestos (Licensing) Regulations 1983 and 1998, 846

Asbestos (Prohibitions) Regulations 1992 and 1999, 846

Boiler Explosions Act 1882, 793

Building Act 1984, 58

Building Regulations 1991, 719

Building (Scotland) Act 1995, 810

Building Standards (Scotland) Regulations 1990, 716

Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road Regulations 1996 (CDG), 862,

871, 872

Carriage of Dangerous Goods (Classification, Packaging and Labelling)and Use of Transportable Pressure Receptacles Regulations 1996

(CDG-CPL), 760–3

Chemical Weapons Act 1996, 851

Chemicals (Hazard Information and Packaging for Supply) Regulations

2002 (CHIP 3), 851, 862, 864, 960

Cinematograph (Safety) Regulations 1955, 810

Civil Evidence Act 1968, 21

Civil Liability (Contribution) Act 1978, 167

Classification, Packaging and Labelling of Dangerous Substances

Regulations 1984, 862–5

Clean Air Acts, 61

Companies Act 1967, 58

Confined Spaces Regulations 1997, 832–3

Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 1994, 820

Construction (Head Protection) Regulations 1989, 843, 859

Construction (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1996, 164, 822,

823–9, 841–2, 843–4

Consumer Contracts Regulations 1999, 92, 119

Consumer Credit Act 1974, 123, 126, 127

Consumer Credit (Advertisements) Regulations 1989, 126

Consumer Credit (Total Charge for Credit) Regulations 1980, 126

Consumer Protection Act 1987, 42, 93, 119, 123–5, 128, 130–1, 132–4,

151, 162, 196

Consumer Protection (Distance Selling) Regulations 2000, 119, 138 Consumer Transactions (Restrictions on Statements) Order 1976, 136 Contaminated Land (England) Regulations (2000), 897

Contract of Employment Act 1963, 88

Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999, 84

Control of Asbestos in the Air Regulations 1990, 847

Control of Asbestos at Work Regulations 2002, 809, 859

Control of Asbestos at Work (Amendment) Regulations 1992, 847

Control of Industrial Major Accident Hazard Regulations 1984

(CIMAH), 860, 861, 862

Control of Lead at Work Regulations 2002, 89, 809, 859

Control of Major Accident Hazard Regulations 1999 (COMAH), 860,

861, 862, 867, 887

Control of Misleading Advertisements Regulations 1988, 119, 134, 135

Control of Misleading Advertisements (Amendment) Regulations 2000,

119, 135

Control of Pollution Act 1974, 51, 150, 196, 554, 921

Control of Pollution (Amendment) Act 1989, 922

Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 1988

(COSHH), 82

Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002

(COSHH), 44, 89, 182, 188, 196, 506, 507, 510, 511, 574, 575, 577,

795, 808–10, 850, 853, 856, 859, 863, 865–7, 886

Controlled Waste (Registration of Carriers and Seizure of Vehicles)

Regulations 1991 and amendment 1998, 922, 939

Controlled Waste Regulations 1992, 925

Courts and Legal Services Act 1990, 8, 24

Criminal Courts Act 1973, 125

Dangerous Substances and Explosive Atmospheres Regulations 2002,

195

Dangerous Substances (Notification and Marking of Sites) Regulations

1990, 887

Data Protection Act, 303

Deposit of Poisonous Waste Act 1972, 921

Disability Discrimination Act 1995, 96, 101–2, 610, 613

Disability Discrimination (Employment) Regulations 1996, 102

Diving at Work Regulations 1997, 834

EEC/EU Directives:

dangerous substances discharged into the aquatic environment, 969

eco-management and audit scheme (EMAS), EU, Luxembourg (2002),

908–10, 919

List of Statutes, Regulations and Orders 1019

protection of young people at work, 103

safety signs directive, 702

waste within, into and out of the European Community, 942

work equipment directive, 728

workplace directive, 146

Electricity at Work Regulations 1989 (EAW), 734, 772–80, 781–2, 785–6,

786–8, 790–1, 795, 810, 811, 829

Employer’s Liability Act 1880, 141

Employer’s Liability (Compulsory Insurance) Act 1969, 81, 144

Employer’s Liability (Compulsory Insurance) General Regulations

1972, 144

Employer’s Liability (Compulsory Insurance) Act 1998, 144

Employer’s Liability (Defective Equipment) Act 1969, 156, 164, 165 Employment Act 1989, 89

Employment Protection (Consolidation) Act 1978, 96

Employment Relations Act 1999, 106

Employment Rights Act 1996 (ERA), 88–9, 96, 97–8, 105, 107–8, 109,

113, 115, 116

Employment Rights Dispute Resolutions Act 1998, 104

Environment Act 1995, 62, 922, 923, 957

Environment and Safety Information Act 1988, 716

Environmental Protection Act 1990 (EPA), 61–2, 150, 196, 921–2, 925,

Equal Pay Act 1970, 89, 96, 102

Equal Pay (Amendment) Regulations 1983, 89

European Council, Framework Directive 1989, 104

Factories and Workshops Act 1901, 794

Fatal Accidents Act 1976, 154, 170

Finance Act 1996, 922

Fire Certificates (Special Premises) Regulations 1976, 843–5

Fire Certificates (Special Premises) Regulations 1996, 715

Fire Precautions Act 1971 (FPA), 55, 58, 59–61, 195, 702, 713

Fire Precautions (Workplace) Regulations 1997, (FP(W)), 42, 195, 611,

702, 715, 716, 720

Fire Safety and Safety of Places of Sport Act 1987, 60

Fire Services Act 1947, 712, 720

Food Premises (Registration) (Amendment) Regulations 1993, 845 Food Safety Act 1990, 63, 131–2

Food Safety (General Food Hygiene) Regulations 1995, 63, 845

General Product Safety Regulations 1994, 119, 127, 128, 129

Goods Vehicles (Plating and Testing) Regulations 1988, 62

Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974 (HSW), 7, 8, 11, 14, 26, 37,

Health and Safety at Work (NI) Order 1978, 31

Health and Safety (Consultation with Employees) Regulations 1996,

104, 187

List of Statutes, Regulations and Orders 1021

Health and Safety (Display Screens Equipment) Regulations 1992

(DSER), 588, 613

Health and Safety (First Aid) Regulations 1981, 427

Health and Safety (Leasing Arrangements) Regulations 1992, 94

Human Rights Act 1998, 29

Interpretation Act 1978, 32

Ionising Radiations Regulations 1999, 89, 533–5, 859

Justices of the Peace Act 1997, 24

Law Reform (Contributory Negligence) Act 1945, 155, 166

Law Reform (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1934, 170

Lifting Operations and Lifting Equipment Regulations 1998 (LOLER),

Merchant Shipping Act 1988, 27

Mines Management Act 1971, 61

Mines and Quarries Act 1954, 38, 61, 846

Mines and Quarries (Tips) Act 1969, 61

Misrepresentation Act 1967, 86, 119

Motor Vehicle (Construction and Use) Regulations 1986, 62

Motor Vehicle (Tests) Regulations 1982, 62

Motor Vehicles (Compulsory Insurance) Regulations 1992, 145

National Health Service (Amendment) Act 1986, 64

National Insurance (Industrial Injuries) Act 1946, 141

National Minimum Wage Act 1998, 89

Noise at Work Regulations 1989, 149, 553, 555–6, 843, 859

Notification of Installations Handling Hazardous Substances

Regulations 1982(NIIHHS), 860, 861

Notification of New Substances Regulations 1993 (NONS), 851–2, 899 Occupational Safety and Health Act 1970, (USA), 425

Occupier’s Liability Act 1957, 43–4, 92, 150, 156, 160–1

Occupier’s Liability Act 1984, 44, 92, 150, 156, 160–1

Offices Act 1960, 37

Offices, Shops and Railway Premises Act 1963, 37, 843

Packaging, Labelling and Carriage of Radioactive Material by Rail

Regulations 1996, 872

Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulations 1992 (PPER), 612,

842, 859

Petroleum (Consolidation) Act 1928, 61, 62, 63, 810, 846

Petroleum Mixtures Order 1929, 846

Petroleum Spirit (Motor Vehicles etc.) Regulations 1929, 846

Pneumoconiosis etc (Workers Compensation) Act 1979, 143

Pollution Prevention and Control Regulations 2000 (PPC), 61, 960 Power Press Regulations 1965, 806–8

Powers of Criminal Courts Act 1973, 123

Pressure Equipment Regulations 1999, 760–3

Pressure Systems Safety Regulations 2000 (PSSR), 763–6, 794–6, 829

Pressure Systems and Transportable Gas Container Regulations 1989,

760

Price Indications (Bureaux de Change) (No.2) Regulations 1992, 125 Price Indications (Method of Payment) Regulations 1990, 125

Price Marking Order 1991, 126

Producer Responsibility Obligations (Packaging Waste) Regulations

1997 and amendments in 1999 and 2000, 923, 953, 998

Protection of Eyes Regulations 1974, 842–3

Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1992 (PUWER), 40,

41

Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulations 1998 (PUWER 98),

40, 41, 75, 201, 612, 728, 731–4, 749–54, 757, 795, 802, 807, 821, 828

Public Health Act 1848, 921

Public Health Act 1936, 62–3

Public Interest Disclosure Act 1998, 185

Public Order Act 1994, 22

Quarries Regulations 1999, 61

Race Relations Act 1976, 89, 96, 100–1

Radioactive Material (Road Transport) Act 1991, 536

Radioactive Substances Act 1993, 535–6

Radiological Protection Act 1970, 58, 536

Redundancy Payments Act 1965, 169

Rehabilitation of Offenders Act 1974, 112

Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations

1995 (RIDDOR), 299–303, 613

Road Traffic Acts 1972–91, 62, 151

Road Traffic Regulation Act 1984, 62

Road Vehicle Lighting Regulations 1981, 62

Safety of Places of Sport Act 1987, 713, 714

Safety Representatives and Safety Committee Regulations 1977 (SRSC),

104, 187, 219

List of Statutes, Regulations and Orders 1023

Sale of Goods Act 1893, 90, 91, 151

Sale of Goods Act 1979, 85, 90, 91, 127, 136, 151

Sale of Goods Act 1994, 127

Sanitary Act 1866, 921

Sex Discrimination Act 1975, 89, 96, 98–100

Sex Discrimination Act 1986, 100

Single European Act 1986, 27, 33, 35, 39, 72

Social Security Act 1989, 143, 153

Social Security (Claims and Payments) Regulations 1979, 302

Social Security and Housing Benefit Act 1982, 142

Social Security (Industrial Injuries) (Prescribed Diseases) Regulations

1975, 148

Social Security (Industrial Injuries) (Prescribed Diseases) Amendment

Regulations 1985, 149

Social Security (Recoupment) Regulations 1990, 153

Social Security (Recovery of Benefits) Act 1997, 143, 153, 169

Special Waste Regulations 1996 and amendments in 1996 and 1997, 922,

938, 940, 941, 972

Stop Now Orders (EC Directive) Regulations 2001, 138

Supply of Goods (Implied Terms) Act 1973, 127, 151

Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982, 91, 127

Supply of Machinery (Safety) Regulations 1992 (SMSR), 75, 613,

728–31, 754–60, 801

Trade Descriptions Act 1968, 119, 120–3, 125

Trade Union and Employment Rights Act 1993, 96

Trade Union Reform and Employment Act 1993, 88

Transfer of Undertakings (Protection of Employment) Regulations 1981,

96

Transfrontier Shipment of Hazardous Waste Regulations 1994, 922, 942 Transport of Dangerous Goods (Safety Adviser) Regulations 1999, 872 Treaty of Amsterdam 1997, 33

Treaty of European Union 1991, 33

Water Industries Act 1991, 935, 970, 998

Water Resources Act 1991, 953, 971, 998

Work in Compressed Air Special Regulations 1996, 834

Working Time Regulations 1998, 105

Workmen’s Compensation Act 1897, 141

Workmen’s Compensation Act 1925, 141

Workmen’s Compensation Act 1940, 170

Workplace (Health Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992 (WHSWR), 7,

41, 43, 146, 164, 611