Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers 2010 Part 9 pot

FITTINGS FOR STEEL PIPE 8-197Threaded Companion Flanges Laterals Assembly of Flanged Joints American National Standard Steel Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings Pressure Ratings and Tests

FITTINGS FOR STEEL PIPE 8-197

Threaded Companion Flanges

Laterals

Assembly of Flanged Joints

American National Standard Steel Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings

Pressure Ratings and Tests

Sizes

Materials

Working Pressure in lb / in 2 Gage

°

⫺

°

°

°

8-198 PIPE, PIPE FITTINGS, AND VALVES

Bolting material

Commercial steel bolts should not be used

at steam pressures over 250

Bolting

⫺

⫾

Metal Thickness

P⫹ ⫽ S t ⫺ D

P ⫽ S t ⫺ D P

S

Ring Joints

⫾

Valve Dimensions

Side-Outlet Fittings Welding Neck Flanges

Flanged Pipe Joints

Facing of Flanges

plain straight face

plain face, serrated or V-grooved,

male-and-female

tongue-and-groove

raised-face

Gaskets

Table 8.7.40 Dimensions of American National Standard Companion Flanges (ANSI B16.5-1981)

X Y Z X Y Z X Y Z X Y Z X Y Z X Y Z

8-204 PIPE, PIPE FITTINGS, AND VALVES

Threaded Fittings

FITTINGS FOR STEEL PIPE 8-205

Cast-bronze threaded fittings

Railing Fittings

Drainage fittings,

cast-iron long-turn sprinkler fittings

Ammonia valves and fittings

Soldered-Joint Fittings

°

8-206 PIPE, PIPE FITTINGS, AND VALVES

Valves

Wedge-Gate Valves

Double-Disk Gate Valves

Globe and Angle Valves

Fig 8.7.11

FITTINGS FOR STEEL PIPE 8-207 Swing-Check Valves

welding-end

tolerance

Cocks

Expansion and Flexibility

S A

S A ⫽ f S c⫹ S h

f

Total no of full temp cycles

S E ⫽√S b ⫹ St S b S t

S E

S A

U L

Expansion Joints for Steam Pipelines

(Croll-FITTINGS FOR STEEL PIPE 8-209

rubber expansion joint

°

°

Welding in Power-Plant Piping

8-210 PIPE, PIPE FITTINGS, AND VALVES

⫻

8-212 PIPE, PIPE FITTINGS, AND VALVES

Fig 8.7.18 Pipe Supports

Anchors

a

b

c

d

c

variable-spring hangers b

c

sway brace

Fig 8.7.20

8-214 PIPE, PIPE FITTINGS, AND VALVES

conduction

convection radiation.

Identification of Piping

Scheme for the Identification of Piping Systems

Classification by Color

Method of Identification

Pressure Hose

American National Fire-Hose Coupling Screw Thread

American National Standard Hose-Coupling Screw Threads

8-216 PREFERRED NUMBERS

semigeometric series

Section 9 Power Generation

BY

Pennsylvania

Laboratory

and Energy Conversion Laboratory, University of Florida

The City University of New York

and Applications Engineering, General Electric Co.

Corp.

Energy Corp.

Research Institute, University of Michigan

JOHN H LEWIS Technical Staff, Pratt & Whitney, Division of United Technologies Corp.;

Adjunct Associate Professor, Hartford Graduate Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Corp.

Nuclear Regulatory Commission

Research, U.S Nuclear Regulatory Commission

9.1 SOURCES OF ENERGY Contributors are shown at the head of each category.

Introduction (STAFF CONTRIBUTION) 9-3

Alternative Energy, Renewable Energy, and Energy Conversion: An Introduction

(STAFF CONTRIBUTION) 9-4

Muscle-Generated Power (BYEZRAS KRENDEL,AMENDED BYSTAFF) 9-4

Wind Power (BYR RAMAKUMAR ANDC P BUTTERFIELD) 9-5

Power from Vegetation and Wood (STAFF CONTRIBUTION) 9-10

Solar Energy (BYERICHA FARBER) 9-11

Geothermal Power (BYKENNETHA PHAIR) 9-17 Stirling (Hot Air) Engines (BYERICHA FARBER) 9-20 Power from the Tides (STAFF CONTRIBUTION) 9-21 Utilization of Energy of the Waves (STAFF CONTRIBUTION) 9-22 Utilization of Heat Energy of the Sea (STAFF CONTRIBUTION) 9-22 Power from Hydrogen (STAFF CONTRIBUTION) 9-23 Direct Energy Conversion (BYERICHA FARBER) 9-24 Flywheel Energy Storage (BYSHERWOODB MENKES) 9-27

9-2 POWER GENERATION

by Joseph C Delibert

Fuels Available for Steam Generation 9-29

Effect of Fuel on Boiler Design 9-29

Slag and Ash 9-29

Soot Blower Systems 9-31

Ash and Slag Removal 9-32

Stokers 9-32

Pulverizers 9-32

Burners 9-34

Cyclone Furnaces 9-35

Unburned Combustible Loss 9-35

Boiler Types 9-36

Furnaces 9-37

Superheaters and Reheaters 9-41

Economizers 9-43

Air Heaters 9-43

Steam Temperature, Adjustment and Control 9-44

Operating Controls 9-45

Boiler Circulation 9-45

Flow of Gas through Boiler Unit 9-46

Performance 9-47

Water Treatment and Steam Purification 9-48

Steam Purification 9-51

Care of Boilers 9-52

Codes 9-52

Nuclear Boilers 9-53

9.3 STEAM ENGINES Staff Contribution

Work and Dimensions of the Steam Engine 9-54

9.4 STEAM TURBINES

by Frederick G Baily

Steam Flow through Nozzles and Buckets in Impulse Turbines 9-57

Low-Pressure Elements of Turbines 9-60

Turbine Buckets, Blading, and Parts 9-62

Industrial and Auxiliary Turbines 9-64

Large Central-Station Turbines 9-68

Steam Turbines for Combined Cycles 9-69

Steam-Turbine Performance 9-69

Installation, Operation, and Maintenance Considerations 9-73

9.5 POWER PLANT HEAT EXCHANGERS

by William J Bow, assisted by Donald E Bolt

Surface Condensers 9-75

Air-Cooled Condensers 9-81

Direct-Contact Condensers 9-81

Air Ejectors 9-82

Vacuum Pumps 9-83

Cooling Towers 9-84

Dry Cooling Towers, with Direct-Contact Condensers 9-86

Spray Ponds 9-86

Closed Feedwater Heaters 9-86

Open, Deaerating, and Direct-Contact Heaters 9-89

Evaporators 9-89

9.6 INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

by Dennis N Assanis, Claus Borgnakke, David E Cole,

and D J Patterson

General Features 9-90

Analysis of Engine Process 9-91 U.S Automobile Engines 9-94 Foreign Automobile Engines 9-96 Truck and Bus Engines 9-97 Tractor Engines 9-98 Stationary Engines 9-99 Marine Engines 9-99 Small Industrial, Utility, and Recreational Vehicle Gasoline Engines 9-100 Locomotive Engines 9-102 Aircraft Engines 9-102 Wankel (Rotary) Engines 9-102 Fuels 9-104 Gas Exchange Processes 9-106 Fuel-Air Mixture Preparation 9-108 Combustion Chambers 9-111 Spark Ignition Combustion 9-114 Combustion Knock 9-115 Output Control 9-117 Cooling Systems 9-117 Lubrication 9-118 Air Pollution 9-119

9.7 GAS TURBINES

by John H Lewis and Albert H Reinhardt

Introduction 9-124 Fuels 9-124 Thermodynamic Cycle Basis 9-125 Brayton Cycle Variations 9-126 Configuration Variations 9-128 Waste Heat Recovery Systems 9-129 Operating Characteristics 9-130 Gas-Turbine Components 9-131 Applications 9-132

9.8 NUCLEAR POWER

by Louis H Roddis, Jr., Daniel J Garner, John E Gray, Edwin E Kintner, and Nunzio J Palladino, supplemented by George Sege

and Paul E Norian of the NRC

Fission and Fusion Energy 9-133 Nuclear Physics 9-133 Utilization of Fission Energy 9-135 Properties of Materials 9-138 Fission Reactor Design 9-140 Nuclear Power Plant Economics 9-142 Nuclear Power Plant Safety 9-145 Nuclear Power Plant Licensing 9-146 Other Power Applications 9-148 Nuclear Fusion 9-148

9.9 HYDRAULIC TURBINES

by Robert D Steele

General 9-149 Reaction Turbines 9-151 Impulse Turbines 9-155 Reversible Pump/Turbines 9-157 Model Tests 9-158 Cavitation 9-159 Speed Regulation 9-159 Auxiliaries 9-160 Computer-Aided Design 9-160 Turbine Tests 9-160

9-38 STEAM BOILERS

Fig 9.2.22 Natural circulation radiant boiler, oil- and gas-fired; 4,200,000 lb (1,900 t) steam per hour; 2,600 lb/ in2

(183 kgf/cm2) pressure; 1,005°F (540°C) steam temperature; 1,005°F (540°C) reheat steam temperature

Fig 9.4.11 Cross section of a 160,000-kW tandem-compound, double-flow reheat turbine (Westinghouse Electric Corp.)

INDUSTRIAL AND AUXILIARY TURBINES 9-65

Fig 9.4.16 Double automatic condensing extracting turbine, 25,000 kW (General Electric Co.)

Fig 9.4.17a A 16,000-hp cross-compound marine turbine designed for steam conditions of 600 lb/in2gage, 850°F,

11⁄2inHg abs High-pressure section for 6,550-r/min normal speed Low-pressure section in Fig 9.4.17b (General

Standard

Flex

Support

Packing Box Cold Reheat Connection

Main Steam Inlet

Oil Deflectors

Hot Reheat Connection

Oil Deflectors

Mid Standard

Lining HP BRG

Packing Casings

L.P Bolting

Relief Diaphragm

Bearing

Turning Gear ASM

Oil Deflector

Rotor

Exhaust

Packing Casings

Oil Deflector

Packing Box

Exhaust Casing

First Stage Nozzle Plate

Bearing

HP Head

Fig 9.4.21 Two-casing reheat combined-cycle turbine with single-flow down exhaust (General Electric Co.)

Section 10 Materials Handling

by

10.1 MATERIAL HOLDING, FEEDING, AND METERING

by Vincent M Altamuro

Factors and Considerations 10-2

Flow Analysis 10-2

Classifications 10-3

Forms of Material 10-3

Holding Devices 10-3

Material Feeding and Metering Modes 10-3

Feeding and Metering Devices 10-4

Transferring and Positioning 10-4

10.2 LIFTING, HOISTING, AND ELEVATING

by Ernst K H Marburg and Associates

Chain (BYJOSEPHS DORSON ANDERNSTK H MARBURG) 10-4

Wire Rope 10-8

Holding Mechanisms 10-10

Hoists 10-12

Mine Hoists and Skips (BYBURTGAROFAB) 10-16

Elevators, Dumbwaiters, Escalators (BYLOUISBIALY) 10-18

10.3 DRAGGING, PULLING, AND PUSHING

by Harold V Hawkins revised by Ernst K H Marburg and Associates

Hoists, Pullers, and Winches 10-19

Locomotive Haulage, Coal Mines (BYBURTGAROFAB) 10-19

Industrial Cars 10-21

Dozers, Draglines 10-22

Moving Sidewalks 10-22

Car-Unloading Machinery 10-22

10.4 LOADING, CARRYING, AND EXCAVATING

by Ernst K H Marburg and Associates

Containerization 10-23

Surface Handling (BYCOLINK LARSEN) 10-23

Lift Trucks and Palletized Loads 10-23 Off-Highway Vehicles and Earthmoving Equipment

(BYDARROLDE ROEN) 10-24 Above-Surface Handling 10-26 Monorails 10-26 Overhead Traveling Cranes (BYALGERANDERSON) 10-26 Gantry Cranes 10-27 Special-Purpose Overhead Traveling Cranes 10-27 Rotary Cranes and Derricks 10-27 Locomotive Cranes 10-29 Truck Cranes 10-29 Cableways 10-30 Cable Tramways 10-31 Below-Surface Handling (Excavation) 10-33

10.5 CONVEYOR MOVING AND HANDLING

by Vincent M Altamuro

Overhead Conveyors (BYIVANL ROSS) 10-35 Noncarrying Conveyors 10-40 Carrying Conveyors 10-44 Changing Direction of Materials on a Conveyor 10-54

10.6 AUTOMATIC GUIDED VEHICLES AND ROBOTS

by Vincent M Altamuro

Automatic Guided Vehicles 10-56 Robots 10-56

10.7 MATERIAL STORAGE AND WAREHOUSING

by Vincent M Altamuro

Identification and Control of Materials 10-62 Storage Equipment 10-71 Automated Storage/Retrieval Systems 10-73 Order Picking 10-73 Loading Dock Design 10-73