Systematic Drilling and Blasting for Surface Excavations Part 1 docx

Army Corps of Engineers Washington, DC 20314-1000 EM 1110-2-3800 1 March 1972 Engineering and Design SYSTEMATIC DRILLING AND BLASTING FOR SURFACE EXCAVATIONS Distribution Restriction Sta

Engineer

Manual

1110-2-3800

Department of the Army

U.S Army Corps of Engineers

Washington, DC 20314-1000

EM 1110-2-3800

1 March 1972

Engineering and Design

SYSTEMATIC DRILLING AND BLASTING FOR SURFACE EXCAVATIONS

Distribution Restriction Statement

Approved for public release; distribution is

unlimited.

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY EM 1110-2-3800

DAEN-CWE-G

Engineer Manual

No 1110-2-3800

Office of the Chief of Engineers Washington, D C 20314

ENGINEERING AND DESIGN Systematic Drilling and Blasting

Surface Excavations

Table of Contents

Subject

Chapter i.

Chapter 2.

Cha~ter 3.

INTRODUCTION

Purpose

-Applicability

-References

-Duties of Government Construction Personnel

-Construction Inspector

-Resident Geologist

-Specifications -

-Working Relationships

-Geological Information

-MECHANICS OF BMSTING Explanation

-Partitioning of Energy

-Peak Pressure and Shock Wave

-Elastic (Seismic) Waves

-Air Waves

-Fragmentation Near an Explosion

-Zones of Deformation

-Spalling - - - -

Combined Role of Expanding Gases

EXPLOSIVES AND THEIR PROPERTIES Explanation -

-Properties of Explosives

-Strength - - -

-Detonation Velocity

-Density and Specific Gravity

-Detonation Pressure

-Water Resistance

-Fume Class

-Ingredients of Explosive s

-for

i March 72

Paragraph

l-i i-2 1-3

i-4 l-4a l-4b 1-5 1-6 1-7

2-1 2-2 2-2a 2-2b 2-2C 2-3 2-3a 2-3b 2-3c

3-1 3-2 3-2a 3-2b 3-2c 3-2d 3-2e 3-2f 3-3

m

f-’l 1-1 1-1

1-2 1-2 1-2 1-2 1-3 1-3

2-1 2-i 2-1 2-1 2-1 2-2 2-2 2-3 2-5

3-1 3-1 3-i 3-4 3-5 3-5 3-7 3-7 3-7

EM iiiO-2-3800

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Subject

Chapter 4.

Chapter 5.

Dyna&tes - - -

-Straight Nitroglycerin Dynamite

-High- Density Ammonia (Extra) Dynamite -

Low- Density Ammonia (Extra) Dynamite - - -

-Gelatins - - -

-Blasting Gelatin

-Straight Gelatin

-Ammonia Gelatin

-Semigelatin

-Blasting Agents (Nitrocarbonitrates)

-Dry Blasting Agents

-Slurries -. - - -

-Other Explosive s

-TNT -. - - -. - -

-PETN - - - -

Pentolite

-RDX - - -. - -

-Composition B

-Permissible Explosives

-Black Powder

-Detonators and Prime a s

-Blasting Caps

-Detonating Fuse

-Primers and Boosters

-Drilling Introduction

-Principles of Drilling

-Rotary Drills

-Roller Bits

-Diamond Bits

-Drag Bits - - -

-Power Auger

s -Percussive Drills

-Rotary-Percussive Drills

-BMIC SURFACE BLASTING TECHNIQUES Introduction

-Blasting Patterns

-Hole Arrays

-Delay Patterns

-Paragraph

3-4 3-4a

3-4b

3-4C 3-5 3-5a 3-5b 3-SC 3- 5d 3-6 3-6a 3- 6b 3-7 3-7a 3-7b 3-7C 3- 7d 3- 7e 3-7f 3-7g 3-8 3-8a 3-8b 3-8c

4-1 4-2 4-3 4-3a 4-3b 4-3C 4-3d 4-4 4-5

5-i 5-2 5-2a 5-2b

-3-10 3-io

3-io

3-12 3-13 3-13 3-i3 3-i6 3-16 3-16 3-i7 3-i8 3-20 3-20 3-20 3-20 3-20 3-20 3-20 3-20 3-21 3-21 3-22 3-24

4-i 4-i 4-4 4-4 4-4 4-5 4-5 4-8 4-ii

5-i 5-i 5-1 5-3

ii

EM ilf O-2-3800

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Subject Arrangement of Charge in Hole -

General Rock Removal

-Bench Blasting

-Spacing and Burden

-Advantages of Inclined Blastholes

-Lifters and Snake Holes

-Varying the Hole Array to Fit Natural and Excavation Topography

-Charge Distribution

-Subdrilling

-Secondary Blasting

-Coyote Blasting, Trenching, and Cratering

-Underwater Blasting

-Underwater Surface Shooting

-Underwater Blasting in Drill Holes

Excavation for Control of Rock Surfaces

-Presplitting

-Design of the Presplitting Layout

-Relationto Main Blast

-Presplitting Horizontal and Vertical Corners

-Horizontal

Presplitting -: -Smooth Blasting

-Line Drilling and Close Drilling

-Precautions in Approaching Final Excavation Surfaces -

-Blasting for Control of Rock Sizes

-Riprap - - _- - - - - -

-Aggregate

-Rock Fill for Dams

-Chapter 6 MODIFYINGBMTING TECHNIQUES TO FIT GEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS Exploratory Study

-Rock T~es

-Seismic Velocity

-Impedance - - - - - - - -

Compressive and Tensile

Strengths Density and Porosity

-Fractures and Fabric

-Joint Frequency

-Cushioning Joint Coatings

-Paragraph

5-2c 5-3 5-3a 5-3a(i) 5-3a(2) 5-3a(3)

5-3a(4) 5-3a(5) 5-3a(6) 5-3a(7)

5-3b 5-3C 5-3C(I) 5-3C(2)

5-4 5-4a 5-4a(1) 5-4a(2)

5-4a(3) 5-4a(4) 5-4b 5-4C

5-4d 5-5 5-5a 5-5b 5-5C

6-i 6-2 6-2a 6-2b 6-2c 6-2d 6-3 6-3a 6- 3b

5-3 5-4 5-4 5-4 5-5 5-6

5-8 5-11 5-ii 5-12

5-12 5-i3 5-14 5-14

5-14 5-15 5-15 5-19

5-20 5-20 5-2i 5-21

5-23 5-23 5-24 5-24” 5-25

6-1 6A i 6-i 6-2 6-4 6-4 6-4 6-4 6-7

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Subject

Ori&ntation of Joints

-Orientation in Various Geological Settings - - -

-Adverse Orientations

-Faults and Breccia

-Fabric

-Bedding and Stratification

-Alternating Rock Types

-Porous and Permeable Beds

-Weak Beds or Zones

-Dipping Strata

-Catities - - - - - - - - - - -

-Weathering

-Groundwater

-Chapter 7 DAMAGE PREDICTION AND CONTROL Introduction

-Airblast - - - - - - -

Damage from Airblast

-Propagation of Airblasts

-Excessive Airblast Pressure

-Recording Equipment

-Ground Vibrations

-Damage from Ground Vibration

-Recording Equipment

-Propagation of Ground Vibrations

-Reducing Vibrations

-Calibration of Site Vibration Levels

-Flyrock - - - - - - - - -

-Chapter 8 DRILLING AND BLASTINGINROCK EXCAVATION BY CONTRACT General - - - - -, ,

-Customary Contract Approach

-Variation of Customary Approach

-Considerations in Preparation of Plans and Specifications

-Stated Principles of Plans and Specifications

-Pertinent General and Special Provisions - - -

-Geologic Data

-Review Plans for Practicalityof Excavation Outlines

-iv

} Paragraph

6-3c

6-3c(I) 6-3c(2) 6-3d 6-3e 6-4 6-4a 6-4b 6-4c 6-4d 6-4e 6-5 6-6

7-i 7-2 7-2a 7-2b 7-2c 7-2d 7-3 7-3a 7- 3b 7-3C 7-3d 7-3e 7-4

8-i 8-la 8-lb

8-2

8-2a

8-2b 8-2c

8-2d

6-7

6-8 6-9

;:;1 6-i2 6-i2 6-i3 6-13 6- i4 6- i4 6-i5 6-i6

7-i 7-1 7-2 7-2 7-4 7-4 7-5 7-5 7-ii 7-12 7-i5 7-16 7-i7

8-i 8-1 8-i

8-2

8-2

8-2 8-3

8-3

EM 1110-2-3800

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Paragraph

., Subiect Construction Inspection To Be

Expected

-Blast Records -

Sequence of Operations -

Specifying Methods–Obtaining Sound Walls -

-Obtaining Final Grade

-Specifying and Prohibiting Certain Practices

-Requiring Gradation Ranges in Blasted Rock

-Vibration and Damage Control

-8-2e 8-2f 8-2g 8-3 8-3 8-4 8-2h 8-2i 8-4 8-4 8-2j 8-4 8-2k 8-21 8-4 8-7 A-1 B-1 Appendix A - References

-Appendix B - Ty-pical CE Blasting

Specifications -Index - - I-i List of Illustrations Title Fig No Zones of fracturing and deformation around an explosion in rock

-Tensile fracture by reflection of a compressive strain ~lse - -

-Common sizes of dynamite cartridges

-Nomograph for comparing weight strength and cartridge strength

-Some relative properties and ingredients of commercial explosives -

-Nomograph for finding detonation pressure

-Average confined velocity and specific gravity and calculated detonation pressure of explosives

-Application of blasting caps

-Safety fuse and cap

-Millisecond delay connectors

-Types of failure induced bya drill bit

2-2 3-1

2-4

?-2

3-3 3-4

3-4 3-6

3-5 3-6 3-7 3-8 4-1

3-8 3-2i 3-23 3-24 4-2

EM 1110-2-3800

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Title

Relationbetween quartz content and uniaxial

strength of sedimentary rock - -

Relation of compressive strength and bulk speciiic gravity for basalt

-Track-mounted rotary drill (9-in bit)

-Roller bits used in quarrying rock of different hardness

-Small-diameter diamond bits (3 in or smaller)

Drag bits

-Typical surface jackhammer drill design

-Bits and steel assembly for surface hammer drills

-Bits for down-the-hole hammer drill

-Wagon drill - - - - -

-Crawler drill capable of drilling holes from 1- 3/4 to 3 in in diameter - - -

-Churn drill bit

-Rotary-percussive drill

bit -Basic blasthole array s

-Variation of regular arrangement of production blastholes as necessitated by topography

-Single-hole arrays - - - -

-Some possible delay patterns

-Trapezoidal blasting pattern

-Shock-wave propagation through rock generated by detonation of toe charge

-Bench- slab movement during blast with vertical and inclined holes - - - -

-Typical placement of snake hole

-Varying the direction of throw by arrangement of delay s

-Multiple- row round including a V- cut opening

-Large quarry blast pattern measuring 600 by 400 by48 ft

-Delays, in milliseconds

-Distribution of inclined holes for a road cut in uneven topography Regular hole array dis-torted to fit topography

-Charge distribution in bench blasting

-Plan of coyote layout with detonating cord

-Blasthole patterns for underwater blasting

-Presplit blasting in limestone for a powerhouse

-Presplit fracture

-Section of typical presplit holes ready for firing

-, Fig No.

4-2

4-3 4-4

4-5 4-6 4-7 4-8

4-9 4-io 4-11

4-12 4-13 ,4-14 5-1

5-2 5-3 5-4 5-5

5-6

5-7 5-8

5-9 5-1o

5-ii 5-12

5-13 5-14 5-15 5-16 5-17 5-18 5-19

m

4-2

4-3 4-5

4-6 4-7 4-7 4-9

4-io 4-1o 4-11

4-i2 4-13 4-14 5-1

5-2 5-2 5-3 5-5

5-6

5-7’ 5-7

5-8 5-9

5-9 5-10

5-40 5-12 5-13 5-14 5-i6 5-17 5-18

vi

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Title

Relation of presplit to main pattern

-Use of guide holes in presplitting inside and

out-side corners - - - - - -

-Typical arrangement of line drilling with respect

tomain blastholes -

-Main charge delay s

-Plan of blasthole pattern for fragmentation of

rock to produce aggregate - - - -

-Typical impedance calculation for granite -

-Empirical relation: blasthole spacing and

diameter and powder factor for multiple- row

blast pattern in rocks of different strengths

-Sonic log travel time as a function of porosity for

a suite of volcanic sedimentary rocks and lava

-Adverse dip of joints into excavation

-Variation of shear strength with inclination to

schist osity (y-z plane) in fine -grained gneiss

Effect of dipping strata on stability of excavation

Propagation laws for airblast pressure from

spherical charges for various scaled depths of

burial and from quarry blasting rounds

-Summary of damage criterion data for frame

structure - - - - -

-Summary of nondamaging data above recommended

safe vibration level for frame structures

-Subjective response of the human body to

vibratory motion

-Particle-velocity data versus distance for one

site - - - - - -

. Maximum observed ranges of natural missiles

for buried explosions in basalt

-Example OL one form of blasting log kept by

contractor - - - - -

-Record of blasting required by one CE District

Fi~.No

5-20

5-21

5-22 5-23

5-24 6-1

6-2

6-3 6-4

6-5 6-6

7-i

7-2

7-3

7-4

7-5

7-6

8-1 8-2

m

5-20

5-21

5-22 5-24

5-25 6-2

6-5

6-6 6-10

6-11 6-14

7-3

7-6

7-i’

7-9

7-14

7-i8

8-5 8-6

EM ii10-2-3800

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,

viii

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“ CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

l-i Purpose This manual describes reliable or preferred procedures

or concepts of drilling and blasting conducted during rock excavation,

in order to aid design and construction personnel in related matters

(para 1-4) Drilling and blasting methods described herein are not to be regarded as official Corps of Engineers (CE) policy, but they should

be of assistance to CE personnel in establishing policy The manual

is designed principally for the use of geologists and engineers who

are given resp~nsibilities in drilling and blasting projects Such re-sponsibilities may come either in the design or in the construction

phase.

i-2 Applicability The provisions of this manual are applicable to

CE Divisions and Districts concerned with Civil Works design and

construction.

1-3 References.

a Department of the Army publications on related subjects are listed below-:

(1) ER 1110.-2-1200

(2) EM 385-I-I

(3) EM ii10-i-i80i

(4) EM il10-i-i806

(5) EP 415-I-261

(6) TM 5-332

Plans and Specifications

General Safety Requirements Geological kvestigations Presenting Subsurface Information

in Contract Plans and Specifications

Construction Inspectors Guide Pits and Quarries

b Strict adherence to safety precautions in blasting is of

ut-most importance Publications specifically on safety in blasting

include:

The

420

Handbook of Electric Blasting Atlas Chemical Industries,

Inc., Explosives Division

Manufacture, Storage, Trans- lational Fire Protection

portation and Use of Explo- Assoc.

sives and Blasting Agents,

1968 Rev Ed.

following are obtainable from Institute of Makers of Explosives,

Lexington Ave., New York, N Y iooi7

i-i