GIS Based Studies in the Humanities and Social Sciences - Chpater 1 pptx

A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc.Boca Raton London New York Edited by Atsuyuki Okabe GI

Trang 1

GIS-Based Studies in the Humanities and Social Sciences

Trang 2

A CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc.

Boca Raton London New York

Edited by

Atsuyuki Okabe

GIS-Based

Studies in the Humanities and Social Sciences

Trang 3

Published in 2006 by

CRC Press

Taylor & Francis Group

6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300

Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742

CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group

No claim to original U.S Government works

Printed in the United States of America on acid-free paper

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

International Standard Book Number-10: 0-8493-2713-X (Hardcover)

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8493-2713-1 (Hardcover)

Library of Congress Card Number 2005048572

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indicated A wide variety of references are listed Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use.

No part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com ( http://www.copyright.com/ ) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc (CCC) 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400 CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged

Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only

for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

GIS-based studies in the humanities and social sciences / editor, Atsuyuki Okabe.

p cm.

Results from a six year research project entitled Spatial Science for the Humanities and Social Sciences (SISforHSS) carried out June 1998 to March 2004 by the Center for Spatial Information Science (CSIS) at the University of Tokyo.

Applies spatial methods in particular to economics, human geography, and archaeology Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0-8493-2713-X

1 Social sciences Research Methodology 2 Humanities Research Methodology 3 Geographic information systems 4 Spatial analysis (statistics) 5 Geographic information systems Japan Databases Case studies I Okabe, Atsuyuki, 1945-

H62.S7962 2005

300'.72'7 dc22 2005048572

Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com

Taylor & Francis Group

is the Academic Division of Informa plc.

2713_Discl.fm Page 1 Monday, September 26, 2005 3:00 PM

Trang 4

Almost all phenomena studied in the humanities and social sciences occur

in geographical space This implies that, in principle, studies in the ities and social sciences can be enhanced by the use of geographical infor-mation systems (GIS) However, actually employing GIS in the advancement

human-of these disciplines is not straightforward Any computer-aided method human-ofanalysis is pointless unless researchers can devote the time necessary tolearning what it is, what it can do, and how to use it To this end, we carriedout the six-year project entitled Spatial Information Science for the Human-ities and Social Sciences (SIS for HSS) The project began in June 1998, whenthe Center for Spatial Information Science (CSIS) was established at theUniversity of Tokyo, and ended in March 2004 The project was funded bythe Grant-in-Aid for Special Field Research provided by the Ministry ofEducation, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology in Japan The projectleader was Atsuyuki Okabe of CSIS

The SIS for HSS project had two aims:

1 To integrate spatial methods that were fragmentarily developed inthe humanities and social sciences, in particular as applied to theareas of economics, human geography, and archaeology, and todevelop the methods into GIS-based tools for studies

2 To develop spatial data infrastructural systems that would supportresearch in the above fields

To achieve both of these objectives, the SIS for HSS project team had fivegroups, which are listed below with the name of each team leader The firstthree of the groups were organized by subjects, and the last two were basedupon the GIS technologies employed All the groups worked in collabora-tion

1 Economics (Yoshitsugu Kanemoto)

2 Human geography (Hiroyuki Kohsaka)

3 Archaeology (Takura Izumi)

4 Spatial data acquisition (Ryosuke Shibasaki)

5 Spatial data management (Yukio Sadahiro)The achievements of the first objective, which are outlined in Chapter 1,are presented in 19 sections (Chapters 2–20 of this volume)

The achievements of the second aim were the development of:

2713_C000.fm Page 5 Monday, September 26, 2005 2:04 PM

Trang 5

• A spatial database that contains ready-to-use data commonly used

in the humanities and social sciences

• A spatial-data clearinghouse in which researchers can easily searchthrough spatial data in the database developed above at http://chouse.csis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/gcat/editQuery.do

• A data-sharing system that is widely used by scholars in the ities and social sciences, www.csis.u-tokyo.ac.jp/japanese/research_activities/joint-research.html

human-These systems are run by CSIS, and are open to academic users Thesystems are particularly useful when the researcher’s interest is in studyinghuman and social phenomena as they occur in Japan

We sincerely hope that by means of this book, readers can come to anunderstanding of how GIS are actually utilized in advancing studies in thehumanities and social sciences; furthermore, this book will encourage read-ers to develop new GIS-based methods in their own research

Atsuyuki Okabe

Trang 6

1975 and his doctoral degree in Engineering from the University of Tokyo

in 1977 Previously he has held the position of Associate Professor at theInstitute of Socio-Economic Planning, University of Tsukuba He is currentlyProfessor of the Department of Urban Engineering, University of Tokyo, andserved as Director of the Center for Spatial Information Science (1998–2005).His research interests include geographical information science, spatial anal-ysis, spatial optimization and environmental psychology He has publishedmany papers in journals, books, and conference proceedings on these topics

He is a co-author (with Barry Boots, Kokichi Sugihara, and Sung Nok Chiu)

of Spatial Tessellations: Concepts and Applications of Voronoi Diagrams (JohnWiley) He edited Islamic Area Studies with Geographical Information Systems

(RoutledgeCurzon) He serves on the editorial boards of many internationaljournals, like the International Journal of Geographical Information Science.

Trang 7

at the University of Tokyo, where the spatial-information infrastructure ofour outcome is placed Our special thanks go particularly to Tsuyoshi Sagara,Eiji Ikoma, Kaori Ito, Akiko Takahashi, Akio Yamashita, You Shiraishi, andHideto Satoh We are indebted to the staff of the publisher, especially RachaelPanthier, Jessica Vakili, Taisuke Soda, Tony Moore, Matthew Gibbons, andRandi Cohen Finally, we also express our gratitude to Yoko Hamaguchi andAyako Teranishi for preparing our manuscripts.

Trang 8

Yoshio Arai

Department of Human Geography

School of Arts and Sciences

Fumiko Itoh

Faculty of EconomicsNiigata University

University of Tokyo

Trang 9

National Institute of Population and

Social Security Research

Center for Spatial Information

Science, University of Tokyo

Nagoya University

Saiko Sadahiro

Faculty of EducationChiba University

Tomoko Sekine

Department of GeographyNihon University

Trang 11

Table of Contents

1 Introduction 1

Atsuyuki Okabe

2 A Tool for Creating Pseudo-3D Spaces with Hyperphoto:

An Application in Ethnographic Studies 19

Hiroya Tanaka, Masatoshi Arikawa, Ryosuke Shibasaki,

and Yuki Konagaya

3 A Laser-Scanner System for Acquiring Archaeological Data: Case of the Tyre Remains 35

Ryosuke Shibasaki, Takura Izumi, Hiroya Tanaka, Masafumi Nakagawa, Yosinori Iwamoto, Hidetomo Fujiwara, and Dinesh Manandhar

4 A Laser-Scanner System for Acquiring Walking-Trajectory Data and Its Possible Application to Behavioral Science 55

Huijing Zhao, Katsuyuki Nakamura, and Ryosuke Shibasaki

5 A Method for Constructing a Historical Population-Grid

Database from Old Maps and Its Applications 71

Yoshio Arai and Shiro Koike

6 Urban Employment Areas: Defining Japanese Metropolitan Areas and Constructing the Statistical Database for Them 85

Yoshitsugu Kanemoto and Reiji Kurima

7 Data Modeling of Archaeological Sites Using a Unified

Modeling Language 99

Teruko Usui, Susumu Morimoto, Yoshiyuki Murao and Keiji Shimizu

8 How to Find Free Software Packages for Spatial Analysis via the Internet 113

Atsuyuki Okabe, Atsushi Masuyama, and Fumiko Itoh

9 A Toolbox for Examining the Effect of Infrastructural

Features on the Distribution of Spatial Events 127

Atsuyuki Okabe and Tohru Yoshikawa

10 A Toolbox for Spatial Analysis on a Network 139

Atsuyuki Okabe, Kei-ichi Okunuki, and Shino Shiode

Trang 12

11 Estimation of Routes and Building Sites Described in

Premodern Travel Accounts Through Spatial Reasoning 153

Yasushi Asami, Takanori Kimura, Masashi Haneda, and Naoko Fukami

12 Computer-Simulated Settlements in West Wakasa: Identifying

the Ancient Tax Regions — The Go-Ri System 163

Izumi Niiro

13 Site-Catchment Analysis of Prehistoric Settlements by

Reconstructing Paleoenvironments with GIS 175

Hiro’omi Tsumura

14 Migration, Regional Diversity, and Residential Development

on the Edge of Greater Cairo — Linking Three Kinds of

Data — Census, Household-Survey Data, and Geographical

Data — with GIS 191

Hiroshi Kato, Erina Iwasaki, Ali El-Shazly, and Yutaka Goto

15 Effect of Environmental Factors on Housing Prices:

Application of GIS to Urban-Policy Analysis 211

Yasushi Asami and Xiaolu Gao

16 Estimating Urban Agglomeration Economies for Japanese

Metropolitan Areas: Is Tokyo Too Large? 229

Yoshitsugu Kanemoto, Toru Kitagawa, Hiroshi Saito, and Etsuro Shioji

17 Evaluation of School Redistricting by the School

Family System 243

Yukio Sadahiro, Takashi Tominaga, and Saiko Sadahiro

18 A Method for Visualizing the Landscapes of Old-Time

Cities Using GIS 265

Eihan Shimizu and Takashi Fuse

19 Visualization for Site Assessment 279

Hiroyuki Kohsaka and Tomoko Sekine

20 Visualization of the Mental Image of a City Using GIS 299

Yukio Sadahiro and Yoshio Igarashi

Trang 13

1.1 What Are Geographical Information Systems (GIS)?

We notice in the literature of the humanities and social sciences that manystudies deal with phenomena that are closely related to geographical factors.For example:

• Population change over 100 years is related to change in the works of arterial roads and railways (Chapter 5)

net-• Travel behavior in a 17th century city was related to the tion of landmark buildings (Chapter 11)

configura-• Configuration of ancient tax regions was related to fishing and cultural areas (Chapter 12)

agri-• Size of paleo-settlements was related to hunting and fishing localities(Chapter 13)

• Migration behavior is related to low-income regions (Chapter 14)

• Housing prices are related to the surrounding environment (Chapter

15)

• Agglomeration economies are related to city size (Chapter 16)

Trang 14

2 GIS-based Studies in the Humanities and Social Sciences

• School systems are related to the areal configuration of elementaryand lower secondary schools (Chapter 17)

• Clinic service areas are related to the travel time of the patients(Chapter 18)

Groupings of these phenomena that are closely related to geographicalfactors are called geographical phenomena

Traditionally, researchers in the humanities and social sciences study graphical phenomena with the aid of paper maps, and most of their tasksare undertaken by hand For instance, they count the number of archaeolog-ical sites in a region by marking each site on a map with a pencil; they thenmeasure the distance between sites by placing a ruler on a map; they thenmeasure the area of each site by counting the number of grid cells covered

geo-by a transparent grid sheet placed over the map; then the slope angles of anarchaeological site are determined by counting the number of contour lines;and so forth Such tasks are tolerable when the number of geographicalfeatures is small, but once these variables become numerous, the work islaborious and time consuming This difficulty is one of the reasons whygeographical factors, despite their significance, have often been ignored inthe study of humanities and social science

Fortunately, in the late 1980s, user-friendly, computer-based processingtools, called geographical information systems, became available, and thesegreatly assisted in overcoming the tedious and time-consuming tasks GISare, in short, computer-based methodologies for processing geographicaldata

What follows describes the key terms Geographical data refers to the data

on geographical features and consists of spatial-attribute data — the locationaland geometrical attributes of features — and nonspatial-attribute data —attributes other than spatial ones Geographical data are alternatively called

spatial data The difference is subtle, but geographical data usually refer tothe ground surface (two-dimensional), while spatial data may include infor-mation on the ground surface and also three-dimensional observations forabove and below ground, such as atmospheric and ground-water conditions.Furthermore, geographical recordings may not include measurements ofarchitectural space, while spatial data include these Since this book includesthe data relevant to archaeological buildings, railway-station halls, and sim-ilar cultural and social constructions, the term spatial data is preferred, andmainly used

The second key term in our consideration of GIS is processing. This refers

to the application of the following subprocesses to the spatial data:

Định dạng
Số trang	29
Dung lượng	1,43 MB