Modern Plastics Handbook 2011 Part 14 docx

Theminimum length of time of 88 h, except where special conditioning specimens shall be preconditioned in the test environment for at is required as specified by the appropriate material

Specimen Test conditions and Property Standard type, mm Unit supplementary instructions

Rheological Properties

At test conditions for temperature and load specified in Part 2 of appropriate material standards.

Thermosetting materials only in parallel and normal directions.

Thermoplastic materials only in parallel and normal directions.

Mechanical Properties (At 23°C/50% RH, Unless Noted)

Test speed 1 mm/min; between 0.05% to 0.25% strain.

Test speed 50 mm/min if strain at yield or break 10%.

Test speed 50 mm/min if no yield at 50 Strain and 5 mm/min if strain at break

At 1 h; Strain  0.5%

At 1000 h Test speed 2 mm/min

At 23°C and 30°C; edgewise impact.

At 23°C and 30°C; edgewise impact.

At 23°C; record if fracture cannot be observed with notched Charpy test.

Record maximum force and energy at 50% decrease in force after the maximum; Striker velocity 4.4 m/s; striker diameter 20 mm; speci- men clamped sufficiently to prevent any out-of- plane movement; striker lubricated.

Thermal Properties

Record peak melting temperature; at 10°C/min Record midpoint temperature; at 10°C/min 0.45 MPa for less rigid materials.

1.8 MPa for both soft and rigid materials 8.0 MPa for rigid materials only.

Heating rate 50°C/h Load 50 N.

Mean secant value over the temperature range 23 55°C in parallel and normal directions Record one of the classifications V-0, V-1, V-2, HB4 HB75 or N.

Record classifications 5VA, 5VB, or N.

Use procedure A (top surface ignition) Electrical Properties

At 100-Hz and 1-MHz frequency; compensate for electrode edge effects.

Use contacting line electrodes 1 to 2 mm wide,

50 mm long, and 5 mm apart; voltage 500V Use 20-mm-dia spherical electrodes; immerse in transformer oil in accordance with IEC 60296; Use a voltage application of 2 kV/s.

Use solution A.

Other Properties

Saturation value in water at 23°C and

equilibri-um value at 23°C/50%RH.

Melt mass-flow rate

Melt volume-flow rate

Tensile creep modulus

Tensile creep modulus

Flexural modulus

Flexural strength

Charpy impact strength

Charpy notched impact

ISO 527-1 and 527-2

ISO 899-1 ISO 178 ISO 179-1 or ISO 179-2

ISO 8256

ISO 6603-2

ISO 11357-3 ISO 11357-2 ISO 75-1 and 75-2 ISO 306 ISO 11359-2

ISO 1210 ISO 10351 ISO 4589-2

IEC 60250 IEC 60093

IEC 60243-1 IEC 60112

with r 0.25

80  10  4 Machined double V-

notch with r 1

60  60  2

Molding compound Molding compound

80  10  4

10  10 4 Prepared from ISO 3167

125  13  3 Additional thickness Additional thickness

g/10 min cm3/10 min

%

MPa MPa

%

% MPa MPa

% MPa MPa MPa MPa

%

 cm kV/mm

%

kg/m3

TABLE 11.18 Test Conditions and Format for Presentation of Single-Point Data

According to ISO 10350-1: 1999

orientation in test specimens with high reproducibility With this approach, the end result is a reduction in variables typically associated with specimen preparation, thereby ensuring more reliable, repro- ducible, and comparable data The specimen of choice for testing plastics with ASTM methods is often the ASTM D 638 type 1 specimen (Fig 11.4) with dimensions of 165  12.7  3.2 mm The cross-sectional areas of both specimens are nearly the same—40 mm2versus 40.6 mm2—a dif- ference of only 1.5% However, the thickness differences between the two

test specimens is significant—4 mm versus 3.2 mm—a 20% difference.

Test specimen preparation. Although often overlooked, one of the most critical parameters in testing plastics is how the test specimen is pre- pared The recommended specimen preparation conditions for some common polymer families, according to ISO material standards, are summarized in Table 11.20 and corresponding ASTM guidelines are listed in Table 11.21 A quick comparison of the two tables reveals slight differences, in some cases, in melt temperature recommenda- tions between the two approaches More often, the recommended mold temperatures are somewhat different between the two approaches, notably in the case of polypropylene, acetal copolymer, and ABS resin.

Test procedures. A detailed comparison of the specific tests mended in ISO 10350-1 for the single-point data with the correspond- ing ASTM test methods is summarized in Table 11.22 Compilations of

recom-11.26 Chapter Eleven

TABLE 11.19 ISO and ASTM Material Standards for Common Polymer Families

Family ISO standards* ASTM standardsABS 2580 - 1 : 99 2580 - 2 : 94 D 4673 - 98Styrene acrylonitrile 4894 - 1 : 97 4894 - 2 : 94 D 4203 - 95Polystyrene, crystal 1622 - 1 : 94 1622 - 2 : 94 D 4549 - 98Polystyrene, high impact 2897 - 1 : 97 2897 - 2 : 94 D 4549 - 98Polypropylene 1873 - 1 : 95 1873 - 2 : 97 D 4101 - 98aPolyethylene 1872 - 1 : 93 1872 - 2 : 97 D 4976 - 98Polyvinyl chloride

(PVC), plasticized 2898 - 1 : 97 2898 - 2 : 97 D 2287 - 96Polyvinyl chloride

(PVC), unplasticized 1163 - 1 : 95 1163 - 2 : 91 D 1784 - 97PMMA 8257 - 1 : 98 8257 - 2 : 98 D 788 - 96Polycarbonate 7391 - 1 : 95 7391 - 2 : 95 D 3935 - 94Acetals 9988 - 1 : 98 FDIS 9988 - 2 : 99 D 4181 - 98Polyamides 1874 - 1 : 96 1874 - 2 : 95 D 4066 - 98Thermoplastic polyester 7792 - 1 : 98 7792 - 2 : 98 D 5927 - 97Polyketone FDIS 15526 - 1 : 99 FDIS 15526 - 2 : 99 D 5990 - 96PPE FDIS 15103 - 1 : 99 FDIS 15103 - 2 : 99 D 4349 - 96Thermoplastic

polyester elastomer 14910 - 1 : 97 14910 - 2 : 98 D 4550 - 92

*The Part 1 of each ISO material document addresses the “designatory properties.”

(text continues on page 11.66)

Length of narrow parallel-sided portion l1 80

Distance between broad parallel-sided portion l2 104 to 113 mm

1 For some materials, the length of the tabs may need to be extended to prevent

breakage or slippage in the jaws of the testing machine

Figure 11.3 ISO 3167 multipurpose test specimen

11.28 Chapter Eleven

TABLE 11.20 Recommended Conditions for Test Specimen Preparation from Common Materials According to ISO Guidelines

Average Melt Mold injectiontemperature, temperature, velocity,

Plastics Testing 11.29

TABLE 11.21 Recommended Conditions for Test Specimen Preparation from Common Materials According to ASTM Guidelines

Average Melt Mold injectiontemperature, temperature, velocity,

Filled and reinforced

High heat copolymer, unfilled

High heat copolymer, filled/

reinforcedAcetals:

in practice D 3641 unless otherwise agreed

by the user and the supplier

215 ± 5

210 ± 5

195 ± 5260290260290

± 2% regardless ofmaterial flow rates)and to minimize sinkand flash

TABLE 11.22 Comparison of Test Methods Between ISO 10350-1 and ASTM Approaches*

Rheological PropertiesMelt flow rate (MFR), melt volume rate (MVR), and flow rate ratio (FRR):

Specimen Powder, pellets, granules, or strips of films Powder, pellets, granules, strips of films, or molded slugs

Conditioning In accordance with the material standard, if necessary Check the applicable material specification for any conditioning

requirements before using this test See practice D 618 for appropriate conditioning practices

Apparatus Extrusion plastometer with a steel cylinder 115  180 Extrusion plastometer with a steel cylinder 162 mm (L) 

mm (L)  9.55 ± 0.025 mm (ID), and a die with an 9.55 ± 0.008 mm (ID), and a die with an orifice of

orifice of 8.000 ± 0.025 mm (L)  2.095 ± 0.005 mm (ID) 8.000 ± 0.025 mm (L)  2.0955 ± 0.0051 mm (ID)

Test procedures Test temperature and test load as specified in Part 2 of Test temperature and test load as specified in the applicable

the material designation standards, or as listed in material specification, or as listed D1238 Table 1

ISO 1133 Table A.2

Test time—last measurement not to exceed 25 min from charging Test time—7.0 ± 0.5 min from initial chargingProcedure A—manual operation using the mass and Procedure A—manual operation using the mass and cut-

Procedure B—automated time or travel indicator is used to Procedure B—MFR (MVR) is calculated from automated calculate the MFR (MVR) using the mass as specified time measurement based on specified travel distances:

previously in Procedure A for the predicted MFR 10 MFR travel distance is 6.35 ± 0.25 mm

10 MFR travel distance is 25.4 ±0.25 mmand using the mass as specified above for the predicted MFR

FRR [ratio of the MFR (190/10) by MFR (190/2.16)

(used specifically for polyethylenes)].

Injection molded shrinkage:

Specimen 60-  60-  2-mm plate with specified fan runner of 127-  12.7-  3.2-mm bar with an end gate of 6.4  3.2 mm,

66  25-30  4.0 mm and a low tolerance gate with or for diametral shrinkage at 102-mm-dia  dimensions of 60  4.0  1.50 mm (Refer to ISO mm disk with a radial gate of 12.7  3.2 mm placed on the edge

Conditioning At 23 ± 2°C between 16 and 24 h Materials which show At 23 ± 2°C and 50 ± 5% relative humidity for 1–2 h for “initial

marked difference in mold shrinkage if stored in a humid or dry molding shrinkage” (optional), 16–24 h for “24-h shrinkage”

atmosphere must be stored in dry atmosphere (optional), and 40–48 h for “48-h or normal shrinkage.”

Test procedures Mold at least five specimens, using a two-cavity ISO 294-3 type Mold at least five specimens No mold is specified and no cavity

D2 mold, equipped with cavity pressure sensor sensor is required

Molding equipment complies with the relevant 4.2 clauses in ISO Molding in accordance with the practice D 3641 such that the294-1 and ISO 294-3 In addition, accuracy of the cavity pressure molding equipment is operated without exceeding 50–75% ofsensor must be ±5% The machine is operated such that the ratio its rated shot capacity

of the molding volume to the screw-stroke volume is between 20–80%, when using the injection-molding conditions specified

in Part 2 of the relevant material standard

Perform mold shrinkage measurements on specimens which have No cavity pressure requirements are given

been molded such that one or more of the preferred “cavity pressure

at pressure at hold (pch) of 20, 40, 60, 80 and/or 100 MPa is achieved

*Information in this table is accurate as of June 1, 1999 ISO and ASTM standars have mandatory 5-y revisions; however the standards can be revised as

needed

TABLE 11.22 Comparison of Test Methods Between ISO 10350-1 and ASTM Approaches* (Continued)

Injection molded shrinkage (Continued):

Allow molded specimens to cool to room temperature by placing Allow molded specimens to cool at 23 ± 2°C and 50 ± 5% relativethem on a material of low thermoconductivity with an appropriate humidity No warpage limits are specified

load to prevent warping Any specimen that has warpage 3% of its length is discarded

Measure the length and width of the cavity and the corresponding Measure the length or diameter (both parallel and normal to the molded specimens to within 0.02 mm at 23 ± 2°C flow) of the cavity and the corresponding molded specimens to

within 0.02 mm Temperature requirement of the mold whilemeasuring the cavity dimensions is not specified

48 h or normal shrinkage: mm/mm*

*Reported as mean value of the five specimens measured *Reported as mean value of the five specimens measured.

Mechanical PropertiesTensile properties:

Specimen ISO 3167 (type A or B*) multipurpose test specimens (Figure 11.3) For rigid/semirigid plastics: D 638 Type I specimens (Figure 11.4)

are the preferred specimen and shall be used when sufficientmaterial having a thickness of 7 mm or less is available

*Type A is recommended for directly molded specimens, so the 80-  10-  4-mm specimens required for most tests in ISO 10350-1 can be cut from the center of these specimens

Type B is recommended for machined specimens

Dimensions for ISO 3167 specimens are: Dimensions for D 638 Type I specimens are:

Length of parallel narrow section 80 mm (type A)

or 60 mm (type B)

Conditioning Specimen conditioning, including any postmolding treatment, At 23 ± 2°C and 50 ± 5% relative humidity for not less than 40 h

shall be carried out at 23°C ± 2°C and 50 ± 5% RH for a prior to testing in accordance with D 618 Procedure A for those minimum length of time of 88 h, except where special conditioning tests where conditioning is required For hygroscopic materials,

is required as specified by the appropriate material standard the material specification takes precedence over the preceding

routine preconditioning requirements

Test procedures A minimum of five specimens shall be prepared in accordance with A minimum of five test specimens shall be prepared by machining

the relevant material standard When none exists, or unless operations or die cutting the materials in sheet, plate, slab, orotherwise specified, specimens shall be directly compression or similar form Specimens can also be prepared by injection or injection molded in accordance with ISO 293 or ISO 294-1 compression molding the material to be tested

Test speed for ductile failure (defined as yielding or with a strain Test speed is specified in the specification for the material being

at break 10%) is 50 mm/min and for a brittle failure (defined as tested If no speed is specified, then use the lowest speed given in rupture without yielding or strain at break 10%) is 5 mm/min Table 1 (5, 50, or 500 mm/min) which gives rupture within 0.5 toFor modulus determinations the test speed is 1 mm/min response and resolution are adequate

Extensometers are required for determining strain at yield and Extensometers are required for determining strain at yield andtensile modulus The specified initial gauge length is 50 mm tensile modulus The specified initial gauge length is 50 mm ForThe extensometer shall be essentially free of inertia lag at the modulus determinations, an extensometer which meets Class B-specified speed of testing and capable of measuring the change 2 (Practice E-38) is required, for low extensions (20%) the

in gauge with an accuracy of 1% of the relevant value or better extensometer must at least meet Class C (Practice E38)This corresponds to ±1 m for the measurement of modulus requirements, for high extensions ( 20%) any measurement

The reported tensile modulus is a chord modulus determined by Tangent modulus is determined by drawing a tangent to thedrawing a straight line that connects the stress at 0.05% strain steepest initial straight line portion of the load-deflection curveand the stress at 0.25% strain There is no requirement for toe and then dividing the difference in stress on any section of thiscompensation in determining a corrected zero point, if necessary line by the corresponding difference in strain

Secant modulus is the ratio of stress to corresponding strain atany given point on the stress-strain curve, or the slope of thestraight line that joins the zero point or corrected zero point andthe selected point corresponding to the strain selected on theactual stress-strain curve Toe compensation, if applicable asdefined, is mandatory

TABLE 11.22 Comparison of Test Methods Between ISO 10350-1 and ASTM Approaches* (Continued )

Tensile properties (Continued):

*If the material does not yield before 50% strain, report Secant modulus (MPa)stress at 50% strain

**Nominal strain at break based on initial and final grip separations, if rupture occurs above 50% nominal strain

One can either report the strain at break or simply 50%

Tensile creep modulus:

compression molding or by machining from sheets or otherfabricated forms

Conditioning Specimen conditioning, including any postmolding treatment, At 23 ± 2°C and 50 ± 5% relative humidity for not less than 40 h,

shall be carried out at 23°C ±2 °C and 50 ± 5% RH for a prior to testing in accordance with D 618 Procedure A Theminimum length of time of 88 h, except where special conditioning specimens shall be preconditioned in the test environment for at

is required as specified by the appropriate material standard least 48 h prior to testing Those materials whose creep properties

are suspected to be affected by moisture content shall be brought

to moisture equilibrium appropriate to the test conditions prior totesting

Test procedures Conduct the test in the same atmosphere as used for conditioning, For material characterization, select two or more test

unless otherwise agreed upon by the interested parties, temperatures to cover the useful temperature range

for example, for testing at elevated or low temperatures For simple material comparisons, select the test temperatures

from the following: 23, 50, 70 90, 120, and 155°C

Select appropriate stress levels to produce data for the application For simple material comparisons, determine the stress to produce requirements Where it is necessary to preload the test specimen 1% strain in 1000 h Select several loads to produce strains in theprior to loading, preloading shall not be applied until the approximate range of 1% strain and plot the 1000-h isochronoustemperature and humidity of the test specimen (finally gripped stress-strain curve* from which the stress to produce 1% strain

in the testing apparatus) correspond to the test conditions, and may be determined by interpolation

the total load (including preload) shall be taken as the test load *Since only one point of an isochronous plot is obtained from each

creep test, it is usually necessary to run at least three stress levels(preferably more) to obtain an isochronous plot

For creep testing at a single temperature, the minimum number

of test specimens at each stress shall be two if four or more stresslevels are used or three if fewer than four levels are used

Test procedures Unless the elongation is automatically and/or continuously Measure the extension of the specimens in accordance with the

measured, record the elongations at the following time schedule: approximate time schedule: 1, 6, 12, and 30 min; 1, 2, 5, 50, 100,

1, 3, 6, 12, and 30 min; 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000 h 200, 500, 700, and 1000 h

Units Tensile creep modulus at 1 h and at a strain 0.5% (MPa) Tensile creep modulus (MPa) plotted versus time (h)

Tensile creep modulus at 1000 h and at a strain 0.5% (MPa)Flexural properties:

Specimen 80  10  4 mm cut from the center of an ISO 3167 type Specimens may be cut from sheets, plates, molded shapes or

A specimen In any one specimen the thickness within the molded to the desired finished dimensions The recommendedcentral one-third of length shall not deviate by more than 0.08 mm specimen for molding materials is 127  12.7  3.2 mm

from its mean value, and the corresponding allowable deviation in the width is 0.3 mm from its mean value

Conditioning Specimen conditioning, including any postmolding treatment, At 23 ± 2°C and 50 ± 5% relative humidity for not less than 4 h

shall be carried out at 23°C ± 2°C and 50 ± 5% RH for a minimum prior to testing in accordance with D 618 Procedure A for those length of time of 88 h, except where special conditioning is required tests where conditioning is required For hygroscopic materials,

as specified by the appropriate material standard the material specification takes precedence over the preceding

routine preconditioning requirements

Apparatus Support and loading nose radius, 5.0 ± 0.1 mm (Figure 11.5) Support and loading nose radius, 5.0 ± 0.1 mm Figure 11.6

(unless otherwise specified or agreed upon by the interestedparties, other chosen radii must be at least 3.2 mm with amaximum of 1.6  specimen depth for loading nose)

TABLE 11.22 Comparison of Test Methods Between ISO 10350-1 and ASTM Approaches* (Continued )

Flexural properties (Continued):

Parallel alignment of the support and loading nose must be less Parallel alignment of the support and loading noses may be

loading nose and supports will fit if properly aligned

(Adjust the length of the span to within 0.5%, which is (Measure the span accurately to the nearest 0.1 mm for spans less 0.3 mm for the span length specified previously.) than 63 mm Use the measured span length for all calculations.)Support span to specimen depth ratio, 16 ± 1; 1 mm/mm Support span to specimen depth ratio,* 16 (4, 1); 1 mm/mm

(Specimens with a thickness exceeding the tolerance of ±0.5%

of the mean thickness value shall be discarded and replaced by *Recommended settings for molding materials, however, thereanother one, sampled by chance.) exists 40 different span length and L/d combinations for test

method I, and 80 for test method II

precedence; therefore, it is advisable to refer to the materialspecification before using the following procedures

Procedure B crosshead speed,* 13 mm/min

*Procedure A must be used for modulus determinations,Procedure B may be used for flexural strength determination only

A minimum of five specimens shall be prepared in accordance with A minimum of five test specimens are required No specimenthe relevant material standard When none exists, or unless preparation conditions are given

otherwise specified, specimens shall be directly compression or injection molded in accordance with ISO 293 or ISO 294-1 Test specimens that rupture outside the central one-third of the span length shall be discarded and new specimen shall be tested in their place

Measure the width of the test specimen to the nearest 0.1 mm and Measure the width and depth of the test specimen to the nearestthe thickness to the nearest 0.01 mm in the center of the test 0.03 mm at the center of the support span

specimen

The reported flexural modulus is a chord modulus determined by Tangent modulus is determined by drawing a tangent to the drawing a straight line that connects the stress at 0.05% strain steepest initial straight line portion of the load-deflection curveand the stress at 0.25% strain There is no requirement for toe and then dividing the difference in stress on any section of thiscompensation in determining a corrected zero point, if necessary line by the corresponding difference in strain.

Secant modulus is the ratio of stress to corresponding strain atany given point on the stress-strain curve, or the slope of thestraight line that joins the zero point and a selected point on theactual stress-strain curve Toe compensation, if applicable asdefined, is mandatory

Flexural strength, at maximum strain* (MPa) Flexural strength, (at rupture*) (MPa)

*At conventional deflection which is 1.5  height: therefore Flexural yield strength (MPa)

4 mm specimens would have a maximum strain at 3.5% *Maximum allowable strain in the outer fibers is 0.05 mm/mm.

**The point where the load does not increase with increased deflection, provided it occurs before the maximum strain rate

Unnotched Charpy impact strength

Specimen 80  10  4 mm cut from the center of an ISO 3167 type

A specimen; also referred to as an ISO 179/1eU specimen

Conditioning Specimen conditioning, including any postmolding treatment,

shall be carried out at 23°C ± 2°C and 50 ± 5% RH for a minimum length of time of 88 h, except where special conditioning

is required as specified by the appropriate material standard

Apparatus The machine shall be securely fixed to a foundation having a mass

at least 20 times that of the heaviest pendulum in use and be capable of being leveled

TABLE 11.22 Comparison of Test Methods Between ISO 10350-1 and ASTM Approaches* (Continued )

Unnotched Charpy impact strength (Continued):

Striking edge of the hardened steel pendulums is to be tapered to

an included angle of 30 ± 1° and rounded to a radius of 2.0 ± 0.5 mm

The striking edge of the pendulum shall pass midway to within ±0.2 mm between the specimen supports The line of contact shall

be within ± 2° of perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the test specimen

Pendulums with specified nominal energies shall be used: 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 5.0, 7.5, 15.0, 25.0, and 50.0 J

Velocity at impact is 2.9  10% m/s for the 0.5 to 5.0 J pendulums and 3.8 ± 10% m/s for pendulums with energies from 7.5 to 50.0 J

The support anvils line of contact with the specimen shall be 62.0 (0.5, 0.0) mm

Test procedures A minimum of 10 specimens shall be prepared in accordance with

the relevant material standard When none exists, or unless otherwise specified, specimens shall be directly compression or injection molded in accordance with ISO 293 or ISO 294-1

Edgewise impact is specified

Consumed energy is 10 to 80% of the pendulum energy, at the corresponding specified velocity of impact If more than one pendulum satisfies these conditions, the pendulum having the highest energy is used (It is not advisable to compare results obtained using different pendulums.)

Maximum permissible frictional loss without specimen:

0.02% for 0.5 to 5.0 J pendulum0.04% for 7.5 J pendulum0.05% for 15.0 J pendulum0.10% for 25.0 J pendulum

0.20% for 50.0 J pendulumPermissible error after correction with specimen:

0.01 J for 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 J pendulums

No correction applicable for pendulums with energies 2.0 J

Four types of failure are defined:

C—complete break; specimen separates into one or more pieces

H—hinge break; an incomplete break such that both parts of the specimen are only held together by a thin peripheral layer

in the form of a hinge

P—partial break; an incomplete break which does meet the definition for a hinge break

NB—nonbreak; in the case of the nonbreak, the specimen is only bent and passed through, possibly combined with stress whitening

Values and units The measured values of complete and hinged breaks can be used

for a common mean value with remark If in the case of partial breaks a value is required, it shall be assigned with the letter P

In case of nonbreaks, no figures are to be reported

(If within one sample the test specimens show different types of failures, the mean value for each failure type shall be reported.)Unnotched Charpy impact strength (kJ/m2)

Notched Charpy impact strength:

Specimen 80  10  4 mm cut from the center of an ISO 3167 type 124.5 to 127  12.7 mm  (*) mm specimen, *The width of the

A specimen with a single notch A; also referred to as an ISO specimens shall be between 3.0 and 12.7 mm as specified in the179/1e A specimen (See Figure 11.7) material specification, or as agreed upon as representative of the

cross section in which the particular material may be used

(Figure 11.8)

TABLE 11.22 Comparison of Test Methods Between ISO 10350-1 and ASTM Approaches* (Continued )

Notched Charpy impact strength (Continued):

Notch A has a 45° ± 1° included angle with a notch base radius A single notch with 45° ± 1° included angle with a radius of

of 0.25 ± 0.05 mm The notch should be at a right angle to the curvature at the apex 0.25 ± 0.05 mm The plane bisecting theprincipal axis of the specimen The specimens shall have a notch angle shall be perpendicular to the face of the testremaining width of 8.0 ± 0.2 mm after notching These machined specimen within 2° The depth of the plastic material remainingnotches shall be prepared in accordance with ISO 2818 in the bar under the notch shall be 10.16 ± 0.05 mm The notches

are to be machined

Conditioning Specimen conditioning, including any postmolding treatment, At 23 ± 2°C and 50 ± 5% relative humidity for not less than 40 h

shall be carried out at 23°C ± 2°C and 50 ± 5% RH for a prior to testing in accordance with D 618 Procedure A for thoseminimum length of time of 88 h, except where special tests where conditioning is required For hygroscopic materials,conditioning is required as specified by the appropriate the material specification takes precedence over the above

Apparatus The machine shall be securely fixed to a foundation having a The machine shall consist of a massive base

mass at least 20 times that of the heaviest pendulum in use and be capable of being leveled

Striking edge of the hardened steel pendulums is to be tapered to Striking edge of hardened steel pendulums is to be tapered to an

an included angle of 30 ± 1° and rounded to a radius of 2.0 included angle of 45 ± 2° and rounded to a radius of 3.17 ± 0.12 mm

Pendulums with the specified nominal energies shall be used: Pendulum with an energy of 2.710 ± 0.135 J is specified for all0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 5.0, 7.5, 15.0, 25.0, and 50.0 J specimens that extract up to 85% of this energy Heavier

pendulums are to be used for specimens that require more energy;

however, no specific levels of energy pendulums are specified

Velocity at impact is 2.9 ± 10% m/s for the 0.5 to 5.0 J pendulums Velocity at impact is approximately 3.46 m/s, based on the verticaland 3.8 ± 10% m/s for pendulums with energies from 7.5 to 50.0 J height of fall of the striking nose specified at 610

The support anvils line of contact with the specimen shall be The anvils line of contact with the specimen shall be 101.6 ± 0.5

Test procedures A minimum of 10 specimens shall be prepared in accordance At least five, preferably 10 specimens shall be prepared from

with the relevant material standard When none exists, or sheets, composites (not recommended), or molded specimen

unless otherwise specified, specimens shall be directly Specific specimen preparations are not given or referenced

compression or injection molded in accordance withISO 293 or ISO 294-1

Edgewise impact is specified (Figure 11.9) Edgewise impact is specified (Figure 11.10).

Consumed energy is 10 to 80% of the pendulum energy, at the corresponding specified velocity of impact If more than one pendulum satisfies these conditions, the pendulum having the highest energy is used (It is not advisable to compare results obtained using different pendulum.)

Test procedures Maximum permissible frictional loss without specimen: Windage and friction correction are not mandatory, however, a

0.04% for 7.5 J pendulum0.05% for 15.0 J pendulum0.10% for 25.0 J pendulum0.20% for 50.0 J pendulumPermissible error after correction with specimen:

0.01 J for 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 J pendulums

No correction applicable for pendulums with energies 2.0 J

C—complete break; specimen separates into one or more pieces C—complete break; specimen separates into one or more H—hinge break; an incomplete break such that both parts of the pieces

specimen are only held together by a thin peripheral layer in H—hinge break; an incomplete break such that one part of the

P—partial break; an incomplete break which does not meet the other part is held vertically (less than 90° included angle)

NB—nonbreak; in the case of the nonbreak, the specimen is definition for a hinge break, but has fractured at least 90% of only bent and passed through, possibly combined the distance between the vertex of the notch and the opposite

TABLE 11.22 Comparison of Test Methods Between ISO 10350-1 and ASTM Approaches* (Continued )

Notched Charpy impact strength (Continued):

NB—nonbreak; an incomplete break where the fracture extendsless than 90% of the distance between the vertex of the notch andthe opposite side

Values and units The measured values of complete and hinged breaks can be used Only measured values for complete breaks can be reported

for a common mean value with remark If in the case of partial breaks a value is required, it shall be assigned with the letter P (If more than one type of failure is observed for a sample

In case of nonbreaks, no figures are to be reported material, then report the average impact value for the complete (If within one sample the tests specimen show different types of breaks, followed by the number and percent of the specimen failures, the mean value for each failure type shall be reported.) failing in that manner suffixed by the letter code.)

Notched Charpy impact strength (kJ/m2) Notched Charpy impact strength (J/m)

Tensile impact strength:

Specimen 80  10  4 mm, cut from the center of an ISO 3167 type Type S or L specimen as specified by this standard (Figure 11.12)

A specimen, with a double notch Also referred to as an 63.50 mm length  9.53 or 12.71 mm tab width  3.2 mm ISO 8256 type 1 specimen (Figure 11.11) (preferred thickness) type S has a nonlinear narrow portion width

of 3.18 mm, whereas type L has a 9.53 mm length linear narrowportion width of 3.18 mm

Conditioning Specimen conditioning, including any postmolding treatment, At 23 ± 2°C and 50 ± 5% relative humidity for not less than 40 h,

shall be carried out at 23°C ± 2°C and 50 ± 5% RH for a prior to testing in accordance with Practice D618, procedure A

minimum length of time of 88 h, except where special conditioning Material specification conditioning requirements take

is required as specified by the appropriate material standard precedence

Apparatus The machine shall be securely fixed to a foundation having a The base and suspending frame shall be of sufficiently rigid and

mass at least 20 times that of the heaviest pendulum in use massive construction to prevent or minimize energy losses to or

Pendulums with the specified initial potential energies shall No pendulums specified

be used: 2.0, 4.0, 7.5, 15.0, 25.0, and 50.0 J

Velocity at impact is 2.6 to 3.2 m/s for the 2.0 to 4.0 J pendulums Velocity at impact is approximately 3.44 m/s, based on the and 3.4 to 4.1 m/s for pendulum with energies from 7.5 to 50.0 J vertical height of fall of the striking nose specified at 610 ± 2 mm.

The edges of the serrated grips in close proximity to the test region The edge of the serrated jaws in close proximity to the test region shall have a radius such that they cut across the edges of the first shall have a 0.40-mm radius to break the edge of the first serrations serrations

Unless otherwise specified in the relevant material standard, a Material specification testing conditions take precedence;

minimum of 10 specimens shall be prepared in accordance with therefore, it is advisable to refer to the material specificationthat same material standard When none exists, or unless before using the following procedures

otherwise specified, specimens shall be directly compression or injection molded in accordance with ISO 293 or ISO 294-1

At least five, preferably 10, sanded, machined, die cut, or molded

in a mold with the dimensions specified for type S and Lspecimen

Test procedures Notches shall be machined in accordance with ISO 2818 The Specimens are unnotched

radius of the notch base shall be 1.0 ± 0.02 mm, with an angle of 45° ± 1° The two notches shall be at right angles to its principal axis on opposite sides with a distance between the two notches of

6 ± 0.2 mm The two lines drawn perpendicular to the length direction of the specimen through the apex of each notch shall be within 0.02 mm of each other

The selected pendulum shall consume at least 20%, but not more Use the lowest capacity pendulum available, unless the impactthan 80% of its stored energy in breaking the specimens If more values go beyond the 85% scale reading If this occurs, use athan one pendulum satisfies these conditions, the pendulum higher capacity pendulum

having highest energy is used

Run three blank tests to calculate the mean frictional loss The A friction and windage correction may be applied Aloss should not exceed 1% for a 2.0-J pendulum and 0.5% for nonmandatory appendix provides the necessary calculations to those specified pendulums with a 4.0-J or greater energy determine the amount of this type of correction

pendulum

TABLE 11.22 Comparison of Test Methods Between ISO 10350-1 and ASTM Approaches* (Continued )

Tensile impact strength (Continued):

Determine the energy correction, using method A or B, before The bounce correction factor may be applied A nonmandatory

one can determine the notched tensile impact strength, E n: appendix provides the necessary calculations to determine the Method A—energy correction due to the plastic deformation amount of this correction factor (A curve must be calculated for

and kinetic energy of the crosshead, E q the cross head and pendulum used before applying in bounce

Calculate the notched tensile impact strength, E nby dividing Calculate the corrected impact energy to break by subtracting the corrected energy (method A or B) by the cross-sectional area the friction and windage correction and/or the bounce correction

Values and units Notched tensile impact strength, E n(kJ/m2) Tensile impact energy (J)

Thermal PropertiesMelting temperature:

razor blade, hypodermic punch, paper punch or cork borer;

slivers cut from films and sheets

Calibrate the temperature measuring system periodically over Using the same heating rate to be used for specimen, calibratethe temperature range used for the test the temperature scale with the appropriate reference materials

covering the materials of interest

Test procedures Sample mass of up to 50 mg is recommended Sample weight of 5 mg is recommended An appropriate sample

will result in 25 to 95% of scale deflection

Perform and record a preliminary thermal cycle by heating the Perform and record a preliminary thermal cycle by heating the specimen at a rate of 10 K/min under inert gas from ambient to specimen at a rate of 10°C/min under nitrogen from ambient to

30 K above the melting point to erase previous thermal history 30°C above the melting point to erase previous thermal history

Cool to 50°C below the peak crystallization temperature Cool to 50°C below the peak crystallization temperature at a

Immediately repeat heating under inert gas at a rate of 10 K/min Repeat heating as soon as possible under nitrogen at a rate of

10°C/min

Values and units T p—peak melting point(s) from the second heat cycle (°C or K) T m—melting point(s) from the second heat cycle (°C)

Glass transition temperature:

razor blade, hypodermic punch, paper punch or cork borer; sliverscut from films and sheets

Calibrate the temperature measuring system periodically over Using the same heating rate to be used for specimen, calibrate thethe temperature range used for the test temperature scale with the appropriate reference materials

covering the materials of interest

Test procedures Sample mass of 10–20 mg is satisfactory Sample weight of 10–20 mg is recommended

Perform and record an initial thermal cycle up to a temperature Perform and record a preliminary thermal cycle by heating the high enough to erase previous thermal history, by using a heating specimen at a rate of 20°C/min in air or nitrogen from ambient torate of 20° ± 1° K/min in 99.9% pure nitrogen or other inert gas 30°C above the melting point to erase previous thermal history

Hold temperature until a steady state is achieved Hold for 10 min at temperature

(usually 5–10 min)

TABLE 11.22 Comparison of Test Methods Between ISO 10350-1 and ASTM Approaches* (Continued)

Glass transition temperature (Continued):

Quench cool at a rate of at least (20° ± 1°) K/min to well below Quench cool to 50°C below the transition peak of interest

the T g(usually 50 K below)

Hold temperature until a steady state is reached (usually 5–10 min)Reheat at a rate (20° ± 1°) K/min and record heating curve Repeat heating as soon as possible at a rate of 20°C/min until all until all desired transitions are recorded desired transitions have been completed

Values and units T mg , midpoint temperature (°C) T m (T g), midpoint temperature (°C)

T f (T g) extrapolated onset temperature (°C)

For most applications T f is more meaningful than T mand may be

designated as T g in place of the midpoint of the T gcurve

Temperature of deflection under load:

Specimen Flatwise—80  10  4 mm, cut from the ISO 3167 Edgewise—120 ± 10  3  13  12.7 ± 0.3 mm

type A specimen Edgewise—110 10  4 mm

Conditioning Specimen conditioning, including any postmolding treatment, At 23 ± 2°C and 50 ± 5% relative humidity for not less than 40 h

shall be carried out at 23°C ± 2°C and 50 ± 5% RH for a prior to testing in accordance with Procedure A of Method D618

minimum length of time of 88 h, except where special conditioning

is required as specified by the appropriate material standard

Apparatus The contact edges of the supports and the loading nose radius The contact edges of the supports and loading nose shall be

are rounded to a radius of 3.0 ± 0.2 mm and shall be longer rounded to a radius of 3.0 ± 0.2 mm

than the width of the test specimen

64 mm apart (flatwise specimens)

Apparatus Heating bath shall contain a suitable liquid (for example, liquid Immersion bath shall have a suitable heat-transfer medium (for

paraffin, glycerol, transformer oil, and silicone oils) which is stable example, mineral or silicone oils) which will not affect the

at the temperature used and does not affect the material under the specimen and which is safe at the temperatures used It test (for example, swelling, softening, or cracking) An efficient should be well stirred during the test and provided with meansstirrer shall be provided with a means of control so that the of raising the temperature at a uniform rate of 2 ± 0.2°C Thistemperature can be raised at a uniform rate of 120 K/h ± 10 K/h heating rate is met if over every 5-min interval the

This heating rate shall be considered to be met if over every 6-min temperature of the bath shall rise 10 ± 1°C at each specimeninterval during the test, the temperature change is 12 K ± 1 K location

A calibrated micrometer dial-gauge or other suitable measuring The deflection measuring device shall be capable of measuringinstrument capable of measuring to an accuracy of 0.01 mm specimen deflection to at least 0.25 mm and is readable to 0.01 deflection at the midpoint of the test specimen shall be used mm or better

Test procedures At least two unnannealed specimens At least two specimens shall be used to test each sample at each

fiber stress of 0.455 MPa ± 2.5% or 1.820 MPa ± 2.5%

The temperature of the heating bath shall be 20 to 23°C at the The bath temperature shall be about room temperature at thestart of each test, unless previous tests have shown that, for the start of the test unless previous tests have shown that, for aparticular materials under test, no error is introduced by particular material, no error is introduced by starting at a

Apply the calculated force to give the desired nominal surface Apply the desired load to obtain the desired maximum fiberstress Allow the force to act for 5 min to compensate partially stress of 0.455 or 1.82 MPa to the specimen Five minutes afterfor the creep exhibited at room temperature when subjected to applying load, adjust the deflection measuring device tothe specified nominal surface stress Set the reading of the zero/starting position

deflection measuring instrument to zero

0.32 mm (edgewise) for 10.0 to 10.3 mm height for a specimen with a depth of 12.7 mm 0.34 mm (flatwise) for height equal to 4 mm

TABLE 11.22 Comparison of Test Methods Between ISO 10350-1 and ASTM Approaches* (Continued )

Temperature of deflection under load (Continued):

Note the temperature at which the test specimen reaches Record the temperature at which the specimenthe deflection corresponding to height of the test specimen, as has deflected the specific amount, as the deflectionthe temperature of deflection under load for the applied nominal temperature at either 0.455 or 1.820 MPa

surface stress

Values and units HDT at 1.8 MPa and 0.45 MPa or 8 MPa (°C) HDT at 0.455 MPa or 1.820 MPa (°C)

Vicat softening temperature:

Specimen 10  10  4 mm, from middle region of the ISO 3167 The specimen shall be flat, between 3 and 6.5 mm thick, and at

Conditioning Specimen conditioning, including any postmolding treatment, If conditioning of the test specimens is required, then condition at

shall be carried out at 23°C ± 2°C and 50 ± 5% RH for a minimum 23 ± 2°C and 50 ± 5% relative humidity for not less than 40 h length of time of 88 h, except where special conditioning is prior to testing in accordance with test method D618

required as specified by the appropriate material standard

Apparatus The indenting tip shall preferably be of hardened steel 3 mm A flat-tipped hardened steel needle with a cross-sectional area of

long, of circular cross section 1.000 ± 0.015 mm2fixed at the 1.000 ± 0.015 mm2shall be used The needle shall protrude at bottom of the rod The lower surface of the indenting tip shall be least 2 mm at the end of the loading rod

plane and perpendicular to the axis of the rod and free from burrs

Heating bath containing a suitable liquid (for example, liquid Immersion bath containing the heat transfer medium (for paraffin, glycerol, transformer, and silicone oil) which is stable example, silicone oil, glycerine, ethylene glycol, and mineral oil)

at the temperature used and does not affect the material under that will allow the specimens to be submerged at least 35 mm test (for example, swelling or cracking) in which the test specimen below the surface

can be immersed to a depth of at least 35 mm is used An efficient stirrer shall be provided

Test procedures At least two specimens to test each sample Use at least two specimens to test each sample Molding

conditions shall be in accordance with the applicable material

specification or should be agreed upon by the cooperatinglaboratories Specimens shall be annealed only if required in thematerial specification.

The temperature of the heating equipment should be 20 to 23°C The bath temperature shall be 20 to 23°C at the start of the test

at the start of each test, unless previous tests have shown that, unless previous tests have shown that, for a particularfor the material under test, no error is caused by starting at material, no error is introduced by starting at a higher

Mount the test specimen horizontally under the indenting tip of Place the specimen on the support so that it is approximatelythe unloaded rod The indenting tip shall at no point be nearer centered under the needle The needle should not be nearer

Put the assembly in the heating equipment Lower the needle rod (without extra load) and then lower the

assembly into the bath

After 5 min with the indenting tip still in position, add the Apply the extra mass required to increase the load on theweights to the load-carrying plate so that the total thrust on the specimen to 10 ± 0.2 N (loading 1) or 50 ± 1.0 N (loading 2)

test specimen is 50 ± 1 N

Set the micrometer dial gauge reading to zero After waiting 5 min, set the penetration indicator to zero

Increase the temperature of the heating equipment at a Start the temperature rise at one of these rates: 50 ± 5°C/h (rateuniform rate heating rate (50 ± 5°C/h) A) or 120 ± 12°C/h (rate B) The rate selection shall be agreed

upon by the interested parties

Note the temperature at which the indenting tip has Record the temperature at which the penetration depth is 1 penetrated in to the test specimen by 1 ± 0.01 mm beyond mm If the range of the temperatures recorded for each the starting position, and record it as the Vicat softening specimen exceeds 2°C, then record the individual temperatures

TABLE 11.22 Comparison of Test Methods Between ISO 10350-1 and ASTM Approaches* (Continued)

Coefficient of linear thermal expansion (CLTE):

Specimen Prepared from ISO 3167 multipurpose test specimen cut from Specimen shall be between 2 and 10 mm in length and have flat

not exceed 10 mm

Conditioning No conditioning requirements given If the specimens are heated No conditioning requirements given If the specimens are

or mechanically treated before testing, then it should be noted heated or mechanically treated before testing, then it should be

Measure the initial specimen length in the direction of the Measure the initial specimen length in the direction of theexpansion to ±25 m at room temperature expansion to ±25 m at room temperature

Place the specimen in the specimen holder in the furnace If Place the specimen in the specimen holder in the furnace If measurements at subambient temperatures are to be made, measurements at subambient temperatures are to be made, then cool the specimen to at least 20°C below the lowest then cool the specimen to at least 20°C below the lowest

Heat the specimen at a constant heating rate of 5°C/min over Heat the specimen at a constant heating rate of 5°C/min over the desired temperature range and record changes in specimen the desired temperature range and record changes in specimenlength and temperature to all available decimal places length and temperature to all available decimal places

Determine the instrument baseline by repeating Determine the instrument baseline by repeatingthe two steps above without a specimen present the two steps above without a specimen present

The measured change in length of the specimen The measured change in length of the specimenshould be corrected for the instrument baseline should be corrected for the instrument baseline

Record the secant value of the expansion vs temperature Select a temperature range from a smooth portion of the over the temperature range of 23°C to 55°C thermal curves in the desired temperature range, then obtain

the change in length over that temperature range

Values and units Coefficient of linear thermal expansion [m/(m°C)] Coefficient of linear thermal expansion [m/(m°C)]

Flammability (linear burning rate of horizontal specimens):

Specimen 125  13  3 mm (Additional specimen 125  12.5 mm in thickness normally supplied (3–12 mm cut from

Conditioning Specimen conditioning, including any postmolding treatment, As received, unless otherwise specified

shall be carried out at 23°C ± 2°C and 50 ± 5% RH for a minimum length of time of 88 h, except where special conditioning is required as specified by the appropriate material standard

Apparatus Laboratory burner in accordance with ISO 10093 Laboratory burner in accordance with D 5025-94

(If additional specimens with thicknesses 3 mm are tested, Average extent of burning (mm)the specimen thickness must also be reported.)

Flammability (after flame and after-glow times of vertical specimens):

Specimen 125  13  3 mm (Additional specimen thickness 125  13  3 mm (Additional specimen thickness 13 mm may

Conditioning Two sets of five specimens at 23 ± 2°C and 50 ± 5% relative One set of five specimens at 23 ± 2°C and 50 ± 5% relative

humidity for at least 48 h; two sets of five specimens at humidity for at least 48 h; second set of five specimens at 70 ± 1°C

Apparatus Laboratory burner in accordance with ISO 10093 Barrel length Bunsen Tirrill type burner of tube length 95 ± 6 mm and inside

is 100 ± 10 mm and inside diameter 9.5 ± 0.3 mm diameter 9.5 (1.6 mm, 0.0 mm)

Test procedures Technical grade methane gas or natural gas having a Technical grade methane gas or natural gas having energy

heat content of approximately 37 MJ/m3 density approximately 37 MJ/m3

TABLE 11.22 Comparison of Test Methods Between ISO 10350-1 and ASTM Approaches* (Continued)

Ignitability:

Specimen 80  10  4 mm cut from the center of the ISO 3167 70  150  6.5  3 mm

multipurpose specimen (ISO 4589-2, Form 1)

Conditioning Specimen conditioning, including any post molding treatment, As received, unless otherwise agreed upon

shall be carried out at 23°C ± 2°C and 50 ± 5% RH for a minimum length of time of 88 h, except where special conditioning is required as specified by the appropriate material standard

Apparatus Test chimney dimensions of 450 mm in height  75 mm Test column of heat-resistant glass tube 450 mm in height  75

minimum diameter cylindrical bore The upper outlet shall mm minimum inside diameter The base of the column contains a

be restricted as necessary to produce an exhaust velocity of at noncombustible material which can evenly distribute the gas least 90 mm/s from a flow rate within the chimney of 30 mm/s mixture A layer of glass beads (3–5 mm in diameter) between 80The base of the chimney will preferably have a layer of glass and 100 mm deep has been found suitable

beads (3–5 mm in diameter) between 80 and 100 mm deep The specimen shall be held by a small clamp that will support theThe specimen shall be held by a small clamp which is at least 15 specimen at its base and hold it vertically in the center of the

mm away from the nearest point at which the specimen may burn column

The moisture content of the gas entering the chimney shall be The flow control and measuring devices shall be such that the

0.1% (m/m) and the variation in oxygen concentration rising in volumetric flow of each gas into the column is within 1% of the the chimney, below the level of the test specimen, is 0.2% (V/V) range being used

The flame ignitor is a tube with an outlet of 2 ± 1 mm diameter The flame ignitor is a tube with a small orifice 1–3 mm in which projects a 16 ± 4 mm flame vertically downward from the diameter, which projects a flame 6 to 25 mm long The flame fueloutlet when the tube is vertical within the chimney The flame can be propane, hydrogen or other gas flame

fuel shall be propane without premixed air

Test procedures A minimum of 15 specimens shall be prepared in accordance A sufficient number of specimens (normally five to 10)

with the relevant material standard When none exists, or unless otherwise specified, specimens shall be directly compression or injection molded in accordance with ISO 293 or ISO 294-1

Test specimens shall be marked 50 mm from the end to be ignited No marking indicated

Select the initial concentration of oxygen to be used based on Select the initial concentration of oxygen to be used based onexperience with similar materials, or ignite the specimen in air experience with similar materials, or ignite the specimen in airand note the burning behavior Select an initial concentration and note the burning behavior Select an initial concentrationapprox 8%, approx 21% or 25% (V/V) depending on the approx 18%, or approx 25% depending on the burning

Specimen is mounted such that the top of the specimen is at Specimen is mounted vertically in approximate center of the least 100 mm below the top of the chimney, and the lowest column with the top of specimen at least 100 mm below the topexposed part of the specimen is 100 mm above the top of the gas of the column

distribution device

Gas flow rate of 40 ± 10 mm/s, must flow at least 30 min Gas flow rate of 40 ± 10 mm/s, must flow at least 30 min

Apply the flame, with a sweeping motion to the top of the Ignite the entire top of the specimen so that the specimen is wellspecimen for up to 30 s, removing it every 5 s to determine lit, then remove the flame

if the top is burning

Commence timing the period of burning If the burning ceases Start timing If the burning time and the extent of burning doesbut spontaneous combustion occurs in 1 s, continue timing not exceed 180 s and 50 mm, then the oxygen concentration

If period and extent of burning does not exceed 180 s and 50 mm, would need to be incrementally increased Adjust the oxygen then the oxygen concentration would need to be incrementally either up or down until the critical concentration of oxygen isincreased Adjust the oxygen concentration either up or down determined This is the lowest level which meets the 180-s/50-until there are two concentrations which differ by 1.0% and in mm criteria At the next lower oxygen concentration that will which one specimen met the criteria and the other did not give a difference in oxygen index of 0.2% or less, the specimenRepeat the test on four more specimens should not meet the 180-s/50-mm criteria Repeat the test on

three more specimens, but starting at a slightly different flowrate, yet within 30–50% (V/V)

Electrical PropertiesRelative permittivity:

TABLE 11.22 Comparison of Test Methods Between ISO 10350-1 and ASTM Approaches* (Continued )

Relative permittivity (Continued):

geometry (Greater thickness may be used for those materials that cannot the material specification or by the accuracy of measurement

be molded reliably at 1-mm thickness.) required, and the frequency at which the measurements are to be

made

Conditioning Specimen conditioning, including any postmolding treatment, Clean the test specimen with a suitable solvent or as prescribed in

shall be carried out at 23°C ± 2°C and 50 ± 5% RH for a minimum the material specification Use Recommended Practice D1371 as alength of time of 88 h, except where special conditioning is guide to the choice of suitable cleaning procedures

required as specified by the appropriate material standard

Null methods are used at frequencies up to 50 MHz and results Null method with resistive or inductive ratio arm capacitanceare compensated for electrode edge effects bridge suggested for frequencies of 1 Hz to a few MHz

Values and units Relative permittivity (unitless) Relative permittivity (unitless)

Dissipation factor:

Specimen 80  80  1 mm (Greater thickness may be used for those Test specimens are of suitable shape and thickness determined by

geometry materials that cannot be molded reliably at 1-mm thickness.) the material specification or by the accuracy of measurement

required, and the frequency at which the measurements are

to be made

Conditioning Specimen conditioning, including any postmolding treatment, Clean the test specimen with a suitable solvent or as prescribed in

shall be carried out at 23°C ± 2°C and 50 ± 5% RH for a minimum the material specification Use Recommended Practice D1371 as alength of time of 88 h, except where special conditioning is guide to the choice of suitable cleaning procedures

required as specified by the appropriate material standard

Null methods are used at frequencies up to 50 MHz and Null method with resistive or inductive ratio arm capacitanceresults are compensated for electrode edge effects bridge suggested for frequencies of 1 Hz to a few MHz

Values and units Dissipation factor (unitless) Dissipation factor (unitless)

Volume/surface resistivity:

Specimen 80  80  1 mm (Greater thickness may be used Minimum 50-mm diameter  up to 3-mm-thick specimens

geometry for those materials that cannot be molded reliably at

1-mm thickness.) Conditioning Specimen conditioning, including any postmolding treatment, At 23 ± 2°C and 50 ± 5% relative humidity for not less than 40 h,

shall be carried out at 23°C ± 2°C and 50 ± 5% RH for a according to D 618-96

minimum length of time of 88 h, except where special conditioning is required as specified by the appropriate material standard

Test procedures 100 V DC applied for 1 min for surface resistivity and 500 ± 5 V DC for 1 min (surface and volume resistivity)

100 min for volume resistivity

Electric strength:

Specimen 80  80  1 mm or 3 mm, sufficiently wide to prevent Thickness not specified but measured It shall be of sufficient size

discharge along the surface to prevent flashover under the conditions of the test

Conditioning Specimen conditioning, including any postmolding treatment, If not specified in the applicable material specification, follow the

shall be carried out at 23°C ± 2°C and 50 ± 5% RH for a procedures in Practice D 618–96

minimum length of time of 88 h, except where special conditioning is required as specified by the appropriate material standard

TABLE 11.22 Comparison of Test Methods Between ISO 10350-1 and ASTM Approaches* (Continued )

Electric strength (Continued):

Apparatus Two coaxial cylinder electrodes (25 mm diameter  25 mm and Electrode type 6: Two coaxial cylinder electrodes (25 mm

75 mm diameter  15 mm) with edges rounded to 3-mm radius diameter  25 mm and 75 mm diameter  15 mm) with edges

rounded to 3 mm radius

Test procedures Immersion in transformer oil in accordance with IEC60296 Immersion in mineral oil, meeting D3487 type I or II requirements

Comparative tracking index:

Specimen 15  15  4 mm from the shoulder of the ISO 3167 Sample size is 50- or 100-mm disk with minimum thickness of

thickness

Conditioning Specimen conditioning, including any postmolding treatment, In accordance with Procedure A of Practice D618–96

shall be carried out at 23°C ± 2°C and 50 ± 5% RH for a minimum length of time of 88 h, except where special conditioning

is required as specified by the appropriate material standard

Apparatus Two platinum electrodes of rectangular cross section 5  2 mm, Two platinum electrodes of rectangular cross section 5  2 mm,

with one end chisel edged with an angle of 30° and slightly rounded with one end chisel edged with an angle of 30° and slightly

rounded

Electrodes are symmetrically arranged in a vertical plane, the Position the electrodes so that the chisel edges contact the total angle between them being 60° and with opposing faces specimen at a 60° angle and the chisel faces are parallel in the vertical and 4.0 ± 0.1 mm apart on the specimen surface Force vertical plane and are separated by 4 ± 0.2 mm

exerted on the surface by the electrode is 1.0 ± 0.05 N

Test procedures 0.1 ± 0.002% by mass ammonium chloride in distilled or deionized 0.1 ± 0.002% by mass ammonium chloride in distilled or deionized

water (solution A) with a resistivity of 395 ± 5 -cm at 23 ± 1°C water (solution A) with a resistivity of 395 ± 5 -cm at 23 ± 1°C

Voltage between 100 and 600 V at frequency between 46–60 Hz Voltage should be limited to 600 V at a frequency of 60 Hz

Determine maximum voltage at which no failure occurs at 50 Plot the number of drops of electrolyte at breakdown versus drops on five sites This is the CTI provided no failure voltage The voltage which corresponds to 50 drops is the CTI.

occurs below 100 drops when the voltage is dropped by 25 V

At least five test sites (can be on one specimen) At least five specimen of each sample shall be tested

Other PropertiesWater absorption:

Specimen 50 ± 1 mm square or diameter disks  3 ± 0.2 mm thick for 24 h 50.8-mm-diameter  3.2-mm disk for molded plastics

and geometry immersion and 1 mm thick for saturation values The thickness shall be measured to the nearest 0.025 mm

Conditioning Dry specimens in an oven for 24 ± 1 h at 50 ± 2°C, allow to Specimens of a material whose water absorption value is

cool to ambient temperature in the desiccator and weigh appreciably affected by temperatures close to 110°C, shall be

immediately weighed to the nearest 0.001 g Specimens of amaterial whose water absorption value is not appreciably affected

by temperatures up to 110°C, shall be dried in an oven for 1 h at

105 to 110°C (No weighing requirement is given in the method;

however the specimen should be weighed immediately to thenearest 0.001 g.) When data comparisons with other plastics aredesired, the specimens shall be dried in oven for 24 h at 50 ± 3°C,cooled in a desiccator, and immediately weighed to the nearest0.001 g

Test procedures Three specimens shall be prepared in accordance with the Three specimens shall be tested No specimen preparation

relevant material standard When none exists, or unless conditions are given

otherwise specified, specimens shall be directly compression

or injection molded in accordance with ISO 293 or ISO 294-1

TABLE 11.22 Comparison of Test Methods Between ISO 10350-1 and ASTM Approaches* (Continued )

Water absorption (Continued):

The volume of water shall be at least 8 mL/cm2of the total No specifics given on the volume of water required

surface area of the test specimen

Place the conditioned specimens in a container of distilled water, The conditioned specimens shall be placed in a container of controlled at 23°C with a tolerance of ±0.5 or ±2.0°C according to distilled water maintained at 23

the relevant material standard In absence of such standard, the on edge and be entirely immersed At 24 (0.5, 0) h,tolerance shall be ±0.5°C After immersion for 24 ± 1 h, take the the specimens shall be removed one at a time and wipedspecimens from the water and remove all surface water with a off with a dry cloth and weighed to the nearest 0.0001 gclean, dry cloth or with filter paper Reweigh the specimens to immediately

the nearest 1 mg within 1 min of taking them out of the water (method 1)

Saturation values in water or air at 50% relative Long-term immersion—To determine the saturation value, the

after weighing the specimen are replaced in the water Theweighings shall be repeated at the end of the first week andevery 2 weeks thereafter until the increase in weight per 2-weekperiod, as shown by three consecutive weighings, averages lessthan 1% of the total increase in weight or 5 mg, whichever isgreater The difference between the saturated and dry weightshall be considered the water absorbed when substantiallysaturated

If it is desired to allow for the presence of water-soluble matter, Materials with known or suspected to contain appreciable dry the test specimens again for 24 ± 1 h in the oven controlled amounts of water-soluble ingredients shall be reconditioned for

at 50 ± 2°C, after completion of method 1 Allow the specimen the same time and at the same temperature as used for

to cool to ambient temperature in the desiccator and reweigh to conditioning the specimen originally If the weight of thethe nearest 1 mg (method 2) specimen is less than the original conditioned weight, then that The percentage of water absorbed is a total of the % weight difference in weight shall be considered as water-soluble matter increase after immersion either by methos 1 or 2 lost during the immersion test The percentage of water

absorbed is a total of the % weight increase (to be noted whether

it is 24 h or saturation) and the % soluble matter lost

polyester elastomer 149 10 - : 97 149 10 - : 98 D 4550 - 92

*The Part of each ISO material document addresses the “designatory properties.”... break such that both parts of the pieces

specimen are only held together by a thin peripheral layer in H—hinge break; an incomplete break such that one part of the

P—partial break; an... break; an incomplete break such that both parts of the specimen are only held together by a thin peripheral layer

in the form of a hinge

P—partial break; an incomplete break which