Design Manual Metric 2009 Part 16 pps

Right of Way Considerations Design ManualProgramming of Limited Access Highways Appraisal and Acquisition Figure 1410-1 State Design Engineer* approves Access Report Plan for prehearing

Design Manual Soil Bioengineering

Geotechnical Guidance — see geotechnical

report for slope/soil stability If further assistance

is needed, contact Regional Materials Engineer

Hydraulics Manual, M 23-03, WSDOT — for

hydrology criteria

Highway Runoff Manual, M 31-16, WSDOT —

for Stormwater Site Plans, Temporary Erosionand Sediment Control Plans, and best manage-ment practices

Roadside Manual, M 25-30, WSDOT — for

vegetation and site preparation criteria, plantselection, design configurations, and otherrelated topics

Roadside Classification Plan, M 25-31, WSDOT

— policy and guidelines for roadside treatment.Contact the region’s Landscape Architect Office

or the OSC Roadside and Site DevelopmentServices Unit at the Olympia Service Center

Environmental Procedures Manual, M 31-11,

WSDOT — permits.

Internet Bioengineering Drawings, WSDOTHomepage (http://www.wsdot.wa.gov/eesc/cae/design/roadside/bioeng.htm)

(1) General

Soil bioengineering combines the use of liveplants or cuttings, dead plant material, and inertstructural members to produce living, functioningland stabilization systems This technique usesliving plants to control and prevent soil erosion,sedimentation, and shallow slope instability Thebioengineered solution benefits from engineeringtechniques that use live plant material

Soil bioengineering methods can be cost effectiveand a useful mitigation solution for site specificproblems Soil bioengineering is effective inerosion control, streambank stabilization, andsome upland instabilities Soil bioengineering,like other engineering techniques, is not

Soil bioengineering is a land stabilization

tech-nology applied to disturbed sites and on slope and

streambank projects A multidisciplinary

partner-ship is used to implement soil bioengineering

techniques Project managers initiate and design

bioengineering features by employing the

exper-tise of WSDOT hydraulic engineers, geotechnical

engineers, engineering geologists, landscape

architects, horticulturists, biologists, water quality

specialists, environmental planners, and others

Soil bioengineering for slope stabilization

pro-vides additional environmental benefits such as

habitat enhancement and water

quality improvement

All soil bioengineering proposals should include

consideration of slope geometry, climate, water

regime, soil properties, and surrounding

vegeta-tion Applications of soil bioengineering are

divided into three general categories: erosion

control, streambank or shoreline stabilization,

and upland slope stabilization Refer to manuals

according to the related discipline

For more detailed information, see:

Design Manual chapters, M 21-01, WSDOT:

Soil Bioengineering Design Manual

applicable in all situations Soil bioengineering

techniques may not effectively mitigate severe

bridge scour, severe roadway erosion conditions,

or deep seated slope instabilities In such cases,

soil bioengineering can be used in combination

with other engineering techniques

The use of native vegetation that is adapted to the

conditions of the project site will increase the

success of the application of soil bioengineering

techniques Over time, native vegetation will

encourage the establishment of a diverse plant

community and discourage undesirable and

invasive plant species

Other applications of soil bioengineering include:

• Wildlife and fisheries habitat enhancement

• Reinforcement and steepening of cut and fill

slopes to limit impacts to adjacent properties

and sensitive areas

• Vegetated buffer enhancement on steep

slopes

• Enhancement of stormwater treatment areas

and stabilization of drainage ways by

provid-ing erosion prevention and sediment control

• Site specific mitigations using standard

geotechnical solutions in combination with

vegetative control

(2) Erosion Prevention

Soil Bioengineering techniques can provide

erosion prevention in the top soil layers Erosion

is the detachment and transport of surficial soil

particles through the action of water, wind, and

ice Plant shoots and foliage diminish rainfall

erosion and remove excess moisture through

transpiration Roots reinforce the soil mantle,

allowing the system to grow more stable with

age Vegetative material slows down runoff

and traps soil thereby reversing the effects of

erosion Refer to the Roadside Manual for

more information

(3) Streambank Stabilization

Soil bioengineering techniques can be used to

stabilize streambanks, enhance wildlife habitat,

improve water quality by controlling sediments,

and protect structures Bioengineering in theriparian zone (banks of streams, wetlands, lakes,

or tidewater) requires an hydraulic study ofstream characteristics and changes in stream

alignment Refer to the Hydraulics Manual for

• Surface movement refers to surface erosion

caused by wind or water on slopes

• Shallow-seated instability is defined as a

failure surface less than one meter in depth

• Deep-seated instability is defined as a

failure surface greater than one meter

in depthSoil bioengineering is used for slopes that are atrisk of shallow landslides, slumps, sloughing, andsurface erosion Soil bioengineering techniquesare most applicable to shallow slope stabilizationprojects characterized by unstable slopes thathave surface movement Surface movement ofsoils can be induced by soil creep, repeatedfreeze-thaw cycles, and soil erosion The pro-cesses that influence overall slope stability, such

as heavy and prolonged erosion and continuousslow soil movement, can significantly alterslope geometry

Soil bioengineering alone is not appropriatefor deep-seated landslides, but can be used inconjunction with other engineering methods totreat associated shallow instabilities

Soil bioengineering techniques can be used

to stabilize the slopes of construction sites or

to repair disturbed or damaged slopes Soilbioengineering is applied to both cut andfill slopes

Soil Bioengineering Design Manual

(2) Streambank/Shoreline

Stabilization

o Hydraulics Report, Hydraulics Manual

o Roadside Restoration Plan, region’s

Landscape Architecture Office or the

OSC Roadside and Site Development Unit

(3) Upland Slope Stabilization

o Geotechnical Report, Design Manual

o Geotechnical Report, Geotechnical Branch

o Roadside Restoration Plan, region’s

Landscape Architecture Office or the

OSC Roadside and Site Development Unit

P65:DP/DMM13

Design Manual Right of Way Considerations

• Easements that indicate other affectedownerships are added to the right of way/access plan

• Arrangements are made to obtain utility,railroad, haul road, detour routes, or otheressential agreements, as instructed in the

Utilities Manual and the Agreements Manual.

• Right of way acquisition, disposal, andmaintenance is planned

• Easements and permits are planned (toaccommodate activities outside of the right

of way)

See Chapter 440 concerning design right of waywidths The widths may be modified based onReal Estate Services input but cannot be moved

to coincide with property boundaries in tion of a total take Jogs in the final widths ofthe right of way are held to a minimum See

anticipa-Right of Way Manual Chapter 6 for discussion

of remainders

All acquisition documents are processed throughthe Olympia Service Center Real Estate ServicesOffice except temporary permits that are notshown on the Right of Way Plans and are notneeded for the project (such as drivewayconnections)

Code of Federal Regulations 23 CFR Chapter 1

part 712 subpart B, General Provisions andProject Procedures

49 CFR Part 24 Uniform Relocation Assistanceand Real Property Acquisition Act of 1970RCW 8.26, Relocation Assistance - Real PropertyAcquisition Policy

WAC 468-100 Uniform Relocation Assistanceand Real Property Acquisition

Agreements Manual, M 22-99, Washington State

Department of Transportation (WSDOT)

Plans Preparation Manual, M 22-31, WSDOT

1410.01 General

1410.02 References

1410.03 Special Features

1410.04 Easement and Permit

1410.05 Programming for Funds

1410.06 Appraisal and Acquisition

1410.07 Transactions

1410.08 Documentation

1410.01 General

Real Estate Services personnel participate in the

project definition phase of a project to assist in

minimizing right of way costs, defining route

locations and acquisition areas, and determining

potential problems and possible solutions

Due to the variables in land acquisition, the

following categories of right of way costs are

considered in the project definition phase

• Purchase costs (acquisition compensation)

• Relocation assistance benefits payments

Other Real Estate Services staff expenses

(acquisition services, relocation services, interim

property management services) Right of way

cost estimates are made by Real Estate Services

specialists When the parcels from which

addi-tional right of way will be acquired are known,

title reports (including assessors’ land areas) can

be requested

Real Estate Services personnel also “make

project field inspections at appropriate times

throughout the development of a project to ensure

adequate consideration is given to significant

right of way elements involved (including

possible social, economic, and environmental

effects)” in accordance with 23CFR Chapter 1

part 712 subpart B and the Right of Way Manual.

During plan development:

• Title reports are examined for easements or

other encumbrances that would reveal the

existence and location of water lines,

con-duits, drainage or irrigation lines, etc., that

must be provided for in construction

Design Manual Right of Way Considerations

(2) Perpetual Easements

Perpetual easements are shown on the right

of way plans in accordance with the Plans

Preparation Manual.

(a) State Maintenance Easement Used when

the state is to construct a facility and provide all

maintenance Examples are slope and drainage

easements

(b) Dual Maintenance Easement Used when

the state is to construct and maintain a facility

and the owner is to maintain the remainder

Examples are; the surface area above a tunnel

and the area behind a retaining wall or noise wall

(c) Transfer Easement Used when an

ease-ment must be acquired to replace an existing

easement for a facility that is to be relocated

The region’s Real Estate Services Office obtains

or prepares instruments that contain all necessary

rights and provide for maintenance by the party

to whom the easement will ultimately be

con-veyed Easements are conveyed when they

remain within state rights of way and are

replacing existing property rights Easements

are transferred only when the easement is outside

the state right of way and not needed for highway

purposes The right of way/limited access plan

is modified to identify the party to whom the

easement will be transferred The department

cannot obtain easements for transfer across

lands under the jurisdiction of the Department

of Natural Resources (DNR) WSDOT cannot

condemn for a transfer easement to a private

party

(3) Temporary Easements

Temporary easements are used when the state

requires a property right of a temporary nature

that involves either more than minor work or

construction activities on privately owned

prop-erty In the cases where the rights required or the

work to be performed is not beneficial to the

property owner, just compensation may be paid

Temporary easements are usually shown on the

right of way plans in accordance with the Plans

Preparation Manual when the encroachment

is significant; more than about 1.5 m Consult

the region’s Plans and Real Estate Services

personnel for exceptions If the easement is notmapped, mark and submit plans as described forconstruction permits

(4) Construction Permits

Construction permits are used for temporaryrights during construction and not used whenWSDOT needs a perpetual right A constructionpermit is recommended for rights of entry topublicly owned property Local agencies mightrequire the use of specific Forms when applyingfor these rights of entry Regardless of theForm or its name, the region is responsiblefor appropriate central storage

A construction permit is only valid with thecurrent owner and must be renegotiated ifproperty ownership changes before constructionbegins For private ownerships, a temporaryconstruction easement is recommended

The construction permit is usually obtainedwithout the payment of compensation (donation

or mutual benefits, for example) Consult theregion’s Plans and Real Estate Services personnelfor exceptions

Permits are allowed where minor right of wayacquisitions are obtained for intersections

Mapping requirements for a construction permitare as follows:

1 Construction permits are not shown on theright of way plan

2 The region’s Project Coordinator’s Office isprovided two sets of right of way plans with allrequired construction permits delineated in red.The region sends one copy of the marked plansand copies of the permits to the OSC Real EstateServices Office These plan sheets provide thefollowing information:

• Ownership boundaries (Confirmation ofownership and parcel boundaries may becompleted by a search of county records andmapping A formal title report is not requiredfor construction permits.)

• Parcel number assigned to each ownership

• Sufficient engineering detail to write legaldescriptions

Right of Way Considerations Design Manual

Programming of

Limited Access Highways

Appraisal and Acquisition

Figure 1410-1

State Design Engineer* approves Access Report Plan for prehearing discussion with county and/or city officials.

The access report plan may be used for preparation of federal-aid program data for appraisals if federal funds are to be used for right of way acquisition It may be used for requesting advance appraisal funds through the Program Development Office for all projects with either state or federal funds.

Program appraisals of total takes (No acquisition.)

State Design Engineer* approves Access Hearing Plan for use at a public access hearing.

R/W information is complete.

The access hearing plan may be used for the preparation of federal-aid program data for negotiations on federally funded projects, and for the preparation of true cost estimates and fund requests.

Program all appraisals and acquisitions.

Note: Do not appraise or purchase partial takes in areas subject to controversy Appraise or purchase total takes only if federal design hearing requirements are met.

No signature required.

Results of Findings and Order Access Hearing are marked in red and green on Access Hearing plan and sent to OSC R/W Plans Branch.

Program appraisals of partial takes where data is available to

appraisers.

Acquisition of total takes.

State Design Engineer* Approves final R/W and

LA plans or approves revisions to established R/W and L/A plans

Program all remaining appraisals and all remaining acquisitions Note: If appeal period is not complete, delay action in areas subject to controversy and possible appeal.

Access Managed Highways

R/W plan submitted to OSC R/W Plans Branch for approvsl.

Program appraisals

State Design Engineer* approves new R/W plans or approves revisions to established R/W plans.

Program all appraisals and acquisitions.

1420 Access Control Design Policy

1420.01 General

1420.02 Full Access Control Criteria

1420.03 Partial Access Control Criteria

1420.04 Modified Access Control Criteria

1420.05 Access Approaches

1420.06 Approaches Between Limited Access Highways

and Adjacent Railroads

Access control is established to preserve the safety and

efficiency of specific highways and to preserve the public

investment Control is effected by acquiring rights of

access from abutting property owners, and by selectively

limiting approaches to the facility

Facilities thus controlled are termed limited access or

access controlled highways, and are further distinguished

as having full, partial, or modified access control The

number of access points per mile, spacing of interchanges

or intersections, and the location of frontage roads or local

road connections are determined by the functional

clas-sification and importance of the highway, the character

of the traffic, the present and future land use, the

environ-ment and aesthetics, the highway design and operation,

and the economic considerations involved

The establishment of full, partial, or modified control of

access shall be considered whenever major

improve-ments, reconstruction, relocation, or new facilities are

required on all highways or whenever the route is shown

on the Master Plan for limited access highways as

planned for access control.” The reasonable cost of

access control must be evaluated considering future

acci-dent costs, future development, improved level of service

of controlled facilities, and cost to replace the facility in

the future if access control is not implemented Because

specific warrants cannot be logically or economically

applied in every circumstance, the Assistant Secretary for

Highways may consider exceptions upon presentation of

justification for reasonable deviation from the policy

Expansion of an existing facility may be undertaken

without control of access where there is no practical

alternative within reasonable cost, subject to approval of

a deviation by the State Project Development Engineer

The decision to defer implementation of access control

shall be documented in the design report

Nothing in this policy should be construed to prevent

short sections of full, partial, or modified control of access

where unusual topographic, land use, or traffic conditionsexist Special design problems should be dealt with on thebasis of sound engineering-economic principles

Preliminary approval of the degree of access controlrecommended by the district as presented in the finalaccess plan is granted by headquarters The final plan isapproved by the Transportation Commission, after apublic hearing (Chapter 1430), by the signing of a find-ings and order document

On all applicable classes of highways, except Interstate,stage development may be used, with initial construction

as partial or modified control and ultimate planning forfull control

Turnbacks should be located at points of logical tion such that the department retains an adequate amount

termina-of right termina-of way for maintenance termina-of the facility and forother operational functions

1420.02 FULL ACCESS CONTROL

CRITERIA (1) Introduction

Fully controlled access highways provide almostcomplete freedom from disruption by permitting accessconnections only through interchanges at selected publicroads, rest areas, viewpoints, or weighing stations, and byprohibiting all crossings and private connections at grade

(2) Application

Termini of access control sections should be at apparentlogical points of design change The following guidesshall be used for the application of full access control onstate highways: (Refer to Figure 1420-1a.)

(a) Interstate Interstate highways require full access

control

(b) Principal Arterial Unless approved for partial or

modified access control on existing highways by theAssistant Secretary for Highways, principal arterialhighways requiring four or more through traffic laneswithin a 20-year design period require full accesscontrol

(c) Minor Arterial and Collector Minor arterial and

collector highways will not normally be consideredfor development to full access control standards

(3) Crossroads at Interchange Ramps

The limit of access control is measured from the centerline of ramps, crossroads, or parallel roads or from theterminus of transition tapers (See Figures 1420-1b and1c.)

June 1989

(Exception) Partial access control will not normally

be used in urban areas, or inside corporate limits on

existing principal arterial highways where traffic

volumes are less than 700 DHV, if required levels of

urban service, including operating speeds, can be

maintained for traffic under existing and estimated

future conditions, including traffic engineering

oper-ational improvements If not, the route should be

relocated or reconstructed in accordance with the

modified or partial access control standards

(b) Minor Arterial Rural minor arterial highways on

both new and existing location, and urban minor

arterial highways on new location, requiring four or

more through traffic lanes within a 20-year design

period, or requiring only two through traffic lanes

where the estimated traffic volumes exceed 3,000

average daily traffic within a 20-year design period,

shall require partial access control; however,

modified access control may be applied on existing

highways when approved by the Assistant Secretary

for Highways

(Exception) Partial access control normally will not

be used in urban areas Nor will it normally be used

inside corporate limits on existing minor arterial

highways where traffic volumes are less than 700

DHV, if required levels of service (including

oper-ating speeds) can be maintained for existing and

estimated future conditions If these conditions

cannot be met, the route should be relocated or

reconstructed in accordance with the modified or

partial access control standards

Other rural minor arterial highways with only two

lanes may be considered for partial or modified

con-trol of access if any of the following conditions apply:

• The control can be acquired at a reasonable cost

• The route connects two highways of a higher

classification

• The potential land development would result in

numerous individual approaches, such as may be

encountered in recreational or rapidly developing

areas

• The highway traverses publicly-owned lands

where access control seems desirable

(c) Collector (New Alignment) Collector highways on

new location requiring four or more through traffic

lanes in a 20-year design period shall require partial

access control

(d) Collector (Existing) Existing collector highways

will normally be considered for access control only

when all of the following conditions apply:

• The highway serves an area which is not directly

served by a higher class of highway

• Existing or planned development will result in

traffic volumes significantly higher than what

would be required for access control on minorarterials

• Partial or modified access control may be lished without a major impact on development ofabutting properties within the constraints ofzoning established at the time access control isproposed

estab-(3) Interchanges and Intersections (a) Interchanges See 1420.02(3) Full access control

on crossroads at interchange ramps applies equallyunder conditions of partial control

(b) Intersections Access control limits on a partially

controlled highway should be established along thecrossroad at a grade intersection for a minimum dis-tance of 300 feet from the center line of the nearestdirectional roadway If a parallel road is locatedwithin 350 feet of the grade intersection, access con-trol should be established along the crossroad for therequired minimum 300 feet and for an additionalminimum distance of 130 feet in all directions fromthe center of the intersection of the parallel road andcrossroad On multilane facilities, measurementsshould be made from the center line of the nearestdirectional roadway (Figure 1420-2b.) Modifiedaccess control with Type D and E approaches may bepermitted beyond 130 feet from the center line of thehighway only when the approaches already exist andcannot reasonably be relocated Approaches closerthan 130 feet will be permitted only where application

of the normal standards would have a severe adverseeffect on existing development and where the loca-tion is such that retention of the approaches will notseriously affect traffic operations

Grade intersections with public roads should belimited to the number permitted for the class of high-way involved (Figure 1420-2a); however, shorterintervals may be used, with approval from head-quarters, where topography or other conditionsrestrict the design When intersecting roads arespaced farther apart than one per mile, median cross-ings may be considered for U-turns in accordancewith Chapter 910 U-turns should be kept to a mini-mum, consistent with requirements for operation andmaintenance of the highway

(4) Access Approach Criteria

Access approaches on highways with partial control must

be held to a minimum Except for very large ownerships,

or where terrain features will not allow the property to beserved by a single approach, allow only one approach foreach parcel Where possible, locate a single approach toserve two or more parcels Approaches should not bepermitted for parcels which have reasonable access toother public roads unless the parcel has extensive high-way frontage Approaches in excess of the standards set

June 1989

(a) Existing Highways Modified access control may

be established on existing highways other than

Inter-state Priority should be given to route segments

where one or both of the following conditions apply:

• Commercial development potential is high, but

most of the adjoining property remains

undevel-oped

• There is a reasonable expectation that the

adjoin-ing property will be redeveloped to a more

intensive land use resulting in greater traffic

con-gestion

(b) Design Analysis Selection of facilities on which

modified access control may be applied is based on a

design analysis including the following factors:

• Local land use planning

• Present and potential land use

• Predicted growth rate

• Economic analysis

(c) Exceptions Where modified access control is to be

established, developed commercial areas may be

excepted from control when all or most of the

abut-ting property has been developed to the extent that

few, if any, additional commercial approaches would

be required with full development of the area

(3) Interchanges and Intersections

(a) Interchanges Access control is applied in the same

manner at interchanges as on full control, see

1420.02(3)

(b) Intersections Access control limits at intersections

on highways with modified control should be

estab-lished along the crossroad for a minimum distance of

130 feet from the center line of a two-lane highway

or for a minimum of 130 feet from the center line of

the nearest directional roadway of a four-lane

high-way (Figure 1420-3) Approaches, especially Type D

and Type E commercial approaches, should be

per-mitted within this area only when there is no

reasonable alternative

(4) Access Approach Criteria

The number and location of approaches on a highway,

with modified access control, must be carefully planned

to provide a safe and efficient highway compatible with

present and potential land use

(a) Approach Types On highways with modified

access control, the following approach types may bepermitted:

• Type A, residential

• Type B, farm

• Type C, approaches to serve more than oneowner and/or utility

• Type D, commercial single (existing)

• Type E, commercial double (existing).The type of access provided for each parcel shall takeinto consideration present and potential land use andshould be based on an economic evaluation whichconsiders the following:

• Local comprehensive plans, zoning, and land useordinances

• Property covenants and/or agreements

• City or county ordinances

• The highest and best use of the property

• Highest and best use of adjoining lands

• Change in use by merger of adjoining ships

owner-• All other factors bearing upon proper land use ofthe parcel

Access approach types are further defined in 1420.05

(b) Design Considerations The following conditions

are used to determine the number and location ofaccess approaches:

1 Parcels which have access to another public road

or street are not normally permitted direct access

to the highway

2 Approaches located in areas where sight

limita-tions create undue hazard should be relocated orclosed

3 The number of access approaches should be held

to a minimum Access approaches are limited toone approach for each parcel of land, with theexception of extensive frontages where oneapproach is unreasonable or for Type Eapproaches which feature separate off and onapproaches

4 Joint use of access approaches shall be

consid-ered, where feasible

5 Additional approaches may be permitted for

future development consistent with local zoning

6 Existing access approaches not meeting the

above criteria should be closed

(5) Location of Utilities, Bus Stops, Pedestrian Crossings, and Mailboxes (a) Utilities Utilities location and access shall be

consistent with the Utilities Accommodation Policy(WAC 468-34) Connecting utility lines between

June 1989

• Headquarters Land Management Office prepares

and processes a deed granting the modified

access rights

(3) Modifications for public grade

intersections

(a) Requirements.

• Public grade intersections on state highways with

partial access control should serve local arterials

that form part of the local transportation network

• Requests for new intersections on established

limited access highways must be made by or

through the local governmental agency

• New intersections require full application of

cur-rent access control design and spacing criteria

(b) Procedures.

• District evaluates request

• District submits intersection plan for approval

(Chapter 910) and right of way and limited access

plan revision request (Plans Preparation

• District submits construction agreement to State

Project Development Engineer (Utilities

• When a requested public grade intersection willserve only a limited area or is primarily for thebenefit of a limited number of developers,compensation for access change will be addressed

in the plan revision request In situations wherecompensation is appropriate, value will be deter-mined as outlined in 1420.09(2)(c) above

V:DM10

1420-10 Design Manual

June 1989

FULL ACCESS CONTROL CRITERIA

Figure 1420-1a

Design Manual 1420-11 March 1994

ACCESS CONTROL FOR TYPICAL INTERCHANGE

Figure 1420-1b(Metric)

1420-12 Design Manual

March 1994

ACCESS CONTROL AT RAMP TERMINATION

Figure 1420-1c(Metric)

Design Manual 1420-13 March 1994

PARTIAL ACCESS CONTROL CRITERIA

Figure 1420-2a(Metric)

1420-14 Design Manual

March 1994

ACCESS CONTROL FOR INTERSECTION AT GRADE

Figure 1420-2b(Metric)

ACCESS CONTROL LIMITS AT INTERSECTIONS

Figure 1420-3(Metric)

March 1994

1420-16 Design Manual

March 1994

ACCESS CONTROL FOR TYPICAL INTERCHANGE

Figure 1420-1b

March 1994