Volume 13A - Corrosion Fundamentals, Testing, and Protection Part 4 pot

References cited in this section Theory of Corrosion and Protection of Metals, Corrosion Engineering, Anodic Protection: Theory and Practice in the Prevention of Corrosion, Corrosion and

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References cited in this section

Atlas of Electrochemical Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions,

Corrosion,

Electrolyte Solutions, Electrometric pH Determinations,

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Theory of Corrosion and Protection of Metals,

Werkst Korros.,

Korrosion,

Rev Pure Appl Chem.,

Res Mech., Corrosion Engineering,

Chem Eng.,

Corrosion Data Survey on Tantalum,

Corrosion: Fundamentals, Testing, and Protection , ASM Handbook

Aqueous Corrosion

Revised by David C Silverman, Argentum Solutions, Inc

Oxidizing Power (Electrochemical Potential)

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Corrosion Engineering, Anodic Protection: Theory and Practice in the Prevention of Corrosion,

Corrosion and Corrosion Control,

Uhlig's Corrosion Handbook,

Corrosion,

Temperature and Heat Transfer

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r A E R T

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Khim Neft Mashinostr.,

Proceedings of Stainless Steels '84,

Velocity and Fluid Movement

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r k C C

C k

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Component Concentration and Composition

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Organic Inhibitors of Corrosion of Metals,

Electrochemical Impedance-Analysis and Interpretation,

Acknowledgment

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Corrosion, Metals Handbook,

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Electrochemical Techniques for Corrosion Engineers,

Proceedings of the Fourth International Congress on Metallic Corrosion,

Surf Technol.,

Werkst Korros.,

Korrosion,

Rev Pure Appl Chem.,

Res Mech., Corrosion Engineering,

Chem Eng.,

Corrosion Data Survey on Tantalum,

Anodic Protection: Theory and Practice in the Prevention of Corrosion,

Corrosion and Corrosion Control,

Corrosion,

Khim Neft Mashinostr.,

Proceedings of Stainless Steels '84,

Mater Perform.,

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Corros Sci.,

Br Corros J.,

Corros Sci., Corrosion,

Organic Inhibitors of Corrosion of Metals,

Electrochemical Impedance-Analysis and Interpretation,

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(low tendency for corrosion)

Tables of Standard Electrode Potentials,

Metal/Environment Reactions,

Mater Perform.,

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Atmospheric Corrosion

Lucien Veleva, CINVESTAV-IPN, Yucatan, Mexico; Russell D Kane, InterCorr International, Inc

Elements of the Process

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Fig 1 Schematic presentation of corrosion metal cell formed by anodic (A) and cathodic (C) sites The A

sites (Me2) have a more negative potential (E) relative to that of the C sites (Me1 )

Fig 2 Schematic presentation of the corrosion galvanic cell created in a zinc-copper alloy in an acid environment The cathode is the copper-rich phase and the anode is the zinc-rich phase The corrosion attack is selective to the zinc-rich phase

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Fig 3 Schematic presentation of cross sections of several forms of corrosion attacks (a) Uniform (b)

Nonuniform (localized) (c) Selective (d) Intergranular C, cathodic areas (Me); A, anodic areas between

the metal grains

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Fig 4 Schematic presentation of corrosion reaction in galvanic coupling of zinc and platinum

Reference cited in this section

Atmospheric Parameters and Their Influence

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T

≥

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Fig 5 Variation in temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH) during 1998 in marine-coastal and

rural-urban environments with tropical humid climate (Gulf of Mexico)

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Fig 6 Distribution of the annual time of wetness (%) in different temperature intervals presented in the rural-urban tropical humid environment of Merida, 30 km (18 miles) from the Gulf of Mexico, in 1998

Fig 7 Distribution of the annual time of wetness (%) in different temperature intervals presented in the marine-coastal tropical humid environment of the port of Progreso (Gulf of Mexico) in 1998

T

T T

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Fig 8 Sensor system for measurement of time of wetness (TOW) (a) Closeup view of sensor (b) Sensors for TOW and temperature measurements on the surface of sample (c) View of the sensor electronic system

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Fig 9 Variation of environmental and low-carbon steel (Fe) sample temperatures and time of wetness (TOW) measured on the steel surface (an amplified potential of the gold-copper sensor) Registered over two days

Atmospheric Corrosion of Metals,

Atmospheric Corrosion, Atmospheric Corrosion, Atlas of Electrochemical Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions,

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Corrosion Testing and Evaluation: Silver Anniversary Volume,

Prot Met (Russia),

Outdoor Atmospheric Corrosion,

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Air Chemistry and Principal Pollutants Inducing Corrosion

↔

oxidizing agent cathodic corrosion reaction

≈

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Atmospheric Corrosion,

Corrosion Basics, An Introduction,

Corrosion Mechanism in Theory and Practice, Atmospheric Corrosion,

Thermodynamics of Atmospheric Corrosion and Use of Pourbaix Diagrams

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Fig 10 Pourbaix diagram (metal potential versus pH) for iron in aqueous (water) solution

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Fig 11 Pourbaix diagram (potential versus pH) for aluminum in water at 25 °C (77 °F)

μ

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Fig 12 Pourbaix diagram (potential versus pH) for copper in water at 25 °C (77 °F)

≈

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Fig 13 Pourbaix diagram (potential versus pH) for zinc in water at 25 °C (77 °F)

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Corrosion Mechanism in Theory and Practice, Atlas of Electrochemical Equilibria in Aqueous Solutions,

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Zinc: Its Corrosion Resistance,

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Zinc: Its Corrosion Resistance,

Corros Sci.,

Degradation of Metals in the Atmosphere,

J Electrochem Soc.,

Corros Sci.,

Br Corros J.,

Corros Sci.,

Cyclic Cabinet Corrosion Testing,

Appl Surf Sci.,

Corrosion,

Atmospheric Factors Affecting the Corrosion of Engineering Metals,

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Models for Prediction of Atmospheric Corrosion

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Atmospheric Factors Affecting the Corrosion of Engineering Metals,

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Atmospheric Corrosion and Precipitation Runoff from Corroded Metals

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Mater Perform.,

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Biologically Influenced Atmospheric Corrosion

•

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Mater Perform.,

Biologically Induced Corrosion—Proceedings of the International Conference,

Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion Handbook,

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Trends in Atmospheric Corrosion Research and Methods

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Br Corros J.,

New Methods for Corrosion Testing of Aluminum Alloys,

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Chem Eng Sci.,

Corrosion Tests and Standards: Application and Interpretation,

Atmospheric Corrosion,

Cyclic Cabinet Corrosion Testing,

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Mater Perform.,

Corros Sci.,

Appl Spectrosc.,

Corros Sci.,

Instrum Sci Technol.,

Corros Sci.,

Electrochim Acta,

Mater Perform.,

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Corros Sci.,

Br Corros J.,

Atmospheric Corrosion of Metals in Tropics,

Corros Sci.,

Water, Air and Soil Pollution,

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Ni-Resist (high-nickel cast iron)

Type 410 stainless steel (active)

50-50 lead-tin solder

Lead

Tin

Copper alloy C28000 (Muntz metal, 60% Cu)

Copper alloy C67500 (manganese bronze A)

Copper alloys C46400, C46500, C46600, C46700 (naval brass)

Nickel 200 (active)

Inconel alloy 600 (active)

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Hastelloy alloy B

Chlorimet 2

Copper alloy C27000 (yellow brass, 65% Cu)

Copper alloys C44300, C44400, C44500 (admiralty brass)

Copper alloys C60800, C61400 (aluminum bronze)

Copper alloy C23000 (red brass, 85% Cu)

Copper C11000 (ETP copper)

Copper alloys C65100, C65500 (silicon bronze)

Copper alloy C71500 (copper nickel, 30% Ni)

Copper alloy C92300, cast (leaded tin bronze G)

Copper alloy C92200, cast (leaded tin bronze M)

Nickel 200 (passive)

Inconel alloy 600 (passive)

Monel alloy 400

Type 410 stainless steel (passive)

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Galvanic Corrosion

Robert Baboian, RB Corrosion Service

Area, Distance, and Geometric Effects

Modes of Attack

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Fig 1 Schematic showing how breaks in mill scale (Fe 3 O 4 ) can lead to galvanic corrosion of steel

Predicting Galvanic Corrosion

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Performance of Alloy Groupings

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Fig 2 Galvanic corrosion of aluminum shielding in buried telephone cable coupled to buried copper plates Courtesy of R Baboian, Texas Instruments, Inc

Fig 3 Galvanic corrosion of aluminum in buried power cable splice (copper to aluminum) Courtesy of

R Baboian, Texas Instruments, Inc

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Fig 4 Galvanic corrosion of painted steel auto body panel in contact with stainless steel wheel opening molding Courtesy of R Baboian, Texas Instruments, Inc

Fig 5 Galvanic corrosion of steel pipe at brass fitting in humid marine atmosphere Courtesy of R Baboian, Texas Instruments, Inc

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Acknowledgment

Corrosion, Metals Handbook,

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Selected References

•

Corrosion of Rebars in Concrete,

Stray-Current Corrosion

Introduction

or comes close to

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Corrosion Engineering, Cathodic Protection,

Control of Pipeline Corrosion,

Revised by Harry R Hanson, Bay Engineering, Inc

Sources of Stray Currents

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Fig 1 Cathodic-protection system for a buried steel tank (a) The original design that caused local failure of a nearby unprotected buried pipeline by stray-current corrosion (b) Improved design Installation of a second anode and an insulated buss connection provided protection for both tank and pipeline, preventing stray currents

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CORROSION 98,

Corrosion Forms & Control for Infrastructure,

Mater Perform.,

Prevention of Stray-Current Corrosion

Acknowledgment

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References

Corrosion Engineering, Cathodic Protection,

Control of Pipeline Corrosion,

CORROSION 98,

Corrosion Forms & Control for Infrastructure,

Mater Perform.,

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Molten Salt Corrosion

Introduction

Revised by Russell D Kane, InterCorr International, Inc

Mechanisms of Molten Salt Corrosion

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Fig 1 Cumulative-loss data from electrochemical measurements in molten slag LPR, linear polarization resistance; harmonics, harmonic distortion analysis (HDA) Source: Ref 1

Fig 2 Comparison of weight-loss data from electrochemical measurements in molten slag Weight loss is from test coupons SmartCET is a real-time corrosion-monitoring system (InterCorr International, Inc.) Field measurements were made on the fireside of a coal fueled boiler Source: Ref 1

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Reference cited in this section

Revised by Russell D Kane, InterCorr International, Inc

Types of Molten Salts

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