Volume 09 - Metallography and Microstructures Part 9 pps

Table 1 Etching reagents for beryllium-copper and beryllium-nickel alloys... Table 2 Chemical compositions of beryllium-copper alloys... Table 3 Chemical compositions of beryllium-nickel

Alloy 7075-T651 sheet showing the effect of saturation peening Fig 231: longitudinal section Fig 232: transverse section The sheet was peened with S230 cast steel shot to an Almen-gage intensity of 0.006

to 0.008 A The surface of the sheet (at the top) shows deformation and roughening Keller's reagent

150×

γ

Powder Metal Technologies and Applications, ASM Handbook

Table 1 Etchants used for beryllium

Chemical etchants

Electrolytic etchants

Table 2 Grades of vacuum hot-pressed beryllium Chemical composition S-65B S-200F I-220A I-400

μ

ASM Handbook Metals Handbook.

μ

μ μ μ

μ μ

μ

Table 1 Etching reagents for beryllium-copper and beryllium-nickel alloys

β

β

γ

Table 2 Chemical compositions of beryllium-copper alloys

γ γ

γ γ

→

Table 3 Chemical compositions of beryllium-nickel alloys

α

α

α

γ

α

α

γ

β

β

Table 1 Etchants for macroscopic examination of coppers and copper alloys

μ α

μ γ

α α β

Table 3 Etchants and procedures for microetching of coppers and copper alloys

copper alloy

β α β

β

β α β

Table 4 Electrolytes and operating conditions for electrolytic etching of copper and copper alloys

β

Table 5 Nominal compositions of copper and copper alloys

Composition, % CDA No Name

Wrought brasses

Composition, %

Wrought bronzes

Composition, %

Filler metals and brazing alloys

α

Same as Fig 23, 24, 25, and 26 Fig 27: 0.23% O Fig 28: 0.32% O Figures 29 and 30, containing more than 0.39% O, have structures consisting of particles or dendrites of oxide (dark) and eutectic Fig 29: 0.44% O Fig 30: 0.50% O As-polished 100×

Same as Fig 23, 24, 25, and 26, with dark oxide dendrites in a eutectic matrix Fig 31: 0.60% O Fig 32: 0.70% O Fig 33: 0.78% O Fig 34: 0.91% O As-polished 100×

Alloy 26000 (cartridge brass) hot rolled to 10 mm (0.4 in.) thick, annealed to a grain size of 15 μm, cold rolled to 40% to 6 mm (0.24 in.) thick, and annealed to a grain size of 120 m Diagram in lower left corner of each micrograph indicates the view relative to the rolling plane of the sheet Nominal tensile strength of 296 MPa (43,000 psi) Etchant 1, Table 3 75×

Same alloy and processing as Fig 76 and 77, except reduced by cold rolling from 6 mm (0.24 in.) to 4

mm (0.15 in.) thick Hard temper; nominal tensile strength of 52A MPa (76 000 psi) Etchant 1, Table

3 75×

Alloy 26000 (cartridge brass), processed to obtain various grain sizes Preliminary processing: hot rolled, annealed, cold rolled, annealed to a grain size of 25 μm, cold rolled to 70% reduction Final anneal temperature gives difference in grain sizes Fig 80: grain size is 5 μm final annealed at 330 °C (625 °F) Fig 81: grain size is 10 μm final annealed at 370 °C (700 °F) Fig 82: grain size is 15 m; final annealed at 405 °C (760 °F) Fig 83: grain size is 20 μm; final annealed at 425 °C (800 °F) Etchant 1, Table 3 75×

Same as Fig 80, 81, 82, and 83 Fig 84: grain size is 125 μm; final annealed at 640 °C (1180 °F) Fig 85: grain size is 150 μm; final annealed at 665 °C (1225 °F) Fig 86: grain size is 175 μm; final annealed at 680 °C (1260 °F) Fig 87: grain size is 200 μm; final annealed at 705 °C (1300 °F) Etchant

1, Table 3 75×

α β

α

α

α

α β

α

α

β

α β

μ

μ

μ

μ μ μ

Table 1 Recommended etchants and procedures for macroscopic and microscopic examination of lead and lead alloys

Etchant Composition

(parts are by

volume)

μ

Metallurgical Laboratory Practices,

Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Special-Purpose Materials ASM

Lead-base babbitt, SAE alloy 14 (Pb-15Sb-10.2Sn-0.4Cu-0.4As) as-cast in 38-mm (1.5-in.) diam by

19-mm (0.75-in.) high copper mold Center of casting shows primary cuboids of antimony-tin phase (light) and a few small primary crystals of lead (black) in a matrix of binary eutectic (filigreed) 5% HCl Fig 13: 200× Fig 14: 500×

Same material as Fig 13 and 14, but cast in gray iron liner (at bottom) Chilled area has fine eutectic structure of lamellar antimony-tin (light) and lead-rich solid solution (dark) Fig 15: 5% HCl, 100× Fig 16: 7 parts acetic acid, 3 parts 3% H2O2, 250×

Lead-base babbitt (Pb-12.5Sb-5Sn) as-cast in 32-mm (1.5-in.) diam by 19-mm (0.75-in.) high copper mold Center of casting shows dendritic grains of lead (black) and primary crystals of antimony (light)

in a ternary eutectic matrix (filigreed) 7 parts acetic acid, 3 parts 3% H2O2 Fig 17: 200× Fig 18: 500×

Same material as Fig 17 and 18, but as-cast in gray iron liner Fig 19: arbor-chilled bearing surface consists of primary antimony crystals in fine ternary eutectic Fig 20: area between arbor and liner consists of more antimony crystals, a few lead dendrites (black), and coarse eutectic resulting from slower cooling Same etchant as Fig 17 and 18 640×

Pb-0.083Ca A higher calcium content than in Fig 21 results in smaller grains Fine Pb3Ca precipitate (dark) is recognizable in Fig 26 15 g citric acid + 9 g ammonium molybdate in 80 mL H2O Fig 25: 92× Fig 26; 1825×

α

Table 1 Selected etchants for macroscopic and microscopic examination of magnesium alloys

Nital:

Glycol:

Acetic glycol:

Acetic-picral:

Acetic-picral:

Acetic-picral:

Casting alloys

Filler metals