Volume 06 - Welding, Brazing and Soldering Part 10 pps

CORROSION, ALLOYS FOR THE EIGHTIES, TABLE 2 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF NICKEL-BASE MOLYBDENUM-BEARING CORROSION-RESISTANT ALLOYS RELATIVE TO CARBON STEEL AND STAINLESS STEELS MATERIAL MELTI

TABLE 3 COMPOSITION OF SELECTED MECHANICALLY ALLOYED MATERIALS

ALLOY

Fe Cr Al Ti Ni C Y 2 O 3

0.3

YIELD STRENGTH (A)

% (A)

MPA KSI MPA

13.6 7.4

MA

6000 (B)

8.11 0.293 203 29.4 222 32.2 192 27.8 9 131 19 127 18.5

REPAIR OF TURBINE BLADES AND VANES,

WELD J., HYDROCARBON PROCESS.,

WELD J., CAN WELD FABRICAT.,

PROCEEDINGS: SEMINAR ON DISSIMILAR WELDS IN FOSSIL-FIRED BOILERS,

t

J MET.,

WELD J.,

WELD J.,

INT J REFRACT HARD MET.,

METALL TRANS B,

MET TECHNOL.,

WELD LNT.,

MATER SCI ENG.,

Corrosion, ASM Handbook,

J MET.,

TABLE 1 COMPOSITIONS OF SELECTED NICKEL-BASE CORROSION-RESISTANT ALLOYS

TABLE 2 PROPERTIES OF SELECTED NICKEL-BASE CORROSION-RESISTANT ALLOYS

MELTING RANGE

THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY

ALLOY DENSITY,

G/CM 3

°C °F

COEFFICIENT OF THERMAL

10 -8 Ω/M

•

•

WELD J.,

WELD J.,

WELDING RESEARCH COUNCIL SYMPOSIUM ON EFFECTS OF MINOR ELEMENTS ON THE WELDABILITY OF HIGH-NICKEL ALLOYS,

PROC FIFTH BOLTON LANDING CONF.,

TABLE 3 TYPICAL ANNEALING TEMPERATURES FOR CORROSION-RESISTANT NICKEL, COPPER, NICKEL-CHROMIUM, AND NICKEL-CHROMIUM-IRON ALLOYS

NICKEL-TEMPERATURE (A) ALLOY UNS NO

TABLE 4 RECOMMENDED HEAT TREATMENT PROCEDURES FOR SELECTED NICKEL-BASE CORROSION-RESISTANT ALLOYS

ALLOYS 200 AND 201 FOR CAUSTIC SERVICE

ALLOY 600 FOR CAUSTIC SERVICE

ALLOY 400 FOR HYDROFLUORIC ACID SERVICE

TABLE 5 WELDING PRODUCTS FOR DISSIMILAR-METAL JOINTS BETWEEN NICKEL-BASE CORROSION-RESISTANT ALLOYS AND OTHER METALS

WELDING PRODUCT FOR DISSIMILAR-METAL JOINT WITH

WELD J.,

WELD J.,

WELDING RESEARCH COUNCIL SYMPOSIUM ON EFFECTS OF MINOR ELEMENTS ON THE WELDABILITY OF HIGH-NICKEL ALLOYS,

PROC FIFTH BOLTON LANDING CONF.,

TABLE 1 NOMINAL COMPOSITION OF SELECTED MOLYBDENUM-BEARING NICKEL-BASE CORROSION-RESISTANT ALLOYS

N

CORROSION,

ALLOYS FOR THE EIGHTIES,

TABLE 2 PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF NICKEL-BASE MOLYBDENUM-BEARING

CORROSION-RESISTANT ALLOYS RELATIVE TO CARBON STEEL AND STAINLESS STEELS

MATERIAL MELTING

TEMPERATURE RANGE

DENSITY THERMAL

CONDUCTIVITY

COEFFICIENT

OF THERMAL EXPANSION

ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY,

10 -8 Ω · M

•

•

WELD J RES SUPPL.,

WERKST KORROS.,

METALL TRANS A,

TABLE 3 SOLUTION ANNEALING TEMPERATURES FOR CORROSION-RESISTANT NICKEL-BASE ALLOYS CONTAINING MOLYBDENUM

TEMPERATURE ALLOY UNS NO

°C ± 14° °F ± 25°

CORROSION,

ALLOYS FOR THE EIGHTIES,

WELD J RES SUPPL.,

WERKST KORROS.,

METALL TRANS A,

MATER SELECT DES.,

•

•

•

•

TABLE 1 NOMINAL COMPOSITION OF SELECTED COBALT-BASE CORROSION-RESISTANT ALLOYS

COMPOSITION, WT %

CO Cr Ni Fe Mo W C N

TABLE 2 TENSILE PROPERTIES OF WELDED COBALT-BASE CORROSION-RESISTANT ALLOY UNS R31233 RELATIVE TO WROUGHT AND CAST PRODUCTS AT ROOM TEMPERATURE

YIELD STRENGTH AT 0.2% OFFSET

ULTIMATE TENSILE STRENGTH

WELD J.,

α β

α

β α

MET BULL MON.,

α β

ET AL.,

MATER PERFORM.,

WELD J., WELD J.,

WELD J.,

MET BULL MON.,

ET AL.,

TABLE 1 TYPICAL TESTS REQUIRED IN VARIOUS WELDING CODES AND STANDARDS FOR

WELDING PROCEDURE QUALIFICATION AND WELDER PERFORMANCE QUALIFICATION

DESTRUCTIVE TESTS

NONDESTRUCTIVE TESTS

ASM Handbook

WELDING HANDBOOK,

MECHANICAL TESTING, ASM HANDBOOK,

METALLOGRAPHY AND MICROSTRUCTURES, ASM HANDBOOK,

NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION AND QUALITY CONTROL, ASM HANDBOOK,

the capacity of a material to be welded under the imposed fabrication conditions into a specific, suitably designed structure and to perform satisfactorily in the intended service

•

•

•

•

WELDING HANDBOOK, WELDABILITY OF STEELS,

WELDABILITY OF STEELS,

TABLE 2 WELDABILITY TESTS USED TO EVALUATE SUSCEPTIBILITY TO CRACKING

VARIABLES

TYPE OF DATA SPECIALIZED

EQUIPMENT

RELATIVE COST

x x

R

σ

WELDING HANDBOOK,

WELDABILITY OF STEELS, WELDABILITY OF STEELS,

WELD RES COUNC BULL.,

WELD J.,

WELD J.,

W D

D W

D W

•

FERROUS ALLOY WELDMENTS,

ADVANCES IN WELDING TECHNOLOGY INTERNATIONAL CONF PROC.

TRENDS IN WELDING RESEARCH IN THE UNITED STATES,

WELD J.,

WELD J., WELD J.,

WELD J., WELD J.,

WELD J.,

ASM TRANS QUART., CAN METALL QUART.,

TRANS ASM,

WELD J., WELD J.,

WELD J., WELD J.,

WELD J.,

WELD J.,

WELD J.,

WELD J.,

WELD J.,

WELD J., WELD J.,

MECHANICAL TESTING, ASM HANDBOOK,

METALLOGRAPHY AND MICROSTRUCTURES, ASM HANDBOOK,

NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION AND QUALITY CONTROL, ASM HANDBOOK,

WELDING HANDBOOK,

WELDABILITY OF STEELS, WELDABILITY OF STEELS,

WELD RES COUNC BULL.,

WELD J.,

WELD J.,

FERROUS ALLOY WELDMENTS,

ADVANCES IN WELDING TECHNOLOGY INTERNATIONAL CONF PROC.

TRENDS IN WELDING RESEARCH IN THE UNITED STATES,

WELD J., WELD J.,

WELD J., WELD J.,

WELD J., WELD J.,

WELD J.,

ASM TRANS QUART., CAN METALL QUART.,

TRANS ASM,

WELD J., WELD J.,

WELD J., WELD J., WELD J.,

γ

∆G

lv d dh

μ

→ (EQ 5)

surf

TABLE 2 BRAZING FLUX TYPES PER AWS SPECIFICATION B2.2

RECOMMENDED USEFUL

TEMPERATURE RANGE

°C °F

CONSTITUENTS

TABLE 3 BRAZING ATMOSPHERE TYPES (PER AWS SPECIFICATION B2.2)

DEW POINT MAXIMUM (A)

≤ ≤

TABLE 4 CLASSIFICATION OF SOLDERING FLUXES

RECOMMENDED TEMPERATURE RANGE

FLUX TYPE USES CONSTITUENTS TEMPERATURE

STABILITY

°C °F CORROSIVE (INORGANIC)

INTERMEDIATE (ORGANIC)

NONCORROSIVE (ORGANIC)

TABLE 5 GENERAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED MATERIALS

MELTING POINT DENSITY EXPANSION

COEFFICIENT

YOUNG'S MODULUS

TENSILE STRENGTH MATERIAL

°C °F g/cm 3 lb/in. 3 10 -6 /k 10 -6 / °f GPa 10 6 psi MPa ksi CERAMIC

METAL

GRAPHITE

∆ε ∆α ∆T

ACTA METALL.,

METALLURGICAL PRINCIPLES OF FOUNDING,

MATER SCI TECHNOL.,

INTRODUCTION TO WELDING AND BRAZING, SOLDERING MANUAL,

TABLE 6 RELATIONSHIP OF TYPICAL HEATING METHOD, BASE METALS, AND FILLER METALS USED IN BRAZING

TABLE 7 RELATIONSHIP OF COMMON HEATING METHODS, BASE METALS, AND FILLER METALS USED IN SOLDERING

BASE METAL FILLER METAL HEATING

METHOD (A)

FLUX TYPE (B)

A

TABLE 8 BRAZING TEMPERATURES AND SERVICE TEMPERATURES FOR FILLER METALS USED IN THE BRAZING OF STAINLESS STEELS

BRAZING TEMPERATURE RANGE

SERVICE TEMPERATURE FILLER METAL

σ σ

σ

σ

α

α

xxx, xxx, xxx

TABLE 9 SOLDERABILITY OF ALUMINUM ALLOYS

TABLE 10 COMPOSITION AND TYPICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLDERS USED WITH ALUMINUM

COMPOSITION, WT% MELTING

RANGE, SOLIDUS - LIQUIDUS (A)

SOLDER

TYPE

Sn Zn Al Cd Pb Cu °C °F

WETTING ABILITY (B)

FLUX TYPE (C)

CORROSION RESISTANCE (B)

γ γ γ

MATER SCI TECHNOL., SOLDERING MANUAL,

AM SOC CERAM BULL.,

SOLDERS AND SOLDERING, ALUMINUM SOLDERING HANDBOOK,

α ββββββ

β

BRAZING TEMPERATURE FILLER METAL

TABLE 13 α-TO-β TRANSITION TEMPERATURE FOR TITANIUM AND TITANIUM ALLOYS

fm i fm

TABLE 14 FILLER METALS COMMONLY USED IN SILICON CARBIDE BRAZING APPLICATIONS

COMPOSITION, WT% SOLIDUS

TEMPERATURE

LIQUIDUS TEMPERATURE

BRAZING TEMPERATURE

TABLE 15 TYPICAL ACTIVE BRAZING PARAMETERS FOR OXIDE CERAMICS

BRAZING TEMPERATURE

STRENGTH JOINT FILLER METAL

°C °F MPA KSI

TABLE 16 TYPICAL PARAMETERS FOR BRAZING OF NITRIDE CERAMICS

BRAZING TEMPERATURE

STRENGTH

INTRODUCTION TO WELDING AND BRAZING, THE PHYSICAL METALLURGY OF TITANIUM ALLOYS, CERAMIC JOINING,

ACTA METALL.,

METALLURGICAL PRINCIPLES OF FOUNDING,

MATER SCI TECHNOL.,

INTRODUCTION TO WELDING AND BRAZING, SOLDERING MANUAL,

AM SOC CERAM BULL., SOLDERS AND SOLDERING, ALUMINUM SOLDERING HANDBOOK,

THE PHYSICAL METALLURGY OF TITANIUM ALLOYS, CERAMIC JOINING,

BRAZING MANUAL,

ELECTRONIC MATERIALS

ISIJ LNT.,

SOLDERING HANDBOOK FOR MOUNTED CIRCUITS AND SURFACE MOUNTING,

1ST U.S.-JAPAN SYMP ADVANCES

IN WELDING METALLURGY,

JOINING CERAMICS, GLASS AND METAL,

WELD J.,

ENGINEERED MATERIALS HANDBOOK, CERAMICS AND GLASSES,

BRAZING, SOLDERING IN ELECTRONICS, BRAZING, AND SOLDERING, METALS HANDBOOK, WELDING PROCESSES, WELDING HANDBOOK,

2ND INTERNATIONAL KOLLOQUIM BAD NAUHEIM,

TABLE 1(A) COMPOSITION OF SELECTED CARBON STEELS USED IN ARC WELDING APPLICATIONS

COMPOSITION, WT % (A) SAE-AISI

MANGANESE-CARBON

FREE-MACHINING

TABLE 1(B) COMPOSITION AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SELECTED CARBON STEELS USED

IN ARC WELDING APPLICATIONS

ASTM DESIGNATION COMPOSITION,

WT% (A)

ULTIMATE TENSILE STRENGTH (B)

YIELD STRENGTH (B) SPECIFICATION GRADE

OR TYPE

c mn si (d) mpa ksi mpa ksi

COMMENTS (C)

STRUCTURAL STEELS

•

•

TABLE 2 RECOMMENDED PREHEAT AND INTERPASS TEMPERATURES FOR SELECTED THICKNESSES OF STRUCTURAL CARBON STEELS

THICKNESS OF THICKEST PART

AT POINT OF

WELDING (T)

MINIMUM TEMPERATURE (A)(B)(D)

TABLE 3 RECOMMENDED PREHEAT AND INTERPASS TEMPERATURES FOR SELECTED CARBON STEELS

RECOMMENDED WELDING CONDITIONS

MINIMUM PREHEAT AND INTERPASS TEMPERATURE

POSTWELD HEAT TREATMENT THICKNESS

RANGE

LOW HYDROGEN

OTHER THAN LOW HYDROGEN

TEMPERATURE RANGE

AISI-SAE

STEEL

SPECIFICATIONS

CARBON RANGE, % (A)

DESIRABLE

OR OPTIONAL °C °F

PEENING MAY BE NECESSARY

≤ ≤

≤ ≤

≤ ≤

≤ ≤

TABLE 4 CLASSIFICATION OF CONSUMABLES RELATIVE TO THE DIFFUSIBLE HYDROGEN LEVELS

OF THEIR DEPOSITED WELD METALS

HYDROGEN LEVELS

AT INDICATED DESIGNATIONS, ML/100 G SPECIFICATION

VERY LOW LOW HYDROGEN-CONTROLLED

LINE

δ δ

d w

xx xx

xx xx

•

•

•

•

•

THE PRINCIPLES OF COLD CRACKING CONTROL IN WELDS, FUNDAMENTALS OF WELDING METALLURGY,

WELDED STEEL CONSTRUCTION (METAL ARC WELDING),

WELDABILITY OF STEELS, PROCESS OF ARC WELDING CARBON & CARBON MANGANESE STEELS,

WELDING STEELS WITHOUT HYDROGEN CRACKING,

THE METALLURGY OF WELDING, THE PROCEDURE HANDBOOK OF ARC WELDING,

PREFERRED ORIENTATION IN THE WELD FUSION ZONE, WELDING HANDBOOK,

TABLE 5 PROCESS SELECTION GUIDELINES FOR ARC WELDING CARBON STEELS

ALL-POSITION O.K OUTSIDE FAIR

PORTABILITY USED ON PLATE 1.0 MM (0.04 IN.) AND ABOVE NO JOINT PREPARATION REQUIRED

EQUIPMENT COST IS MODERATE