Understanding And Applying Machine Vision Part 14 ppt

electronic imaging, 21 vs.

Laser interferometer, 346

Laser radar, 23

Laser scanner, 140, 345

Laser triangulation, 32, 341

Laser velocimeter, 347

Lens, 114

cylindrical, 99, 106, 124, 127

mounts, 125

objectives, 122–124

Light, 86, 88 (see also Illumination optics; Lighting) geometry of propagation, 88, 89

collimated, 90

diffuse, 90

point, 89

interaction of objects, 103

absorption, 104

reflection, 104

refraction, 104

scattering, 104

spectral, 104

transmission, 104

polarized, 89, 109

sources, 91–100

arc lamp, 97

black light discharge tube, 93

fiber optic, 100

fluorescent, 73, 88, 90, 96

incandescent, 73, 88, 90, 91

Page 400 laser, 98

light emitting diode, 97

quartz halogen, 93

strobe, 96

spectral distribution, 89

wavelength, 89

Light field illumination, 106

Lighting, 48, 73, 86–88, 282

active, 23, 24

approaches, 104–112

backlighting, 105

chromaticity, 112

color discrimination by

filters, 112

directional, 108

front, 106

infrared, 99

passive, 23

polarized, 89, 109

structured, 105, 344

tips, 112

transmission, 104

ultraviolet, 99

Linear arrays, 24, 25, 62, 139, 140, 343

M

Machine vision

applications, 16, 18, 35, 54, 56, 61, 78, 85–86, 104, 234, 237–278

application-specific machine vision (ASMV), 16, 26, 31, 33

benefits, 61, 70

binary, 18

business strategies, 25

definition, 35, 46

description of industry, 21

fundamental block diagram, 47

general-purpose machine vision (GPMV), 25, 31

gray scale, 18

historical perspective, 7

innovation cycle, 36

justification, 61–71, 81

NSF research, 8 9

technical approaches, 23

vs electronic imaging, 21

vs human vision, 40, 46, 75

Machine Vision Association, 14

Machine vision software supplier, 32

Mathematical morphology, 182 (see also Image transformation; Morphology) Merchant machine vision vendor, 30

Merchant system integrator, 32

Metrology, 280

Mirrors, 124

Moire interferometry, 228

Morphology, 182–191

closing, 185

dilation, 185

erosion, 185

opening, 186

structured element, 186, 188, 214

Motion analysis, 22

N

Nearest neighbor processing (see Image processing; Spatial convolutions)

Neighborhood processing, 53

Nyquist sampling theorem, 293

O

Object properties, 50, 56, 88

Opening, 186

Optical character recognition (OCR), 23, 28, 259, 285

Optical character verification, 28, 259, 287

Optics, 48, 113–129, 283 (see also Image rotation; Lens)

aberrations, 74, 119, 121, 302

Page 401 aperture, 74, 118

beam splitting, 99, 128

chromatic aberrations, 302

cleanliness, 126

defocusing, 118

depth of field, 74, 118

depth of focus, 118

distortion, 74, 119

extender rings, 127

fiber optics, 90, 100, 345

field angle, 115

field of view, 116

f-number, 115

focal length, 74, 114, 117

focusing, 114

geometric distortion, 119

magnification, 74, 117

mounts, 125

objectives, 122–124

35-mm camera, 124

microscope, 124

reprographic, 124

zoom, 124

Rayleigh limit, 118, 282

resolution, 117

split imaging, 129

telecentric, 128

working distance, 115

Original equipment manufacturer (OEM), 32

P

Parallel pipeline, 217

Pattern matching, 205

Pattern recognition, 14, 22

Pels, 48

Pharmaceutical industry applications, 257–265

Photoelectric scanner, 343

Pipeline, 217

Pixel counts, 205

Pixels, 48, 76, 147, 158 (see also Subpixel resolution) encoded value, 50, 85, 208

jitter, 160

Point light source, 89

Polarization, 89, 109

Progressive scan, 134, 137

Printing industry applications, 267–269 Projections, 87, 222

Project management, 326–339

Project plan, 309–315

Proposal evaluation, 329

Q

Quality costs, 62

cost of control, 62

cost of failure, 62

Quantization, 74

R

Range, 221–235

active triangulation, 223, 227, 230 focusing, 221

Rayleigh criteria, 118, 282

Reflectance, 50, 84

Region of interest (see Windows)

Region segmentation, 175

Request for proposal, 327

Resolution, 48, 52, 87, 117

limiting, 146

subpixel, 76, 182, 284

Resolvable elements, 48, 116

ROI analysis, 334

Run length encoding, 193

S

Sampling, 154 (see also Digitization) Saturation, 50, 84, 298

Segmentation, 174–191

edge, 181

region, 175

threshold, 175

adaptive, 177

dual, 176

Page 402 fixed, 175

localized, 181

windows, 174–175 (see also Windowing)

Semiconductor industry

applications, 237–244

Sensor properties

aliasing, 150

aspect ratio, 147

blooming, 150

color response, 149

contrast transfer function, 146

cross talk, 151

dark current, 149

detectivity, 147

dynamic range, 147

fixed pattern noise, 148

gamma, 148

geometric distortion, 147

limiting resolution, 146

linearity, 148

modulation transfer function, 146

quantum efficiency, 147

resolution, 146

responsivity, 147

saturation, 149

shading, 149

sensitivity, 148

signal-to-noise, 149

signal uniformity, 149

time constants, 149

Sensors, 48, 141–151

alternatives

infrared, 161

ultraviolet, 161

X-ray, 161

charge coupled devices, 13, 141

charge injection devices, 13, 144

charge primed devices, 144

complementary metal oxide sensor, 144

frame transfer, 142–143

interline transfer, 142–143

linear array, 145

metal oxide

semiconductor, 144

photodiode matrix, 145

solid state, 141

TDI (time-delay and integration), 145

Vidicon, 141

Shading, 50

Shade of gray, 50, 53, 75 (see also Gray levels; ray scale; Gray shades) Shape from shading, 222, 233

Shutter, 97, 112, 134, 135, 143, 144, 150

Smart cameras, 161

Smoothing, 168 (see also Frame addition)

Spatial convolutions, 171

Spatial filtering, 171–173, 293

Specification development, 80, 315–325

Specular properties, 50

Speckle, 99

Split imaging, 129

SRI analysis, 193–195

blob, 195

connectivity analysis, 195

Statistical process control, 62

Stereo correspondence, 223

Stereopsis, 226

Stereo views, 223

Structured element, 186

Structured lighting, 24, 54, 222

Subpixel resolution, 76, 182, 284

Symbolic, 216

Page 403 Sync, 134

Syntactic analysis, 210

T

Telecentric imaging, 128

Television cameras, 129, 133–140

Template, 14, 182, 199–205

Temporal, 54, 55, 165, 171, 216

Texture, 50, 84

Texture gradient, 234

Three-dimensional 221–235

active, 223, 227, 230

autofocusing, 221

depth from texture gradient, 234

interferometry, 231

laser range finder, 232

machine vision supplier, 32

moire interferometry, 228

passive, 223

photometric stereo, 233

range from focusing, 228

stereo correspondence, 223

structured light, 222

surface shading models, 233, 291

time-of-flight range finders, 230

triangulation, 54, 228, 230

Threshold

adaptive, 292

fixed, 292

Threshold segmentation, 194

Time delay and integration cameras, 145, 291 Time-of-flight, 222, 230–233 (see also Range)

time of arrival, 222

phase shift, 222

Touch sensitive probes, 349

Train by showing, 207

Transition counts, 77, 205, 208

Triangulation, 54, 228, 230

Ultrasonics, 348

V

Validation, 262

Vector generation, 158

Vendor conference, 329

Vendor evaluation, 333

Vignetting, 50

Vision engine, 48, 75, 284

W

Wavelength, 90

Web scanner supplier, 32

Windowing, 174

adaptive, 174

fixed, 174

perfect hull, 175

Windows, 174–175

Wood industry applications, 269–278

Working distance, 115, 117–119, 123–124, 127–128

X

X-bar and R charts, 5