Introduction to Medical Immunology - part 10 doc

Combined immunodeficiencies, 591-596Common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen cALLA, 170 Common acute lymphocytic leukemia antigen CALLA, 571 Common variable immunodeficiency acquired

Combined immunodeficiencies, 591-596

Common acute lymphoblastic leukemia antigen (cALLA), 170

Common acute lymphocytic leukemia antigen (CALLA), 571

Common variable immunodeficiency (acquired hypogammaglobulinemia), 583, 585-586Compatibility testing, 457

microbial anticomplementary mechanisms, 157-158

synthetic rates of, 156

see also specific complement components

Complement activators, proteolytic enzymes, 148

Complementarity-determining regions, 84

Complement-based assays, for soluble immune complex screening, 487-488

Complement fixation tests, 270-271

Complement inhibitors, 141, 153

Complement receptor (CR),

1, 146-147, 150-153, 239, 244, 319

2, 152, 153

3, 152, 153, 239

4, 152, 153

in human cell membranes, 151-153

in immune complex development, 484

Complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), 53, 218

for blood transfusion, 457-458

for bone marrow transplantation, 519

Cross-reactions,

antibody-antigen, 125-126

disease susceptibility and, 354

natural antibodies and, 242

with tissue antigens, 253

Cross-reactive autoantibodies, 386

Cross-reactive idiotypes, 353

Cross-regulation, of T-helper subsets, 212-213

Cryoglobulinemia, essential or idiopathic, 487

Cytotoxic response, MHC-I and, 40

Desensitization, 495

Direct antibody assay, 277

Direct antiglobulin test (Coombs), 456, 463, 465, 467

DNP, hapten-carrier effect in irradiated animals, 56-58

Donor-recipient matching, for organ transplantation, 517-519

Double diffusion method (Ouchterlony's technique), 259-260

Double positives, 175

Down-regulation, of immune response, 345-346

DR1β chains, in rheumatoid arthritis, 406-407

Drug abuse, immunosuppression of, 603

Drugs (see specific drugs)

DTH (see Delayed-type hypersensitivity)

Dysgammaglobulinemia, 283, 284

E

E4, 420

EAE (experimental allergic encephalomyelitis), 356-357, 377

EBV [see Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)]

ECF-A (eosinophil chemotactic factors of anaphylaxis), 444

Eczema, with immunodeficiency and thrombocytopenia, 595-596

in experimental contact hypersensitivity, 426-427

EIA (see Enzymoimmunoassay)

ELAM-1 (endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule-1; E-selectin), 26, 197Elastase, 321

Electrophoresis, in B-cell dyscrasia diagnosis, 554

autoimmune disease pathogenesis and, 354-356

control, in immediate hypersensitivity prevention, 446

systemic lupus erythematosus pathogenesis and, 392

Enzyme-linked immunoassay test (ELISA), for anti-HIV antibodies, 612-613Enzymoimmunoassay (EIA),

Epithelial cells, synthesis of secretory component, 93

Epitope (see Antigenic determinants)

Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen-1, 574

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV),

B-cell lymphoma associated with, 574

Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), 356-357, 377

Experimental contact hypersensitivity, 426-427

Experimental models, of serum sickness, 475

Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), 322

Flow cytometry, of T-lymphocyte subpopulations, 299-302Fluorescence assays, 326

Folic acid deficiency, 599

Follicles, lymphoid (nodules), 16, 17, 18

c-Fos, 191-192

graft rejection and, 31

in IgE synthesis control, 439

immunogenic responsiveness and, 52

in malignant transformation, 536

in rheumatoid arthritis, 406-407, 409

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[Genetic factors]

in study of lymphocyte diversity/ontogeny, 166-167

in systemic lupus erythematosus, 390-391

for graft rejection prevention, 522-523

for idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura, 379

for immediate hypersensitivity, 449

for multiple sclerosis, 378

for myasthenia gravis, 376

for rheumatoid arthritis, 410-411

β-Glucuronidase, 321

Glutathione, 322

G1M3, 112

G1M17, 112

GM allotype (IgG heavy-chain allotypes), 111-113, 115

GM-CSF (see Granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor)

gp41, 606

gp120, 231, 606, 611

gp160, 231, 606

Graft rejection,

antigens (see Human leukocyte antigens)

cell-mediated immunity and, 6

genetic control of, 31

in immune complex diseases, 483

in immune complex-induced hypersensitivity, 423-424protective effects, 2

Granulomatous reactions, T-cell hypersensitivity and, 202-203Granzymes,

A, 209

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[Heavy chains]

constant region, 82

domains/regions, 83

variable region or V region, 82, 105

Heavy-chain V-region allotypes (HV1), 113

Hepatocytes, IgA transport, 93

Hereditary angioneurotic edema, 153-154

HEV (high endothelium venules), 25, 27

HGPRT (hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase), 165HiB-OC, 230

High endothelium venules (HEV), 25, 27

active immunization for, 510

asymptomatic stage of, 609-610

decline of immune functions in, 610-612early stages of, 608-609

escape from immune response, 612immunotherapy, 233

Human leukocyte antigens (HLAs),

alleles, disease susceptibility and, 354B27, 38, 45, 353, 355

biological role, 5 33

transient hypogammaglobulinemia of infancy, 583, 585

HVI (heavy-chain V-region allotypes), 113

Hybridomas, 164-166, 299

Hydantoin, induction of systemic lupus-like syndrome, 392

Hydralazine, induction of systemic lupus-like syndrome, 392

anti-IgA antibody, prevention of, 587

classification, 417-418

cytotoxic or type II, 420-422

hapten-carrier effect and, 52

IgE-mediated (see Immediate hypersensitivity)

immediate or type I, 418-420

immune complex-induced or type III, 422-425

immunosuppressive drugs in, 504-505

type IV (see Delayed-type hypersensitivity)

in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, 569

immunoglobulin levels in, 283-284

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ICAM (see Intercellular adhesion molecule)

ICE (interleukin converging enzyme), 195

IDDM (see Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus)

IgE (see Immunoglobulin E)

IgG (see Immunoglobulin G)

IgM (see Immunoglobulin M)

experimental models, 418-419

historical background, 418-419

pathogenesis, 419-420

IgE antibodies and, 436-438

sequence of events in, 435-436

clinical expression of, 490-491

development, host factors and, 484

in systemic lupus erythematosus, 387-389

tissue deposition of, 478-481

transfer of, 478

triggering of inflammatory circuits, 481-483

uptake, infection as consequence of, 253

Immune deficiency syndromes, as models for immune defense study, 247-248Immune elimination, 225, 226

antigen processing/presentation and, 59-60

antigen receptors and, 58-59

B lymphocytes and, 65

cytotoxic T-lymphocytes and, 62-65

factors associated with, 52-53

helper T lymphocyte activation and, 60-62

immune recognition and, 58

ineffective, 250

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[Immune response]

inflammation and, 27

lymph nodes and, 19

magnitude, MHC-II and, 41-42

modulators (see Immunomodulators)

tumor cells and, 542

see also specific cells

Immunity,

antibody-mediated (see Humoral immune response)

cell-mediated (see Cell-mediated immunity)

terminology, 1

Immunization,

active, 217-218, 510

historical background, 229

impact of, 1

recommended, 233, 234

Immunoblotting, 262-263

Immunocompetent animals, hapten-carrier effect experiments, 55-56

Immunocompromised patients, B-cell lymphomas in, 574

with burn injury, 600-601

case example of, 598

characteristics of, 598

with drug abuse, 603

iatrogenically induced, 601-603

with infections, 603-605

with malnutrition, 599

with renal failure, 599-600with vitamin deficiency, 599with zinc deficiency, 599

study of, 9

Immunodepression, in AIDS/HIV, 611Immunoelectrophoresis (IEP),

in B-cell dyscrasia diagnosis, 554, 555method/applications, 260-261

biosynthesis, 91-95

on B lymphocytes, 11

characteristics, 79

heavy chains (see Heavy chains)

light chains (see Light chains)

membrane changes during B-cell maturation/activation, 169

metabolism, 95-96

minor classes (see Immunoglobulin D; Immunoglobulin E)

peptide chains, genetic encoding for, 105

abnormal with combined immunodeficiency, 593

ontogenic development of, 169

terminology, 4 11

variable regions, gene rearrangements, 105-108

see also specific types of immunoglobulin

late phase of, 444-446

interaction with cell surface receptors, 440-442quantitation, 436-438

synthesis,

genetic control of, 439

T-cell/B-cell cooperation in, 440

immunopotentiation and (see Immunopotentiation)

immunosuppression and (see Immunosuppression)

with drug abuse, 603

in HTLV-1-associated T-cell leukemia, 573

with infections, 603-605

organ transplantation and, 522-528

for rheumatoid arthritis, 411

side effects, 527-528

drug-induced (see Immunosuppressive drugs)

Immunosuppressive drugs,

anti-inflammatory, 495

Imuran (see Azathioprine)

Indicator system, for complement fixation tests, 270-271

Indirect antiglobulin test (Coombs test), 269, 455, 456, 466

immunosuppressive effects of, 251-252, 603-605

from prolonged immunosuppression, 505-506

systemic lupus erythematosus pathogenesis and, 392

therapeutic strategies for, 253-254

cell-mediated immunity and, 247

complement activation and, 132

helper T-lymphocyte role in, 201-203

immune-complex-induced, 253

immune reactions and, 27

Inflammatory spondyloarthropathies, HLA-B27 and, 353

Influenza virus, 251

Ingestion, 325

Inhibitor κB (IκB), 191

Inorganic compounds, as adjuvants, 53

Inositol 1,4,5 triphosphate (IP3), 62, 191

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM),

for cancer therapy, 545

for hairy cell leukemia, 570

for multiple myeloma, 564

for multiple myeloma, 564

source, targets, biological activity, 197type I, 210

Interleukin converging enzyme (ICD), 195Interleukin-1 converting enzyme (ICE), 536Interleukins (ILs),

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[Interleukins (ILs)]

hematopoietic effects, 199

see also IL-2 receptors)

Intracellular infections, modified self and, 40

Intracellular killing, 319-322

Intrinsic association constant, 122

I region-associated antigens (Ia antigens), 14

Irradiated animals, hapten-carrier effect experiments, 56-58

Irradiation, total lymphoid, for graft rejection prevention, 525

Ischemia, cold-induced, 560

Isoniazide, induction of systemic lupus-like syndrome, 392

Isoprinosine (Inosine praboxenex; ISO), 512-513

Job's syndrome (hyper-IgE syndrome), 328-329

Joint lesions, in rheumatoid arthritis, 400

failure, with immunodeficiency, 599-600

insufficiency, in B-cell dyscrasias, 557

transplantation,

HLA matching, 518

transfusion effect on, 525-527

Killing assays, 327

Kinase cascade, activation, 62

KLH (keyhole limpet hemocyanin), 56, 212

KM allotypes (K-type light-chain allotypes), 113, 115Kupffer's cells, 25

Kwashiorkor, 599

L

Lactoferrin, 321

Lag phase, for humoral immune response, 219

for primary immune response, 219-220

for secondary immune response, 224

LAK cells (lymphokine-activated killer cells), 210, 547LAM-1 (leukocyte adhesion molecule-1; L-selectin), 25, 26Lambda chains (chromosome 22), 105, 106

Langerhans cells, 14, 19, 52-53, 65

Latex agglutination test, 403

LATS (long-acting thyroid stimulator), 363

LFA-1 (see Leukocyte function antigen), 1

LFA-3 (leukocyte function antigen 3), 155, 171, 188

LSC (lymphocyte-committed stem cells), 164

L-selectin (leukocyte adhesion molecule-1), 25, 26

Lymphocyte-committed stem cells (LSC), 164

Lymphocyte membrane markers, 166, 289

see also specific markers

leukemia (see Leukemia)

lymphomas (see Lymphomas)

morphology, 11-12

recirculation, 25, 27-28

subpopulations, 3-4, 272, 302, 303

tolerance mechanisms, 339-345

traffic/homing, regulation of, 25

see also B lymphocytes; T lymphocytes

MAC (membrane attack complex), 145-146, 150

Macrophage chemotactic protein (MCP), 198, 247Macrophage inflammatory proteins (MIPs), 198, 213, 247Macrophages,

activation, 246-247, 323

antigen presentation, 14, 59

Major basic protein, 244, 446

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC), alleles, 369

co-dominance of, 38

expression, lack of, 354

antigens (see Human leukocyte antigen)

binding,

disease associations and, 44

immune response and, 42

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[Major histocompatibility complex (MHC)]

I, 63

autoimmune diseases of, 348

biological role of, 41

magnitude of immune response and, 41-42

markers, linkage with, 353-354

as receptors for intracellular pathogens, 44-45

restriction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes, 40-41

specificities, public vs private, 34

tolerance, 39

Major immunoglobulin classes, 79

Malignant transformation, 211, 535-536 see also Tumors, malignant

Malnutrition with immunodeficiency, 599

MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues), 22

Medicine, immunology and, 9-10

Mediterranean-type abdominal lymphoma, 566-567Medulla, of thymus, 21-22

Membrane attack complex (MAC), 145-146, 150Membrane cofactor protein (MCP), 150

Membrane markers,

in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, 570

natural killer cells, 181-182

Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, 349Memory, immunological, 2 13, 56

α-Methyldopa-induced hemolytic anemia, 468, 469-470Methylxanthines, 448-449

MHC (see Major histocompatibility complex)

Mice, transgenic (see Transgenic mice models)

Microbial compounds, as adjuvants, 53

Monoclonal antibodies,

anti-CALLA, 571

anti-CD3, 306

anti-T-cell, 358

Monoclonal proteins (paraproteins), 553, 562-563

Monocyte chemotactic protein-1, 318

Monocyte colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), 509

isolation of, 304

phagocytes, 509

see also Macrophages; Monocytes

Monovalent binding sites, 78

mRNA assays, cytokine, 308

Mucosa, protection, 244

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT), 22

Mucosal addressin intercellular adhesion molecules (MadCAM-1), 25, 26Mucosal immunity,

passive transfer of, 227-228

physiological significance of, 228-229

Mucosal immunological network, 227, 228

Myelin basic protein (MBP), 377

Myeloid stem cell, 164

target recognition by, 210-211

NBTs (nitroblue tetrazolium reduction tests), 326-327, 328Nedocromil, 449

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Neutropenia, 324, 328, 329, 505

Neutrophil activating factor (interleukin-8), 196, 198, 247, 318, 509

Neutrophil chemotactic factor, 444

Nitroblue tetrazolium reduction tests (NBTs), 326-327, 328

NK cells (see Natural killer cells)

Nodules, rheumatoid, 401

Nonsecretory myeloma, 555, 562-563

Nonspecific killing, in antitumor defense, 539-540

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), 394, 410, 498

Nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), 62, 65, 191, 192

Nuclear factor of activated T cells (NF-AT), 62, 191, 192

Nucleic acids, induction of antibody formation, 51

transfusion effect on, 525-527

Ouchterlony's technique (double diffusion method), 259-260Ovalbumin, hapten-carrier effect, 55-56, 57

Panthotenic acid deficiency, 599

Pan-T lymphocyte antibodies, 179

Papain, for proteolytic digestion, 75-76

Paper disk radioimmunosorbent test (PRIST), 436

Paracortical area, of lymph node, 16

Paramyxoviruses, 251

Paraproteins (monoclonal proteins), 553, 560

Parasitic infections, immunosuppression and, 604

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), 155

Passive transfer,

of anaphylactic reactions, 418-419

Placental transfer, of immunoglobulins, 97-99

Plant glycoproteins (lectins), 305

PLA2 (phospholipase A2), 408-409

Plasma cell dyscrasias, 553

Plasma cell leukemia, 565

for immune complex diseases, 491

for multiple myeloma, 564

for myasthenia gravis, 376

for systemic lupus erythematosus, 394

Plasmin, 148, 154

Plasmodium peptide vaccines, 232

Platelet activating factor (PAF), 444, 445, 481-482

Platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (PECAM-1), 26, 319Platelets, absorption/transfer of immune complexes, 478

p56lck, 189

PMNs (see Polymorphonuclear leukocytes)

PNH (paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria), 155

PNP (purine nucleoside phosphorylase), 173, 174

Polyethylene glycol (PEG), 165, 487

Polyimmunoglobulin receptor (poly-IgR), 86, 93, 94-95

Polysaccharide vaccines, challenge with, 288

Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD), 527-528

Primary immune responsive, 286

PRIST (paper disk radioimmunosorbent test), 436

Profgraf (tacrolimus), 503-504, 523