Hyperopia and Presbyopia - part 1 ppsx

Azar Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary Schepens Eye Research Institute and Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.. Corneal and Refractive Surgery Services, Massachusetts

Hyperopia and

Presbyopia

edited by Kazuo Tsubota

Tokyo Dental College Ichikawa City, Chiba, Japan

Bn'an S Boxer Wachler

Boxer Wachler Vision Institute Beverly Hills, California, U.S.A.

Dimitri T Azar

Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary Schepens Eye Research Institute and Harvard Medical School Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A.

Douglas D Koch

Cullen Eye Institute Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Texas, U.S.A.

MARCEL DEKKER, INC NEW YORK • BASEL

»

Although great care has been taken to provide accurate and current information, neither the author(s)nor the publisher, nor anyone else associated with this publication, shall be liable for any loss,damage, or liability directly or indirectly caused or alleged to be caused by this book The materialcontained herein is not intended to provide specific advice or recommendations for any specificsituation.

Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks and areused only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress

ISBN: 0–8247–4107–2

This book is printed on acid-free paper

Headquarters

Marcel Dekker, Inc

270 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, U.S.A

tel: 212–696–9000; fax: 212–685–4540

Distribution and Customer Service

Marcel Dekker, Inc

Cimarron Road, Monticello, New York 12701, U.S.A

Copyright  2003 by Marcel Dekker, Inc All Rights Reserved.

Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means,electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any informa-tion storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher

Current printing (last digit):

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

Douglas D Koch, M.D.

Cullen Eye Institute Baylor College of Medicine Houston, Texas

1 LASIK: Fundamentals, Surgical Techniques, and Complications,

edi-ted by Dimitri T Azar and Douglas D Koch

2 Hyperopia and Presbyopia, edited by Kazuo Tsubota, Brian S Boxer

Wachler, Dimitri T Azar, and Douglas D Koch

ADDITIONAL VOLUMES IN PREPARATION

Heil dir, Sonne!

Heil dir, Licht!

With the explosion of refractive surgical technologies and techniques we have nessed increased success in the treatment of hyperopia, but we still stand restrained in ourability to free our patients from presbyopic spectacles We eagerly await the moment

wit-of overcoming the seemingly insurmountable obstacles wit-of presbyopic correction to echo

Bru¨nhilde’s greetings of the sun and of the light in the third act of Wagner’s opera Siegfried,

at the time of her resurrection after decades of slumber:

Long was my sleep.

Who is the hero who awakened me?

Siegfried forged “Nothung,” the famous sword that could be forged only by a manwho did not know fear, and used it to slay the dragon Fafner (and recover the magicalRing and Tarnhelm) He defied the gods and entered Loge’s impenetrable circle of flames

to rescue the sleeping Bru¨nhilde

We are on the verge of facing a similar success story in refractive surgery Manyunsung heroes are paving the way for the next discovery that will change the way wetreat hyperopia and revolutionize the surgical correction of presbyopia The wide range

of investigations covered in this book indicates that it will not be long before we will beable to fulfill our quest to conquer these two frontiers in refractive surgery

This book is the second of a series of books dedicated to refractive surgery published

by Marcel Dekker, Inc The focus of the first volume in this series was LASIK tals, surgical techniques, and complications, a topic that has received a lot of coverage inboth the peer- and non-peer-reviewed literature For this book, we asked Drs Tsubota

fundamen-iii

mecha-We are indebted to the coeditors, students, residents, and colleagues who have madevaluable contributions to this book We are grateful for their effort in integrating thesometimes limited information in peer-reviewed literature with the knowledge derivedfrom their clinical experiences and interactions with colleagues We hope that this provides

a text that is both clinically relevant and as evidence-based as possible

We thank Dr Geoffrey Greenwood and Elizabeth Curione of Marcel Dekker, Inc.,for their commitment to this project Special thanks go to Leona Greenhill, for her editorialassistance, and to Rhonda Harris, who managed this project with care and precision Herattention to detail and her dedication have enabled us to work coherently in the face ofadversity

We take the opportunity to acknowledge the pioneering surgeons and researchers

in the field of refractive surgery Their work and vision have provided the basis not onlyfor current advances in hyperopia and presbyopia that we can offer to our patients, butalso for future advances to be made by the next generation of thoughtful contributors tothis important field

Dimitri T Azar Douglas D Koch

2 Basic Optics of Hyperopia and Presbyopia 17

Michael K Smolek and Stephen D Klyce

3 The Helmholtz Mechanism of Accommodation 27

Adrian Glasser

4 Schachar’s Theory of the Mechanisms of Accommodation 47

Jay S Pepose and Moonyoung S Chung

5 Aging and the Crystalline Lens: Review of Recent Literature (1998–2001) 55

Leo T Chylack, Jr.

6 Hyperopia 63

Ivo John Dualan and Penny A Asbell

v

vi Contents

7 Surgical Treatment Options for Hyperopia and Hyperopic Astigmatism 69

Paolo Vinciguerra and Fabrizio I Camesasca

8 Laser Thermokeratoplasty and Wavefront-Guided LTK 83

Shahzad I Mian and Dimitri T Azar

9 Conductive Keratoplasty for the Correction of Low to Moderate Hyperopia 95

Marguerite B McDonald, Jonathan Davidorf, Robert K Maloney,

Edward E Manche, Peter Hersh, and George M Salib

10 Intracorneal Segments for Hyperopia 107

Laura Gomez and Arturo S Chayet

11 Anterior Chamber Phakic Intraocular Lenses in Hyperopia 115

Georges Baı¨koff

12 Hyperopic Phakic Intraocular Lenses 119

Thanh Hoang-Xuan and Franc¸ois Malecaze

13 Hyperopia and Presbyopia: Topographical Changes 129

Stephen D Klyce, Michael K Smolek, Michael J Endl, Vasavi Malineni,

Michael S Insler, and Marguerite B McDonald

14 Corneal Surface Profile After Hyperopia Surgery 141

Damien Gatinel

15 Wavefront Changes After Hyperopia Surgery 151

Maria Regina Chalita and Ronald R Krueger

16 Contrast Sensitivity Changers After Hyperopia Surgery 163

Lavinia C Coban-Steflea, Tommy S Korn, and Brian S Boxer Wachler

17 Wound Healing After Hyperopic Corneal Surgery: Why There Is Greater

Regression in the Treatment of Hyperopia 173

Renato Ambro´sio, Jr., and Steven E Wilson

18 Monovision Refractive Surgery for Presbyopia 189

Dimitri T Azar, Margaret Chang, Carolyn E Kloek, Samiah Zafar,

Kimberly Sippel, and Sandeep Jain

19 Multifocal Corneal Approach to Treat Presbyopia 201

Janie Ho and Dimitri T Azar

20 Scleral Relaxation to Treat Presbyopia 209

Hideharu Fukasaku

21 The Scleral Expansion Procedure 219

Chris B Phillips and Richard W Yee

vii Contents

22 Multifocal IOLs for Presbyopia 237

Hiroko Bissen-Miyajima

23 Refractive Lens Exchange with a Multifocal Intraocular Lens 249

I Howard Fine, Richard S Hoffman, and Mark Packer

24 The Limits of Simultaneous Ametropia Correction in Phaco-Ersatz 259

Arthur Ho, Fabrice Manns, Viviana Fernandez, Paul Erikson, and

Jean-Marie Parel

25 Accommodating and Adjustable IOLs 279

Sandeep Jain, Dimitri T Azar, and Rasik B Vajpayee

26 Accommodative Amplitude Measurements After Surgery for Presbyopia 287

David L Guyton

27 Complications of Hyperopia and Presbyopia Surgery 291

Liane Clamen Glazer and Dimitri T Azar

28 Future Developments 315

Brian S Boxer Wachler

Renato Ambro´sio, Jr., M.D. Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington,Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., University of Sa˜o Paolo, Sa˜o Paolo, and Department ofCornea and Refractive Surgery, Clinica e Microcirurgia Oftalmolo´gica Renato Ambro´sio,Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Dimitri T Azar, M.D. Corneal and Refractive Surgery Services, Massachusetts Eyeand Ear Infirmary, Schepens Eye Research Institute, and Harvard Medical School, Boston,Massachusetts, U.S.A

Georges Baı¨koff, M.D. Clinique Montecelli, Marseille, France

College, Suidobash Hospital, Tokyo, Japan

Brian S Boxer Wachler, M.D. Boxer Wachler Vision Institute, Beverly Hills, nia, U.S.A

Califor-Fabrizio I Camesasca, M.D. Department of Ophthalmology, Istituto Clinico tas, Milan, Italy

Humani-Maria Regina Chalita, M.D. Department of Refractive Surgery, Cole Eye Institute,Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A

ix

x Contributors

Margaret Chang, M.S. Corneal and Refractive Surgery Services, Massachusetts Eyeand Ear Infirmary, Schepens Eye Research Institute, and Harvard Medical School, Boston,Massachusetts, U.S.A

Arturo S Chayet, M.D. Codet Aris Vision Institute, Tijuana, B.C., Mexico

Moonyoung S Chung, M.D. Pepose Vision Institute, Chesterfield, Missouri, U.S.A

Leo T Chylack, Jr., M.D. Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School andCenter for Ophthalmic Research, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts,U.S.A

Lavinia C Coban-Steflea, M.D. Department of Ophthalmology, Bucharest UniversityHospital, and Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania

Jonathan Davidorf, M.D. Davidorf Eye Group, West Hills, and Maloney Vision tute, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A

Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A

Paul Erickson, O.D., Ph.D. Cooperative Research Centre for Eye Research and nology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

Tech-Viviana Fernandez, M.D. Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute,University of Miami Medical School, Miami, Florida, U.S.A

Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, U.S.A

Damien Gatinel, M.D. Fondation Ophthalomogique Adolphe de Rothschild and BichatClaude Bernard Hospital, Paris, France

Adrian Glasser, Ph.D. College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas,U.S.A

Liane Clamen Glazer, M.D. Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Schepens Eye search Institute, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A

Re-Laura Gomez, M.D. Codet Aris Vision Institute, Tijuana, B.C., Mexico

David L Guyton, M.D. Department of Ophthalmology, The Wilmer Institute, The JohnsHopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, U.S.A

xi Contributors

Peter Hersh, M.D. Cornea and Laser Vision Center, Teaneck, New Jersey, U.S.A

Arthur Ho, M.Optom., Ph.D. Cooperative Research Centre for Eye Research and nology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

Tech-Janie Ho, M.D. Department of Ophthalmology, University of California at San cisco, San Francisco, California, U.S.A

Paris University, Paris, France

Richard S Hoffman, M.D. Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, OregonHealth and Science University, Portland, Oregon, U.S.A

Michael S Insler, M.D. Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State UniversityHealth Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A

Sandeep Jain, M.D. Corneal and Refractive Surgery Service, Massachusetts Eye andEar Infirmary, Schepens Eye Research Institute, and Harvard Medical Schoool, Boston,Massachusetts, U.S.A

Carolyn E Kloek, B.A. Corneal and Refractive Surgery Service, Massachusetts Eyeand Ear Infirmary, Schepens Eye Research Institute, and Harvard Medical School, Boston,Massachusetts, U.S.A

Stephen D Klyce, Ph.D. Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State UniversityHealth Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A

Medical Group, San Diego, California, U.S.A

Ronald R Krueger, M.D. Department of Refractive Surgery, Cole Eye Institute, land Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, U.S.A

Cleve-Franc¸ois Malecaze, M.D. Hoˆpital Purpan, Toulouse, France

Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A

Robert K Maloney, M.D. Maloney Vision Institute, Los Angeles, California, U.S.A

Edward E Manche, M.D. Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, nia, U.S.A

Califor-Fabrice Manns, Ph.D. Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute,University of Miami Medical School, Miami, and Department of Biomedical Engineering,University of Miami College of Engineering, Coral Gables, Florida, U.S.A

Mark Packer, M.D. Department of Ophthalmology, Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Healthand Science University, Portland, Oregon, U.S.A.

Jean-Marie Parel, Ph.D. Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute,University of Miami Medical School, Miami, Department of Biomedical Engineering,University of Miami College of Engineering, Coral Gables, Florida, U.S.A., and University

of Liege, CHU Sart-Tilman, Liege, Belgium

Jay S Pepose, M.D., Ph.D. Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, ington University School of Medicine, St Louis, and Pepose Vision Institute, Chesterfield,Missouri, U.S.A

Wash-Chris B Phillips, M.D. Department of Ophthalmology, Hermann Eye Center and versity of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas,U.S.A

Uni-George M Salib, M.S., M.D. Department of Ophthalmology, Tulane University School

of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A

Kimberly Sippel, M.D. Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Schepens Eye ResearchInstitute, and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A

Michael K Smolek, Ph.D. Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State UniversityHealth Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana, U.S.A

Kazuo Tsubota, M.D. Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Dental College, IchikawaCity, Chiba, Japan

Rasik B Vajpayee, M.D. Corneal and Refractive Surgery Service, Massachusetts Eyeand Ear Infirmary, Schepens Eye Research Institute, and Harvard Medical School, Boston,Massachusetts, U.S.A

Paolo Vinciguerra, M.D. Department of Ophthalmology, Istituto Clinico Humanitas,Milan, Italy

Steven E Wilson, M.D. Department of Ophthalmology, University of Washington, attle, Washington, U.S.A

Se-xiii Contributors

Uni-versity of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Medical School, Houston, Texas,U.S.A

Samiah Zafar, M.B.B.S. Corneal and Refractive Surgery Service, Massachusetts Eyeand Ear Infirmary, Schepens Eye Research Institute, and Harvard Medical School, Boston,Massachusetts, U.S.A

of the novel surgeries may not endure into the future, this book covers all of the clinicaland basic research activities available as of the year 2003.

Refractive surgery is currently evolving toward a new stage Although high myopia andirregular astigmatism cannot be corrected fully, laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis(LASIK) for myopia and myopic astigmatism has already become an established technol-ogy, with millions of patients benefiting from LASIK every year all over the world Thenext challenge will be the correction of hyperopia and presbyopia In most advancedcountries, life spans have been increasing annually and have now passed the 80-year mark.Baby boomers in the United States, Japan, Europe, and other countries are getting older,with an expected mean age of 50 to 60 years by the year 2005 Although the ratio ofhyperopia cases is lower at younger ages, hyperopia becomes increasingly significant inthe later stages of life It has been estimated that around 20% of the U.S population arehyperopic at the age of 40, and the rate is above 60% at age 65 Even in Japan, wheremyopia is the dominant refractive error, the ratio increases from 15% at age 40 to 30%

at age 65 People may develop cataracts, possibly indicating phacoemulsification andintraocular lens implantation, but the majority of the elderly still do not have cataract

1