the american economy a historical encyclopedia phần 10 pdf

Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1968.. Chapel Hill: Frater-University of North Carolina Press, 2000.. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994.. Cambridge, MA: Harv

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shall so be interpreted, to assure the transit of such

ves-sels through the Canal as quickly as possible, without

any impediment, with expedited treatment, and in

case of need or emergency, to go to the head of the line

of vessels in order to transit the Canal rapidly.’’’

(b) CONDITIONS:

(1) Notwithstanding the provisions of Article V or any

other provision of the Treaty, if the Canal is closed, or

its operations are interfered with, the United States of

America and the Republic of Panama shall each

inde-pendently have the right to take such steps as each

deems necessary, in accordance with its constitutional

processes, including the use of military force in the

Republic of Panama, to reopen the Canal or restore

the operations of the Canal, as the case may be

(2) The instruments of ratification of the Treaty shall be

exchanged only upon the conclusion of a Protocol of

Exchange, to be signed by authorized representatives

of both Governments, which shall constitute an

inte-gral part of the Treaty documents and which shall

include the following:

“Nothing in the Treaty shall preclude the Republic of

Panama and the United States of America from

mak-ing, in accordance with their respective constitutional

processes, any agreement or arrangement between the

two countries to facilitate performance at any time

after December 31, 1999, of their responsibilities to

maintain the regime of neutrality established in the

Treaty, including agreements or arrangements for the

stationing of any United States military forces or the

maintenance of defense sites after that date in the

Republic of Panama that the Republic of Panama and

the United States of America may deem necessary or

appropriate.”

(c) RESERVATIONS:

1) Before the date of entry into force of the Treaty, the

two Parties shall begin to negotiate for an agreement

under which the American Battle Monuments

Commission would, upon the date of entry into force

of such agreement and thereafter, administer, free of

all taxes and other charges and without compensation

to the Republic of Panama and in accordance with the

practices, privileges, and immunities associated with

the administration of cemeteries outside the United

States of America by the American Battle Monuments

Commission, including the display of the flag of the

United States of America, such part of Corozal

Cemetery in the former Canal Zone as encompasses

the remains of citizens of the United States of

America

(2) The flag of the United States of America may be

dis-played, pursuant to the provisions of paragraph 3 of

Article VII of the Panama Canal Treaty, at such part of

Corozal Cemetery in the former Canal Zone as

encompasses the remains of citizens of the United

States of America

(3) The President—

(A) shall have announced, before the date of entryinto force of the Treaty, his intention to transfer,consistent with an agreement with the Republic

of Panama, and before the date of termination ofthe Panama Canal Treaty, to the American BattleMonuments Commission the administration ofsuch part of Corozal Cemetery as encompassesthe remains of citizens of the United States ofAmerica; and

(B) shall have announced, immediately after the date

of exchange of instruments of ratification, plans,

to be carried out at the expense of the ment of the United States of America, for(i) removing, before the date of entry into force

Govern-of the Treaty, the remains Govern-of citizens Govern-of theUnited States of America from Mount HopeCemetery to such part of Corozal Cemetery

as encompasses such remains, except thatthe remains of any citizen whose next of kinobjects in writing to the Secretary of theArmy not later than three months after thedate of exchange of the instruments of rati-fication of the Treaty shall not be removed;and

(ii) transporting to the United States of ica for reinterment, if the next of kin so re-quests, not later than thirty months afterthe date of entry into force of the Treaty,any such remains encompassed by CorozalCemetery and, before the date of entry intoforce of the Treaty, any remains removedfrom Mount Hope Cemetery pursuant tosubclause (i); and

Amer-(C) shall have fully advised, before the date of entryinto force of the Treaty, the next of kin objectingunder clause (B) (i) of all available options andtheir implications

(4) To carry out the purposes of Article III of the Treaty

of assuring the security, efficiency, and proper tenance of the Panama Canal, the United States ofAmerica and the Republic of Panama, during theirrespective periods of responsibility for Canal opera-tion and maintenance, shall, unless the amount of theoperating revenues of the Canal exceeds the amountneeded to carry out the purposes of such Article, usesuch revenues of the Canal only for purposes consis-tent with the purposes of Article III

main-(d) UNDERSTANDING:

(1) Paragraph 1 (c) of Article III of the Treaty shall beconstrued as requiring, before any adjustment in tollsfor use of the Canal, that the effects of any such tolladjustment on the trade patterns of the two Partiesshall be given full consideration, including considera-tion of the following factors in a manner consistentwith the regime of neutrality:

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(A) the costs of operating and maintaining the

Panama Canal;

(B) the competitive position of the use of the Canal

in relation to other means of transportation;

(C) the interests of both Parties in maintaining their

domestic fleets;

(D) the impact of such an adjustment on the various

geographic areas of each of the two Parties; and

(E) the interests of both Parties in maximizing their

international commerce The United States of

America and the Republic of Panama shall

coop-erate in exchanging information necessary for the

consideration of such factors

(2) The agreement “to maintain the regime of neutrality

established in this Treaty” in Article IV of the Treaty

means that either of the two Parties to the Treaty may,

in accordance with its constitutional processes, take

unilateral action to defend the Panama Canal against

any threat, as determined by the Party taking such

action

(3) The determination of “need or emergency” for thepurpose of any vessel of war or auxiliary vessel of theUnited States of America or the Republic of Panamagoing to the head of the line of vessels in order totransit the Panama Canal rapidly shall be made by thenation operating such vessel

(4) Nothing in the Treaty, in Annex A or B thereto, in theProtocol relating to the Treaty, or in any other agree-ment relating to the Treaty, obligates the United States

of America to provide any economic assistance, tary grant assistance, security supporting assistance,foreign military sales credits, or international militaryeducation and training to the Republic of Panama.(5) The President shall include all amendments, condi-tions, reservations, and understandings incorporated

mili-by the Senate in this resolution of ratification in theinstrument of ratification to be exchanged with theGovernment of the Republic of Panama

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Ronald Reagan’s Remarks and a

Question and Answer Session

with Reporters on the Air Traffic

Controllers’ Strike (1981)

During the Pullman Strike of 1894 the government forced

American Railway Union members, who the U.S attorney

general claimed had violated the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, to

return to work after the railway system had been shut down

when all employees joined the strike The importance of the

transportation system caused the government to intercede.

The same problem occurred in 1981 when members of the

Air Traffic Controllers Union, in violation of their contract,

called for a strike, a tactic that would have grounded all

planes in the United States President Ronald Reagan warned

the union that he would fire all air traffic controllers who

went out on strike and he did so when they ignored his

warning; he explained his actions in a press conference on

August 3, 1981.

Source: http://www.reagan/utexas.edu/resource/speeches/

1981/8038/a.htm

August 3, 1981

The President This morning at 7 A.M the union

represent-ing those who man America’s air traffic control facilities

called a strike This was the culmination of 7 months of

nego-tiations between the Federal Aviation Administration and the

union At one point in these negotiations agreement was

reached and signed by both sides, granting a $40 million

increase in salaries and benefits This is twice what other

gov-ernment employees can expect It was granted in recognition

of the difficulties inherent in the work these people perform

Now, however, the union demands are 17 times what had

been agreed to—$681 million This would impose a tax

bur-den on their fellow citizens which is unacceptable

I would like to thank the supervisors and controllers who

are on the job today, helping to get the nation’s air system

operating safely In the New York area, for example, four

supervisors were scheduled to report for work, and 17

addi-tionally volunteered At National Airport a traffic controller

told a newsperson he had resigned from the union and

reported to work because, “How can I ask my kids to obey thelaw if I don’t?” This is a great tribute to America

Let me make one thing plain I respect the right of ers in the private sector to strike Indeed, as president of myown union, I led the first strike ever called by that union Iguess I’m maybe the first one to ever hold this office who is alifetime member of an AFL-CIO union But we cannot com-pare labor-management relations in the private sector withgovernment Government cannot close down the assemblyline It has to provide without interruption the protectiveservices which are government’s reason for being

work-It was in recognition of this that the Congress passed a lawforbidding strikes by government employees against the pub-lic safety Let me read the solemn oath taken by each of theseemployees, a sworn affidavit, when they accepted their jobs:

“I am not participating in any strike against the Government

of the United States or any agency thereof, and I will not soparticipate while an employee of the Government of theUnited States or any agency thereof.”

It is for this reason that I must tell those who fail to reportfor duty this morning they are in violation of the law, and ifthey do not report for work within 48 hours, they have for-feited their jobs and will be terminated

Q[uestion] Mr President, are you going to order any

union members who violate the law to go to jail?

The President Well, I have some people around here, and

maybe I should refer that question to the Attorney General

Q[uestion] Do you think that they should go to jail, Mr.

President, anybody who violates this law?

The President I told you what I think should be done.

They’re terminated

The Attorney General: Well, as the President has said,

strik-ing under these circumstances constitutes a violation of thelaw, and we intend to initiate in appropriate cases criminalproceedings against those who have violated the law

Q[uestion] How quickly will you initiate criminal

pro-ceedings, Mr Attorney General?

632

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The Attorney General: We will initiate those proceedings as

soon as we can

Q[uestion] Today?

The Attorney General: The process will be underway

prob-ably by noon today

Q[uestion] Are you going to try and fine the union $1

mil-lion per day?

The Attorney General: Well, that’s the prerogative of the

court In the event that any individuals are found guilty of

contempt of a court order, the penalty for that, of course, is

imposed by the court

Q[uestion] How much more is the government prepared

to offer the union?

The Secretary of Transportation We think we had a very

satisfactory offer on the table It’s twice what other

Government employees are going to get—11.4 percent Their

demands were so unreasonable there was no spot to

negoti-ate, when you’re talking to somebody 17 times away from

where you presently are We do not plan to increase our offer

to the union

Q[uestion] Under no circumstances?

The Secretary of Transportation As far as I’m concerned,

under no circumstance

Q[uestion] Will you continue to meet with them?

The Secretary of Transportation We will not meet with the

union as long as they’re on strike When they’re off of strike,

and assuming that they are not decertified, we will meet with

the union and try to negotiate a satisfactory contract

Q[uestion] Do you have any idea how it’s going at the

air-ports around the country?

The Secretary of Transportation Relatively, it’s going quite

well We’re operating somewhat in excess of 50 percent

capac-ity We could increase that We have determined, until we feel

we’re in total control of the system, that we will not increase

that Also, as you probably know, we have some rather severe

weather in the Midwest, and our first priority is safety

Q[uestion] What can you tell us about possible

decertifi-cation of the union and impoundment of its strike funds?

The Secretary of Transportation There has been a court

action to impound the strike fund of $3.5 million We are

going before the National Labor Relations Authority this

morning and ask for decertification of the union

Q[uestion] When you say that you’re not going to increase

your offer, are you referring to the original offer or the last

offer which you’ve made? Is that still valid?

The Secretary of Transportation The last offer we made in

present value was exactly the same as the first offer Mr Poli

(Robert Poli, Professional Air Traffic Controllers

Organi-zation) asked me about 11 o’clock last evening if he could

phase the increase in over a period of time For that reason,

we phased it in over a longer period of time It would have

given him a larger increase in terms of where he would be

when the next negotiations started, but in present value it was

the $40 million originally on the table

Q[uestion] Mr Attorney General, in seeking criminal

action against the union leaders, will you seek to put them in

jail if they do not order these people back to work?

The Attorney General Well, we will seek whatever penalty

is appropriate under the circumstances in each individualcase

Q[uestion] Do you think that is an appropriate

circum-stance?

The Attorney General It is certainly one of the penalties

that is provided for in the law, and in appropriate cases, wecould very well seek that penalty

Q[uestion] What’s appropriate?

The Attorney General Well, that depends upon the fact of

each case

Q[uestion] What makes the difference?

Q[uestion] Can I go back to my “fine” question? How

much would you like to see the union fined every day?

The Attorney General Well, there’s no way to answer that

question We would just have to wait until we get into court,see what the circumstances are, and determine what position

we would take in the various cases under the facts as theydevelop

Q[uestion] But you won’t go to court and ask the court for

a specific amount?

The Attorney General Well, I’m sure we will when we reach

that point, but there’s no way to pick a figure now

Q[uestion] Mr President, will you delay your trip to

California or cancel it if the strike is still on later this week?

The President If any situation should arise that would

require my presence here, naturally I will do that So, that will

be a decision that awaits what’s going to happen May I just—because I have to be back in there for another appointment—may I just say one thing on top of this? With all this talk ofpenalties and everything else, I hope that you’ll emphasize,again, the possibility of termination, because I believe thatthere are a great many of those people—and they’re fine peo-ple—who have been swept up in this and probably have notreally considered the result—the fact that they had taken anoath, the fact that this is now in violation of the law, as thatone supervisor referred to with regard to his children And I

am hoping that they will in a sense remove themselves fromthe lawbreaker situation by returning to their posts

I have no way to know whether this had been conveyed tothem by their union leaders, who had been informed that thiswould be the result of a strike

Q[uestion] Your deadline is 7 o’clock Wednesday morning

for them to return to work?

The President Forty-eight hours.

The Secretary of Transportation It’s 11 o’clock Wednesday

morning

Q[uestion] Mr President, why have you taken such strong

action as your first action? Why not some lesser action at thispoint?

The President What lesser action can there be? The law is

very explicit They are violating the law And as I say, we calledthis to the attention of their leadership Whether this wasconveyed to the membership before they voted to strike, Idon’t know But this is one of the reasons why there can be nofurther negotiation while this situation continues You can’tsit and negotiate with a union that’s in violation of the law

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The Secretary of Transportation And their oath.

The President And their oath.

Q[uestion] Are you more likely to proceed in the criminal

direction toward the leadership than the rank and file, Mr

President?

The President Well, that again is not for me to answer.

Q[uestion] Mr Secretary, what can you tell us about the

possible use of military air controllers—how many, how

quickly can they get on the job?

The Secretary of Transportation In answer to the previous

question, we will move both civil and criminal, probably

more civil than criminal, and we now have papers in the U.S

attorneys offices, under the Attorney General, in about 20

locations around the country where would be involved two

or three principal people

As far as the military personnel are concerned, they are

going to fundamentally be backup to the supervisory

person-nel We had 150 on the job, supposedly, about a half-hour

ago We’re going to increase that to somewhere between 700

and 850

Q[uestion] Mr Secretary, are you ready to hire other

peo-ple should these other peopeo-ple not return?

The Secretary of Transportation Yes, we will, and we hope

we do not reach that point Again as the President said, we’re

hoping these people come back to work They do a fine job

If that does not take place, we have a training school, as you

know We will be advertising We have a number of applicants

right now There’s a waiting list in terms of people that want

to be controllers, and we’ll start retraining and reorganize the

entire FAA traffic controller group

Q[uestion] Just to clarify, is your deadline 7 A.M

Wednedsay or 11 o’clock?

The Secretary of Transportation It’s 11 A.M Wednesday

The President said 48 hours, and that would be 48 hours

Q[uestion] If you actually fire these people, won’t it put

your air traffic control system in a hole for years to come,

since you can’t just cook up a controller in—[inaudible]?

The Secretary of Transportation That obviously depends

on how many return to work Right now we’re able to

oper-ate the system In some areas, we’ve been very gratified by the

support we’ve received In other areas, we’ve been

disap-pointed And until I see the numbers, there’s no way I can

answer that question

Q[uestion] Mr Lewis, did you tell the union leadership

when you were talking to them that their members would be

fired if they went out on strike?

The Secretary of Transportation I told Mr Poli yesterday

that the President gave me three instructions in terms of the

firmness of the negotiations: one is there would be no

amnesty; the second there would be no negotiations during

the strike; and third is that if they went on strike, these

peo-ple would no longer be government employees

Q[uestion] Mr Secretary, you said no negotiations What

about informal meetings of any kind with Mr Poli?

The Secretary of Transportation We will have no meetings

until the strike is terminated with the union

Q[uestion] Have you served Poli at this point? Has he

been served by the Attorney General?

The Attorney General In the civil action that was filed this

morning, the service was made on the attorney for the union,and the court has determined that that was appropriate ser-vice on all of the officers of the union

Q[uestion] My previous question about whether you’re

going to take a harder line on the leadership than rank andfile in terms of any criminal prosecution, can you give us ananswer on that?

The Attorney General No, I can’t answer that except to say

that each case will be investigated on its own merits, andaction will be taken as appropriate in each of those cases

Q[uestion] Mr Lewis, do you know how many

applica-tions for controller jobs you have on file now?

The Secretary of Transportation I do not know I’m going

to check when I get back I am aware there’s a waiting list, and

I do not have the figure If you care to have that, you can callour office, and we’ll tell you Also, we’ll be advertising andrecruiting people for this job if necessary

Q[uestion] Mr Secretary, how long are you prepared to

hold out if there’s a partial but not complete strike?

The Secretary of Transportation I think the President made

it very clear that as of 48 hours from now, if the people arenot back on the job, they will not be government employees

at any time in the future

Q[uestion] How long are you prepared to run the air

con-troller system—[inaudible]?

The Secretary of Transportation For years, if we have to Q[uestion] How long does it take to train a new controller,

from the waiting list?

The Secretary of Transportation It varies; it depends on the

type of center they’re going to be in For someone to start inthe system and work through the more minor office types ofcontrol situations till they get to, let’s say, a Chicago or aWashington National, it takes about 3 years So in this case,what we’ll have to do if some of the major metropolitan areasare shut down or a considerable portion is shut down, we’ll

be bringing people in from other areas that are qualified andthen start bringing people through the training schools in thesmaller cities and smaller airports

Q[uestion] Mr Secretary, have you definitely made your

final offer to the union?

The Secretary of Transportation Yes, we have.

Q[uestion] Thank you.

NOTE: The President read the statement to reporters at10:55 A.M in the Rose Garden at the White House

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About the Editor and Contributors

665

Editor

Cynthia Clark Northrup, Ph.D., teaches at the University of

Texas at Arlington in Arlington, Texas Her field of

specializa-tion is modern U.S history with an emphasis on political and

economic issues

Contributors

Albert Atkins is a Professor in the Business Department at

Argosy University, Orange, California

Dalit Baranoff is a Ph.D student in the History

Depart-ment at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland

John Barnhill is a civil servant and independent scholar in

Yukon, Oklahoma

Daniel K Blewett is a reference librarian, College of

Du-Page, Glen Ellyn, Illinois

Julie A Bogdan is an independent historian residing in

Herkimer, New York

John D Buenker is a Professor of History and Ethnic

Stud-ies in the History Department at the University of

Wisconsin-Parkside, Kenosha, Wisconsin

James T Carroll is an Associate Professor of History at Iona

College, New Rochelle, New York

Susan Coleman is an Instructor of Political Science in the

Department of History and Political Science at West Texas

A&M University, Canyon, Texas

Robert C Cottrell is a Professor in the History and

Ameri-can Studies Department at California State University, Chico,

California

Deana Covel is an M.A student in the History Department

at the University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas

Joseph A Devine is a Professor in the History Department

at Stephen F Austin State University, Nacogdoches, Texas

Robert Dimand is a Professor in the Economics

Depart-ment at Brock University, Saint Catharines, Ontario, Canada

Scott R DiMarco is Director of Library Services at

Herkimer County Community College in Herkimer, New

York

Lisa A Ennis is a librarian in the Russell Library at

Geor-gia College and State University, Milledgeville, GeorGeor-gia

Ann Harper Fender is a Professor in the Economics

De-partment at Gettysburg, College, Gettysburg, Pennsylvania

Brooks Flippen is an Associate Professor in the Department

of Social Sciences at Southeastern Oklahoma State sity, Durant, Oklahoma

Univer-David T Flynn is an Assistant Professor in the Economics

Department at the University of North Dakota, Grand Forks,North Dakota

Mathew Forstater is an Assistant Professor in the

Depart-ment of Economics, University of Missouri, Kansas City, souri

Mis-John K Franklin is an Adjunct Instructor in the

Humani-ties Department at Graceland University, Lamori, Iowa

Mark Frezzo is a Ph.D candidate in the Sociology

Depart-ment at Binghampton University, Binghampton, New York,and is a Lecturer in Sociology and Geography at SUNY, Cort-land

W Chad Futrell is a Ph.D student in the Development

So-ciology Department at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York

Peter S Genovese is a Ph.D student in the History

Depart-ment at Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green,Ohio

Eli Goldstein is a Ph.D candidate in the Department of

Economics at Bar-Ilan University, Rishion Le-Zion, Israel

Robert Herren is a Professor of Agribusiness and Applied

Economics in the Economics Department at North DakotaState University, Fargo, North Dakota

Charles F Howlett is an Adjunct Professor at Adelphi

Uni-versity, West Islip, New York, and an advanced placementteacher for the Amityville Public Schools, New York PublicSchools

Ann Johnson is an Assistant Professor in the History

De-partment at Fordham University, New York City

Russell Douglass Jones is a Lecturer in the History and

Phi-losophy Department at Eastern Michigan University, lanti, Michigan

Trang 37

Ypsi-Fadhel Kaboub is a Ph.D candidate in the Economics

De-partment at University of Missouri–Kansas City, Kansas City,

Missouri

Jonah Katz is a Ph.D student in the History Department at

Drake University, Des Moines, Iowa

Everett W Kindig is an Associate Professor in the History

Department, Midwestern State University, Wichita Falls, Texas

Thibaut Kleiner is an official in the Competition

Direc-torate General of the European Commission, Brussels,

Bel-gium

Robert Leeson is an Associate Professor in the Economics

Department at Murdoch University, Perth, Australia

Keith A Leitich is an independent scholar residing in

Seat-tle, Washington

James K Libbey is an Associate Professor in Humanities

and Social Sciences Department, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical

University, Dayton Beach, Florida

Theo Edwin Maloy is an Assistant Professor of Public

Ad-ministration in the Department of History and Political

Sci-ence, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, Texas

John Marino is Manager of Research and Cultural Affairs

with the National Italian American Foundation, Washington,

D.C

Peter Hans Matthews is an Associate Professor in the

De-partment of Economics at Middlebury College, Middlebury,

Vermont

James E McWilliams is an Associate Professor in the

His-tory Department at Southwest Texas State University, San

Marcos, Texas

Michael A Meeropol is a Professor and Chair of the

De-partment of Economics at Western New England College in

Wilbraham, Massachusetts

Karen A J Miller is an Associate Professor in the

Depart-ment of History at Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan

Keith L Miller is an independent scholar living in

Philadel-phia, Pennsylvania

Matthieu J-C Moss is an M.A student in the History

De-partment at the Ohio University, Athens, Ohio

Michael V Namarato is a Professor in the Department of

History at the University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi

Caryn E Neumann is a Ph.D candidate in the Department

of History at Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio

Shannon Daniel O’Bryan is a Ph.D student in the History

Department at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville,

Ten-nessee

Lisa L Ossian is an Instructor in the Humanities at

South-western Community College in Creston, Iowa

Laura Seeley Pangallozzi is a Ph.D candidate in the

De-partment of Urban Planning at Rutgers University, Camden,

New Jersey

James D Perry is a defense analyst at the Science

Applica-tions International Corp., McLean, Virginia

Donald K Pickens is a Professor in the History

Depart-ment at the University of North Texas, Denton, Texas

Aaron Z Pitluck is a Ph.D candidate in the Sociology

De-partment at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison,

Wisconsin

Avery Plaw is an Assistant Professor of Political Science at

Concordia University, Montreal, Canada

John Grady Powell is a student in the Economics

Depart-ment at Furman University, Greenville, South Carolina

Josh Pratt is a Masters student in Business Administration

at Price College of Business, University of Oklahoma, homa City, Oklahoma

Okla-Christopher A Preble is the Director of Foreign Policy

Studies at the Cato Institute, Washington, DC

G David Price is an Assistant Professor in the Social and

Behavioral Sciences Department at Santa Fe CommunityCollege, Gainesville, Florida

Eric Pullin is an Instructor in the College of Business at

Cardinal Stritch University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Peter Rainow, Ph.D., is an independent scholar living in

Foster City, California

John David Rausch Jr is an Assistant Professor of Political

Science at West Texas A&M University, Canyon, Texas

Ty M Reese is an Assistant Professor in the Department of

History at the University of North Dakota, Grand Forks,North Dakota

Eileen Robertson-Rehberg, Ph.D., is the Assistant Director

of the Carl Frost Center for Social Science Research, SocialScience Division of Hope College, Holland, Michigan

Robert Rook is an Associate Professor and Chair of the

De-partment of History at Fort Hays State University, Hays,Kansas

Trifin J Roule is an assistant editor of the Journal of Money Laundering Control, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Margaret Sankey is a Ph.D student in the History

Depart-ment at Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama

Simone Selva is a Ph.D student in the Department of

His-tory of Society and Institutions at the State University ofMilan, Milan, Italy

Sayuri Shimizu is an Associate Professor in the History

Department at Michigan State University, Rochester, gan

Michi-David B Sicilia is an Associate Professor Department of

History at the University of Maryland, College Park, land

Mary-Henry B Sirgo is a Professor of Political Science in the

De-partment of Social Sciences at McNeese State University, LakeCharles, Louisiana

Steven E Siry is a Professor in the Department of History

at Baldwin-Wallace College, Berea, Ohio

T Jason Soderstrum is a graduate student in the History

Department at Iowa State University, Roland, Iowa

Mary Stockwell is an Associate Professor in the History

De-partment at Lourdes College, Sylvania, Ohio

R Jake Sudderth is a graduate student in the School of Arts

and Sciences at Columbia University, New York City

Robert P Sutton is a Professor in the History Department

at Western Illinois University, Macomb, Illinois

Pavlina R Tcherneva is an Associate Director, Center for

Full Employment and Price Stability in the Economics partment at the University of Missouri–Kansas City, KansasCity, Missouri

Trang 38

Saranna R Thornton is an Associate Professor in the

De-partment of Economics, Hampden-Sydney College,

Hamp-den-Sydney, Virginia

Kathleen A Tobin is an Assistant Professor in the School of

Liberal Arts and Social Sciences at Purdue

University–Calu-met, Hammond, Indiana

Zdravka K Todorova is a graduate student in the

Econom-ics Department of the University of Missouri at Kansas City,

Kansas City, Missouri

Richard Toye is a Lecturer in the History Department at

Homerton College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge,

England

David Treviño teaches History at Donna Klein Jewish

Academy in Boca Raton, Florida

Elaine C Prange Turney is a Lecturer in the History

De-partment at Northwest Vista College, San Antonio, Texas

Eugene Van Sickle is a Ph.D student in the History

De-partment at West Virginia University, Morgantown, West

Vir-ginia

David E Walker is a Professor of Communication Studies

at Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro,

Ten-nessee

David W Waltrop is a Ph.D student in the Department of

History at the University of Maryland–Baltimore County,Baltimore, Maryland

Tony Ward is a Professor in the Department of Economics

at Brock University, Saint Catharines, Ontorio, Canada

Wyatt Wells is an Associate Professor in the History

De-partment at Auburn University Montgomery, Montgomery,Alabama

Leigh Whaley is an Associate Professor in Department

of History and Classics, Acadia University, Wolfville, NovaScotia, Canada

Robert Whaples is an Associate Professor in the

Depart-ment of Economics at Wake Forest University, Salem, North Carolina

Winston-Sandra L Willett is a student in the English Department at

the University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, Oklahoma

Ben Wynne is an Instructor in the History Department at

the University of Mississippi, Oxford, Mississippi

Warren Young is an Associate Professor in the Economics

Department at Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel

Guoqiang Zheng is an Assistant Professor in the

Depart-ment of History at Angelo State University, San Angelo, Texas

Trang 40

form Republican Party, 243

misunderstand slavery, theory of

Adams, John Quincy, 12

and South Carolina nullification

crisis, 208

and Tariff of Abominations, 271

and Treaty of Ghent, 279

Adams, Samuel, 30

Adams, William, 279

Adams Act (1906), 368

ADC See Aid to Dependent Children

Adkins v Children’s Hospital (1923), 419

Advanced Research Projects Agency, 292

Advanced Technology Office (ATO), 2

AFDC See Aid to Families with

Dependent Children

Affirmative action, 2–3 Affluence, 3

Affluent Society (Galbraith), 509

Afghanistanterrorist camps in, 37U.S invasion of, 119

AFL-CIO See American Federation of

Labor and Congress ofIndustrialized OrganizationsAfrican Americans

in Civilian Conservation Corps, 47educational opportunities, 46members of Share Our Wealth clubs,254

proportion at poverty line, 62Aggregate demand

and Great Depression, 77Keynesian economics, 266

to maintain full employment, 124stifled by government surpluses, 80unemployment insurance limitfluctuations, 287

Aggregate growth rates, 442compared to federal funds rate, 443Agnew, Spiro, 65

Agricultural and mechanical (A&M)

colleges, 4

Agricultural Bloc in Congress, 328

Agricultural Credit Act (1987), 4–5

Agricultural Credit Improvement Act

Agricultural productioncontrolled by national marketingquota, 199

controlled by setting target prices, 231government-subsidized, 108

improved by Cooperative ExtensionService, 260

market stabilization efforts, 5–6marketing cooperatives exempt fromantitrust prosecution, 328overproduction, 329–330protected from foreign competition,117

related to territorial expansion, 39research funded, 369

restricting, 263significance of cotton, 66surpluses, 4, 6, 7during World War II, 223Agricultural Programs Adjustment Act

(1984), 7

Agricultural Trade Development andAssistance Act (1954), 6, 329Agriculture and Consumer ProtectionAct (1973), 330

Agriculture and Food Act (1981), 331Agriculture Department, U.S (USDA), 5,

6, 327, 453Cooperative Extension Service, 260created, 49

federal expenditures on, 114

Tiêu đề	Panama Canal Treaty of 1977
Trường học	Unknown
Chuyên ngành	International Relations / Political Science
Thể loại	Legal Document
Năm xuất bản	1977
Thành phố	Unknown

Định dạng
Số trang	80
Dung lượng	696,89 KB