video-• Global roaming • A single universal identification access number • Seamless access, transparent billing, security • Low cost in service and handset Some of the Technical Challenge
Trang 1212 4TH GENERATION
Wideband Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (W-OFDM) is a sion design that provides for data to be encoded on multiple high-speed radiofrequencies concurrently which allows for greater security along with increasedamounts of data being sent as well as a more efficient use of bandwidth.W-OFDM is the basis of the IEEE standard 802.11a, which is the foundation ofthe proposed IEEE standard 802.16
transmis-W-OFDM is a patented technology in the United States under patent number
5 282 222 and in Canada under patent number 2 064 975
W-OFDM technology is currently used in Wi-LAN’s broadband wireless accesssystems and allows for the implementation of low power multipoint RF net-works that minimize interference with adjacent networks The results in reducedinterference, which in turn enables independent channels to operate within thesame band allowing multipoint networks and point-to-point backbone systems
to be overlaid in the same frequency band
From a technical standpoint, the 4G network, which is also being called “TheWorldwide Network”, will be more stable and intelligent then ever before 4G is asuperior technology when compared to the existing aging copper and aluminiumlocal loop 4th Generation Technology is also seen as a move from intelligence
in the network or at the edges to intelligence everywhere 4G is an all-IP basedaccess and core with effective management of all types of QoS over IP, includinghandoff Most likely 4G will beIPv6 based which is better adapted to mobilenetworks than IPv4 having adequate addressing capacity, multicast management,security mechanisms, QoS management, and mobility management
Some of the Benefits of 4th Generation Technology include:
• Multiple functionalities in a single handset
Ž Voice, bulk data transfer, image, short message, fax, Web surfing, conferencing/broadcasting and future applications, etc
video-• Global roaming
• A single universal identification access number
• Seamless access, transparent billing, security
• Low cost in service and handset
Some of the Technical Challenges of 4th Generation Technology include:
• Resource allocation: multiplexing heterogeneous, bursty data traffic
• QoS guarantee for bandwidth and/or delay sensitive applications
• User channel scheduling: code assignment in CDMA
• Interoperability with 3G standards
Trang 24TH GENERATION 213
• Ubiquitous deployment: indoor and outdoor cell coverage
• Convergence with backbone (wireline) networks
As we enter into the twenty-first century, the competitive landscape is undergoingradical change Globalization of politics, economics, technology and communica-tions appear unstoppable While boundaries between countries and regions may
be meaningful in political terms, with the advent of the Internet and now the alization of information and communication technologies, these boundaries haveall but disappeared The ever-faster flow of information across the world has madepeople aware of the tastes, preferences, and lifestyles of citizens in other countries.Now with the availability of 3rd Generation Wireless Technologies and the work
glob-to produce the 4th Generation, being tied glob-to a place glob-to access this global tion resource is going away People will be free to travel and maintain constantconnections to the world of information Through this information flow we are allbecoming global citizens and we only want quicker response, greater bandwidthand more capabilities such as Cisco’s Advanced Voice and Integrated Data
Trang 4Wireless Data Technologies. Vern A Dubendorf
2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd ISBN: 0-470-84949-5
Trang 6Acronyms and Abbreviations
ACK acknowledgment
ACL asynchronous connectionless link
ACO authenticated ciphering offset
AES advanced encryption standard
AG attachment gateway
AM−ADDR active member address
AR−ADDR access request address
ARIB Association of Radio Industries
and Businesses
ARQ automatic repeat request
ARQN automatic repeat
request negative
ASN.1 abstract syntax notation one
BB baseband
BCH Bose–Chaudhuri–Hocquenghem
BD−ADDR Bluetooth device address
BER bit error rate
BNEP Bluetooth network
encapsulation protocol specification
BQA Bluetooth qualification
administrator
BSIG Bluetooth special interest group
BT bandwidth time product (i.e B*T)
CAC channel access code
CC call control
CDMA code division multiple access
CID channel identifier
CL connectionless
COD class of device
CODECS coder decoders
COF ciphering offset numberCRC cyclic redundancy checkCSMA/CD carrier sense multipleaccess with collision detectionCVSD continuous variable slope deltaDAC device access code
DC direct currentDCE data communication equipmentDCI default check initializationDCID destination channel identifier
DH data-high rateDIAC dedicated inquiry access codeDLC data link control
DLCI data link connection identifierDLL data link layer
DM data-medium rateDQPSK differential quadrature phaseshift keying
DSAP destination address fieldDTE data terminal equipmentDTMF dual tone multiple frequencyDUT device under test
DV data voice
ED energy detectionEIFS extended inter-frame spaceERTX expanded responsetimeout expired
ETC extreme test conditionsETSI European TelecommunicationsStandards Institute
Wireless Data Technologies. Vern A Dubendorf
2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd ISBN: 0-470-84949-5
Trang 7218 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
FC frame control
FCC Federal
Communications Commission
FCS frame check sequence
FEC forward error correction
FER frame error rate
GAP generic access profile
GEOP generic object exchange profile
GFSK gaussian frequency shift keying
GIAC general inquiry access code
GM group management
HA host application software
using Bluetooth
HC host controller
HCI host controller interface
HEC header error check
HID human interface device
HPC hand-held personal computer
IDU interface data unit
IETF Internet Engineering Task Force
IP Internet protocol
IrDA Infrared Data Association
IrMC infrared mobile communications
ISDN integrated services
digital networks
ISM industrial, scientific, medical
IUT implementation under test
IV initialization vector
L−CH logical channelL2CA logical link controland adaption
L2CAP logical link control andadaption protocol
LAN local area networkLAP lower address part
LC link controlLCID local channel identifierLCP link control protocolLCSS link controller service signalingLFSR linear feedback shift registerLIAC limited inquiry access codeLLC logical link control
LM link managerLME layer management entityLMP link manager protocolLog PCM logarithmic pulsecoded modulation
LP lower-layer protocolLPO low-power oscillatorLSB least significant bit
M master or mandatoryMAC medium access controlMAPI messaging applicationprocedure interface
MDF management-defined fieldMIB management information baseMLME MAC sublayer
management entityMMI man–machine interfaceMPDU MAC protocol data unitMPT Ministry of Post andTelecommunicationsMSB most significant bitMSC message sequence chartMSDU MAC service data unitMTU maximum transmission unitMUX multiplexing sublayer a sublayer
of the L2CAP layer
Trang 8ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS 219
NAK negative acknowledgment
NAP non-significant address part
NOP no operation
NTC normal test condition
O optional
OBEX object exchange protocol
OCF opcode command field
OGF opcode group field
OSI open systems interconnection
PAN personal area network
PAR project authorization request
PC personal computer
PCM pulse coded modulation
PCMCIA Personal Computer Memory
Card International Association
PCS personal communications service
PDA personal digital assistant
PDU protocol data unit
PHT pseudo-hadamard transform
PHY physical layer
PICS protocol implementation
conformance statement
PIN personal identification number
PLCP physical layer
convergence procedure
PLME PHY layer management entity
PM−ADDR parked member address
PMD physical medium dependent
PN pseudo-random noise
PnP plug and play
POS personal operating space
POTS plain old telephone service
PPDU PHY protocol data unit
ppm part per million
PPP point-to-point protocol
PRBS pseudo random bit sequence
PRD program reference document
RA receiver addressRAND random number
RF radio frequencyRFC request for commentsRFCOMM serial cable emulationprotocol based on ETSI TS 07.10RSSI receiver signal
strength indicationRTS request to sendRTX response timeout expired
RX receive or receiver
S slave
SA source addressSABM set asynchronousbalanced mode
SAP service access pointSAR segmentation and reassembly
SC scan periodSCID source channel identifierSCO synchronous connection-oriented
SD service discoverySDDB service discovery databaseSDL specification and
description languageSDP service discovery protocolSDU service data unit
SEQN sequential numbering schemeSFD start frame delimiter
SIFS short inter-frame spaceSIG special interest groupSLRC station long retry countSME station management entity
SQ signal quality
SR scan repetitionSRC short retry countSRES signed response
SS supplementary servicesSSAP source address field
Trang 9220 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
SSI signal strength indication
SSRC station short retry count
SUT system under test
TCI test control interface
TCP transmission control protocol
TCP/IP transport control
protocol/Internet protocol
TCS telephony control protocol
specification
TDD time division duplex
TDMA time division multiple access
TS technical specification
TSF timing synchronization function
TTP tiny transport protocol
TX transmit or transmitterTXE transmit enable
UA user asynchronousUAP upper address partUART universal asynchronous receivertransmitter
UC user controlUDP user datagram protocolUDP/IP user datagramprotocol/Internet protocol
UI user isochronousURL uniform resource locator
US user synchronousUSB universal serial bus
UT upper testerUUID universally unique identifierw.r.t with respect to
WAN wide area networkWAP wireless application protocolWLAN wireless local area networkWPAN wireless personal area networkWUG wireless user group
Trang 10ad hoc network A network typically created in a spontaneous
manner The principal characteristic of an
ad hoc network is its limited temporal and
Attachment Gateway (AG) The attachment gateway is a communications
node with at least two communicationinterfaces, one of which is a Bluetoothinterface and one of which is an interface toanother network An attachment gateway isused to attach a Bluetooth WPAN to the othernetwork In particular, an 802 LAN
attachment gateway attaches a BluetoothWPAN to an 802 LAN, while a PSTNattachment gateway attaches a BluetoothWPAN to the PSTN network
Authenticated device A Bluetooth device whose identity has been
verified during the lifetime of the current link,based on the authentication procedure
LMP-authentication if a link key exists or onLMP-pairing if no link key exists
Wireless Data Technologies. Vern A Dubendorf
2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd ISBN: 0-470-84949-5
Trang 11222 GLOSSARY
Authorization A procedure where a user of a Bluetooth
device grants a specific (remote) Bluetoothdevice access to a specific service
Authorization implies that the identity of theremote device can be verified throughauthentication
access to a specific service It may be basedupon user confirmation, or the existence of atrusted relationship
Bluetooth baseband The Bluetooth baseband specifies the medium
access and physical layers procedures tosupport the exchange of real-time voice, data
information streams, and ad hoc networking
between Bluetooth units
Bluetooth channel A Channel that is divided into time slots in
which each slot corresponds to an RF hopfrequency Consecutive hops correspond todifferent RF hop frequencies and occur at anominal hop rate of 1600 hops/s Theseconsecutive hops follow a pseudo-randomhopping sequence, hopping through either a
79 or a 23 RF channel set
Bluetooth HCI The Host Controller Interface provides a
command interface to the baseband controllerand link manager and access to hardwarestatus and control registers This interfaceprovides a uniform method of accessing theBluetooth baseband capabilities
Bluetooth host Bluetooth Host is a computing device,
peripheral, cellular telephone, 802 LANattachment gateway, PSTN attachmentgateway, etc A Bluetooth Host attached to aBluetooth unit may communicate with otherBluetooth Hosts attached to their Bluetoothunits as well
Trang 12GLOSSARY 223
Bluetooth unit Bluetooth Unit is voice/data circuit equipment
for a short-range wireless communication link
It allows voice and data communicationsbetween Bluetooth Hosts
operating in the unlicensed ISM band at2.4 GHz using a frequency hoppingtransceiver It allows real-time voice and datacommunications between Bluetooth Hosts.The link protocol is based on time slots
defined by creating, exchanging, and storing acommon link key The bond is created throughthe bonding or LMP-pairing procedures
authentication, where a common link key iscreated and stored for future use
Channel establishment A procedure for establishing a channel on
L2CAP level
two devices serving a single application orhigher layer protocol
Connect (to service) The establishment of a connection to a service
If not already done, this includes establishment
of a physical link, link and channel as well.Connectable device A Bluetooth device in range that will respond
to a page
devices when a connection between them isbeing established (Connecting phase followsafter the link establishment phase
is completed.)Connection establishment A procedure for creating a connection mapped
onto a channel
higher layer protocols mapped onto a channel
Trang 13224 GLOSSARY
Coverage area The area where two Bluetooth units can
exchange messages with acceptable qualityand performance
Creation of a secure
connection
A procedure of establishing a connection,including authentication and encryption.Creation of a trusted
relationship
A procedure where the remote device ismarked as a trusted device This includesstoring a common link key for futureauthentication and pairing (if the link key isnot available)
Isochronous user channel Channel used for time bounded information,
like compressed audio (ACL link)
Link establishment A procedure for establishing a link on LMP
level A link is established when both deviceshave agreed that LMP setup is completed
LMP-authentication A Link Manager Protocol level procedure for
verifying the identity of a remote device Theprocedure is based on a challenge–responsemechanism using a random number, a secretkey, and the BD−ADDR of the non-initiatingdevice The secret key used can be a
previously exchanged link key
LMP-pairing A procedure that authenticates two devices,
based on a PIN, and subsequently creates acommon link key that can be used as a basisfor a trusted relationship or a (single) secureconnection The procedure consists of thesteps: creation of an initialization key (based
on a random number and a PIN), creation andexchange of a common link key and
LMP-authentication based on the commonlink key
Logical channel The different types of channels on a
Physical Link
Trang 14GLOSSARY 225
will respond to certain events
Name discovery A procedure for retrieving the user-friendly
name (the Bluetooth device name) of aconnectable device
transmitted in one, three, or five time slots
page trains, and processes any eventualresponses to the page trains; terms writtenwith capital letters refer to states
containing the Device Access Code of thedevice to which the physical link is requested
containing its own Device Access Code.PAGE−SCAN A baseband state where a device listens for
page trains
order to set up a communication link toanother Bluetooth unit that is active within thecoverage area
Paired device A Bluetooth device with which a link key has
been exchanged (either before connectionestablishment was requested or duringconnecting phase)
Physical channel Synchronized RF hopping sequence in
a piconet
devices established using paging A physicallink comprises a sequence of transmissionslots on a physical channel alternatingbetween master and slave transmission slots
among several Bluetooth units The unitssharing a common channel constitute
a piconet