Green Energy and Technology - Energy for a Warming World Part 10 pdf

OECD: International Atomic Energy Agency IAEA, 2 June 2006.. [54] Trans-Mediterranean Interconnection for Concentrating Solar Power, German Aerospace Centre DLR, April 2006.. Chapter 5

[52] www.wise-uranium.org/stk.html

[53] OECD, Uranium 2005: Resources, Production Demand OECD: International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 2 June 2006

[54] Trans-Mediterranean Interconnection for Concentrating Solar Power, German Aerospace Centre (DLR), April 2006

Chapter 5

[1] World Energy Consumption: www.solcomhouse.com/worldenergy.htm

[2] Brockris, J.O’M., Energy Options Taylor Francis Ltd., London 1980

[3] Tickell, O., Kyoto 2: How to Manage the Global Greenhouse Zen Books, London, 2008

[4] Breaking the Climate Deadlock G8 Report, Japan 2008

[5] The Future of Nuclear Power Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003

web.mit.edu/nuclearpower/

[6] www.wise-uranium.org/stk.html

[7] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_powered_vehicle

[8] http://www.sustainableliving.com.au/profiles/stories/solar-powered-lawn-mower/ [9] Bressand, F et al., Curbing global energy demand growth:the energy productivity

opportu-nity McKinsey Global Institute, May 2007

[10] Romm, J.J., The Hype about Hydrogen Island Press, Washington, 2005

[11] Horton, G., Forecasts of CO2 emissions from civil aircraft for IPCC Qinetic Report No 06/2178, 2006 (www.berr.gov.uk/files/file35675.pdf)

[12] Synthesis Report of the IPCC, 4th Assessment Report, IPCC, Nov 2007

[13] Monbiot, G., Heat Penguin, 2006

[14] Hillman, M., How We Can Save the Planet Penguin, 2004 ISBN 0-14-101692-2

[15] http://gow.epsrc.ac.uk/ViewGrant.aspx?GrantRef=EP/G001634/1

[16] Nissan to launch solar powered city car Which?, September 2008

http://www.which.co.uk/news/2008/09/nissan-to-launch-solar-powered-city-car-156075.jsp [17] Airship of the Future Aeroscraft Corp., 2008 (www.aeroscraft.com)

[18] Dossas, V and Kraft, C., Hydrogen lighter-than-airship US Patent 6896222, 24/5/2005

[19] Veldhius, I et al., A hydrogen fuelled gas-turbine powered high-speed container ship International Conference on Fast Sea Transport, St Petersburg, Russia, 2005

[20] Sun, wind, fuel cells, power cargo ship of the future www.peopleandplanet.net, April 2005

[21] McWhirter, I., Rising from the ashes Sunday Herald, Scotland, 19 October 2008

[22] www.autoindustry.co.uk/statistics/

[23] Braun, H.W., Solar Sterling gensets for large-scale hydrogen production Solar Energy Technology SED-13:21–29, 1992

[24] Kurokawa, K., Energy from the Desert http://www.iea-pvps.org/

[25] James, W., The Moral Equivalent of War Essays of Faith and Morals Longman Green,

New York & London, 1949

[26] Athanasiou, T., Slow Reckoning Secker & Warburg, London, 1996

[27] Hansen, J et al., Target atmospheric CO2: where should humanity aim

eprint arXiv:0804.1126, April 2008

[28] Monbiot, G., The Guardian Newspaper, UK, 25 November 2008

[29] Meadows, D et al., The Limits to Growth: Thirty Year Update Earthscan, UK, 2005 [30] Lovelock, J., The Vanishing Face of Gaia Basic Books, 2009

[31] Porritt, J., November 14, 2008,

http://www.jonathonporritt.com/pages/2008/11/population_1.html

[32] http://www.xs4all.nl/~jcdverha/scijokes/9_6.html

165

A

Abbott, Diane, 13

accelerator, 107

actuators, 61

aerodynamic, 53, 54, 136

aeronautic, 134, 139

industry, 134, 139, 140, 141

aerosols, 134

air travel, 15, 131, 133

aircraft

commercial, 131

consumption, 131

fuselage, 131

hydrogen, 131

transcontinental, 132

wings, 131

Alaska, 75, 101

Aleutian Islands, 75

aluminium, 34, 38, 110

ammonia, 103

Ampere, 29

Andes, 75

Angier, Natalie, 42

anode, 104

Antarctica, 3, 9, 36

antenna

aerial, 30

cone, 59

appliances

pump, 43

Arabia, 65, 72

Arctic, 4, 16, 108

Arctic Ocean, 4

Arizona, 73

Ascherson, Neal, 5

Athanasiou, Tom, 6, 141 atmosphere, 1, 46, 104, 130 Auckland, 65

Austin, Texas, 89 Australia, 16, 18, 20, 72, 75 automobile

battery, 131, 132 cars, 14, 99, 132, 133 commercial vehicle, 140 fuel-cell, 132

hydrogen, 131 industry, 134, 139, 140 propulsion, 131 refrigeration, 132 truck, 140

B

Bartlett, A.A., 7 battery, 96, 97, 99, 101 anode, 97

carbon-plastic, 101 cathode, 97 charge, 97 DC-AC, 96 e.m.f (electromotive force), 98 efficiency, 102

electrolyte, 97 energy density, 102 flexibility, 96 lead-acid, 97 loss, 98 materials, 102 membrane, 101 metal, 107 oil, 102

recharge, 132

rechargeable, 97

storage, 96, 120

BBC, 13

Bear Stearns, 5

beholder, 8

Bell, Ian, 12

Betz, Albert, 53

bio-fuel

crops, 131

sea-weed, 137

biosphere, 138

Blair, A., 15, 16

Boeing 747, 131

Boycott, Rosie, 13

Brazil, 11, 20

BRIC (Brazil, Russia, India, China), 20

brine, 87

Bristol Channel, 64

bromine, 101

Brown, Gordon, 16

Burns, Rabbie, 10

business, 7, 10, 19

C

cable, 38

buried, 39

overhead, 39

undersea, 40

cadmium, 100

calculator, 129

Calhoun, John B., 9

California, 75

Canada, 3, 10, 16, 46, 101

cancer, 116

capacitor, 107, 108, 111, 123

capacitance, 40

ceramic, 109

dielectric, 108, 110

electrochemical, 110, 111

electrode, 107

electrolytic, 110, 111

energy, 101, 107, 111

capacity, 123

capillary, 106

carbon, 3, 52, 103

capture, 103

carbon dioxide, 1, 143

carbon monoxide, 95, 103

CO2, 16, 103

credits, 16

emissions, 16, 133

fibre, 54

greenhouse gas, 2, 7, 8, 12, 15, 17, 48,

126, 133, 134, 139, 143 pollution, 142

sinks, 131 trading, 7 Caribbean, 2 Carnot, 36, 37 Carnot cycle, 36 cast iron, 95 cathode, 104 Central America, 75 chairman, 20 channel, 40, 62 Chernobyl, 116 Chihuahuan, 73 China, 4, 10, 16, 20, 48, 77 circuit

bulbs, 119 chargers, 119 digital, 20 earth, 119 electrical pendulum, 30, 107 filter, 107

output terminal, 34, 69 resonant, 30, 107 switch, 99, 119 transmission, 40 tunable filter, 30 climate, 1

accident, 138 aerosols, 134 carbon pollution, 1 change, 15 climatic model, 3

CO2 absorption, 2 cyclones, 2 equable, 138 forcing, 3 runaway, 138, 142 scientists, 15 stabilization bill, 143 tipping point, 146 unpredictability, 6 Climate Change Fund, 142 climatologist, 2

clockwork, 119, 129 C-magnet, 31 CNN, 7 coast coastal area, 56, 62 coastline, 78, 126 dwelling, 3 collectors, 58, 70 colleges, 18

combined cycle, 37

combustion, 36, 72

commerce

banking, 138

BAU (business-as-usual), 15, 47, 79,

117, 125, 131, 132, 145

credit, 5, 6

credit crunch, 138

debt, 5

interest, 5

market, 138

money, 144

commerceTEQ (tradable energy quotas), 7

communication, 20, 134

community, 4, 15, 37, 80, 121

compressed air, 85

aquiver, 87

caverns, 86

compressor, 86

gas, 86

gas pressure, 86

geology, 87

Germany, 85

isothermal, 86

leakage, 87

mines, 87

solution mining, 87

USA, 85

compressor, 133

computer, 134

conductor, 31, 39, 111

conducting wires, 29, 39

copper, 32

electrical conductivity, 38

electrical resistivity, 38

losses, 39

ohmic loss, 34, 38, 40

ohms, 34

perfect, 39

resistive loss, 30, 35

semi-, 66

skin effect, 38, 73

super-, 91

consumer, 144

consumerism, 15

demand, 62

electrical gadgets, 81

electronics, 66

convection, 46

conversion efficiency, 37, 53

converters, 141

copper, 27, 34, 39, 104

coriolis, 63

corona, 39

covalent, 109 Cruachan, 50, 83 cryogenic, 132 C-shaped, 31 current

AC, 28, 119 ampere, 29

DC, 105 direct current, 28 free electrons, 39 inverters, 60 cylinder, 61, 72, 87

D

Dawkins, Richard, 23, 24, 25 decouple, 55

demand, 125 commerce, 125 domestic, 125 energy, 127 industry, 125 transport, 125 democratic levers, 144 mandate, 14 nation, 146 Denial Industry, 8 Denmark, 12 density air, 53 energy, 83, 100, 106, 110, 131 fresh water, 51

ion, 101 magnetic flux, 32 power, 39, 47, 69, 71, 79 salt water, 58, 64 steel, 90 desert, 70, 72 diesel engine, 72 digital electronics, 134 digital radio, 30 dipole, 109 distilled water, 100 distribution, 37, 41, 44, 73, 79, 99 diurnal, 62

diversification, 126 Djibouti, 75 drag, 25, 35, 132 drive shaft, 49, 54 dynamics, 46, 144 dynamo, 6 dysfunctional, 126 dystopia, 11

E

Earth

Gaia, 9, 14

Gaia hypothesis, 9

life support, 45

planet, 4, 8, 12, 14, 47, 72, 126, 133

Earth’s

atmosphere, 7, 65

axis, 46

cone, 47

disc, 65

surface, 65

Earth Summit, 143

East River, 64

eccentricity, 3

ecogrid, 118, 119, 120, 121, 138, 139, 140

building, 145

circuit model, 119

construction, 133, 141

eco-war, 139

engineering, 143

high voltage, 120

infrastructure, 139

statictics, 119

storage, 120

ecological, 131, 139

ecology, 1

desert, 73

ecosystem, 6

footprint, 145

route map, 142

economy

Chicago School, 4

collapse, 145, 146

computer model, 144

emergency, 138

energy, 6, 47, 80

GDP (gross domestic products), 20,

127

global, 142

growth, 74, 77, 130, 138, 142, 145

implications, 141

law of economics, 4

LTG (Limits to Growth), 6

market, 4, 7, 13, 17, 80, 138

market friendly, 7, 16

monetarism, 6

monetary system, 5

national, 5

order, 138

public sector, 43

recession, 5, 6, 14

secular society, 4

social cost, 14 taxation, 142

UK, 4 Voodoo economics, 4 wartime, 138 eddy current, 35, 92 education, 18 efficiency energy, 14 enforcement, 127 generator, 33, 35 programmes, 7, 129 electric, 127

electric charge attraction, 26, 28, 96, 108 coulomb, 29

negative charge, 108 particle, 28, 96 positive charge, 109 repulsion, 27 electrical appliance, 43, 127 cooker, 43

dishwasher, 43 fridge, 43 kettle, 28 washing machine, 43 electrical power, 10, 17, 27, 31, 41, 67,

73, 74, 84, 116 electrical supply, 47, 95, 99 electrical transmission, 37, 40, 73, 79, 99 electricity, 42, 44, 73

current, 27, 29, 32, 34, 38

DC, 28 earth, 119 electric fire, 31 electric train, 35 gadgets, 129 grid, 37, 57 grid loss, 50, 55 grid steel core, 39 grid voltage, 38, 69, 99 interconnection, 30, 40 leakage, 42, 87, 88 production of, 77 pylon, 39, 40, 141 reactive power, 39, 40, 73 savings, 127

transformer, 35, 38, 40, 52,

61, 69, 71 transformer park, 38 users, 43

electrochemical, 97, 98 electrolyser, 104 electrolysis, 132

electrolyte, 110

electromagnetic theory, 45

electromagnetic waves, 28, 38, 46, 67

electromagnetism, 29

wave penetration, 39

electron spin, 31

electronics, 43, 55, 129

broadband, 134

communications, 134, 135

computer, 134

conferencing, 134

devices, 127, 129, 135

digital, 134

imaging, 135

systems, 30

electrons, 27, 31, 66, 97, 108

electrostatics, 29

electrostatic field, 29, 108

hair, 27

inverse square law, 29

permittivity, 38, 108, 109, 110

plastic, 101

potential, 29

silk, 27

electro-technical, 17

Empire Exhibition, 135

end users, 42

endothermic, 105

energy, 128

chemical, 93

consumption, 127

conversion, 67, 143

elastic band, 26

heat, 25, 36, 71, 93

joules, 24

kinetic, 24

largesse, 143

MES (magnetic energy storage),

118

molecular, 24, 28, 109, 111

potential, 24, 26

power absorbed, 25

storage, 118

transference, 30

transition, 145

vibrational, 34

work, 63

engine, 36

engineer, 18, 19, 141

professional, 140

engineering

breakthrough, 126

civil, 20, 139

courses, 139

decline, 20 degrees, 20 Engineering Council, 20 graduates, 18

image, 19 limitations, 126 logic, 121, 139 macroscopic, 144 mechanical, 34, 113 nano-engineering, 144 project, 121

social, 144 students, 139 study, 19 trends, 134 way forward, 139 world, 144 England, 8, 64 environment, 10, 11, 12, 36, 43, 46, 58,

115 damage, 44 degradation, 126 environmentalists, 12 safe, 126

environmental, 34 Eocene, 16 Ethiopia, 75 ethos, 19 ethylene, 110 eureka, 19 Europe, 2, 13, 18, 42, 51, 87

EU Emissions, 16 European Union, 16 eutectic, 95 explosion, 92 extinction, 3, 9, 16 eye, 10

F

factory-built, 139 Fairbanks, 101 fallout, 117 Fannie Mae, 5 Farad, 108 Faraday, Michael, 4, 29, 31,

35, 98, 112 feedback, 145 feed-forward, 145 Fermi, Enrico, 42, 140 fertilizer, 103 fibre-glass, 54 finance, 7 financiers, 5

fish, 53

Flannery, Tim, 14

flywheel, 89

axis, 89, 90

bearing, 91

clutch, 91

containment, 89, 92

disc, 88, 89

explosion, 92, 120

farm, 91, 93

friction, 91

high speed, 90, 93

inertia, 89

material, 88, 89, 90

rundown, 92

sensors, 91

shaping, 89

forest, 131

formula, 51, 62, 89

fossil fuel, 3, 6, 7, 8, 12, 14, 15, 17, 20,

21, 25, 47, 48, 50, 52, 55, 78, 80, 84,

88, 94, 99, 104, 118, 125, 126, 129,

130, 131, 132, 133, 136, 137, 138, 139,

142, 143, 144

capital, 139

coal, 1, 6, 20, 33, 36, 47, 103, 104, 129

combustion, 131

gasoline, 37

limit, 142

methane, 3, 95, 103

natural gas, 80, 82

oil, 80

oil deposits, 4

oil wells, 12, 103

permits, 142

reserves, 125

run out, 139

smoke, 3

France, 20, 44, 63, 74, 114, 116

Freddie Mac, 5

free market, 141

frequency, 2, 30, 34, 40, 50, 84

friction, 24, 35

forces, 46

frictional effects, 24

frictional losses, 40

frictionless, 36, 112

Friedman, Milton, 4

fuel cell, 97, 101

fusion, 94

future, 138

G

gamma, 117 gas, 72 generator, 29, 32 armature, 32, 33, 50 bearing losses, 35 electrical generator, 30, 92 electrical machines, 29, 33 emf (electromotive force), 32, 98 mechanical losses, 35

phase, 33 rotational speed, 49 single phase, 33 stator, 32 stray losses, 35 synchronous, 50, 54 three phase, 34, 40, 69 geo-engineering, 143 geology, 120 geometry, 47, 79 geothermal, 46, 75, 76, 78, 79 geo-thermal power

binary plant, 76 borehole, 76 condenser, 76 cooling tower, 76 granite strata, 75 magma, 75 ring of fire, 75 secondary fluid, 76 sources, 75, 76, 79 tectonic plate, 75 thermal gradient, 75 Germany, 12, 20, 85, 90, 100, 114 glacier, 3

Glasgow, 135 glass, 69, 108 global heating, 138 global market, 7, 14, 16 global politics

G6, 20 G8, 15, 16 intergovernmental, 17 IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change), 17

Kyoto, 7, 16 Kyoto Protocol, 7, 16 global warming, 1 globe, 1, 144 Glomfjord, 106 Gobi, 72 government executive, 139

graduates, 19, 20

gravity, 24, 26

arc, 23

cricket ball, 26, 29

gravitational acceleration, 24, 27, 58

gravitational force, 26, 27, 46, 67

Newton, 23, 32

pendulum, 23

trajectory, 26

Great Basin, 73

Great Sandy, 72

Great Wall, 141

green, 116

greenhouse gas, 139

ships, 136

Greenland, 3

green-wash, 77

grid, 118

cable, 141

pylon, 141

gyrobus, 89

H

habitat, 9, 146

harbour, 65

headlight, 70, 71

headset, 136

health, 4, 117

heat engine, 36

piston, 72

helium, 136

Herald, newspaper, 12, 20, 135

Hillman, Mayer, 135

Hindenburg, 132, 137

hinge, 24

holiday, 136

holography, 136

homes, 43

hothouse, 7, 16

household, 42

human, 12, 135, 145

belief systems, 146

family size, 146

footprint, 145

history, 138

humanity, 6, 9, 74, 77, 131, 139

over-population, 145

progress, 138

species, 146

welfare, 145

Hunterston, 83

Huntorf, 87, 88

HVDC (high voltage direct current),

85, 121 hydrate, 94 hydraulic, 55 hydrocarbon, 103 hydrogen, 102 bond, 110 cell, 104 cell efficiency, 105 cell overload, 106 compressed, 132 compressed gas, 106 electrodes, 104 electrolysis, 103, 104 energy carrier, 103 energy density, 100, 106 energy resource, 103 filter press cell, 105 from oil, 103 fuel cell, 136, 137 gas envelope, 137 lift gas, 136 liquid, 106, 131 metallic hydride, 106 PEM (proton exchange membrane),

104 production, 103 reforming, 103 stations, 133 storage, 106, 119 tank cell, 105 transport, 106 water-gas shift, 103 hydro-power, 10, 48, 50, 53, 55 artificial reservoir, 48 Aswan dam, 48, 51, 62, 78 Ben Cruachan, 50, 83 dams, 52

Europe, 83 head, 49 hydro-electric, 8, 10, 13, 46, 50, 52,

53, 63, 82, 85 hydro-scheme, 9, 10, 53 hydro-systems, 11 Kaplan wheel, 49, 59 Loch Awe, 83 Pelton wheel, 49, 50 penstock, 49 reservoir, 40, 48, 53, 59, 63, 82, 85,

87, 137 sites, 78 valley, 52 hydroxyl, 104

I

Iberia, 74

ice

core, 2

record, 2

sheet, 3

Iceland, 75

Illinois, 57

image processing, 20

India, 4, 10, 16, 20, 48, 72, 77

Indonesia, 75

inductance, 112

induction, 60

coil, 30

emf, 107

inductor, 30, 31, 107

industrial, 6, 16

industrial revolution, 10

industry, 43

Indy Mac, 5

infra-red, 47

insulator

glass, 108

polyester, 54

silica, 27

intermittency, 81, 119

intermittent, 55, 80, 82, 84, 118, 120, 126

internal combustion, 36, 72, 100

internet, 134

inverter, 121

ion, 97, 104

isothermal, 105

Itaipu Dam, 11

Italy, 20, 64, 83

J

Japan, 18, 20, 75, 85, 87, 100, 102, 114

jet aircraft, 54

journal, 7

junkies, 13, 136

K

Kamchatka, 75

Katrina, 2, 4

Kazakhs, 73

Keiller, Bob, 21

Kelvin, Lord, 25, 93

Kenya, 75

Kevlar, 90 Keynes, J.M., 144 Kyoto, 142 Kyoto2, 143

L

La Rance, 63 labourer, 141 laggard, 61 lake, 46 Lake Nasser, 51 land, 47 landscape, 9, 12, 69, 144 laser, 107

leadership, 144 lecture theatre, 23 lens, 70

levers democratic, 144 market, 144 levitation, 91 lifestyle, 139 light absorbed, 67 bulbs, 41, 119 fluorescent lighting, 43 lighting, 33, 41, 43, 74, 99, 127 photon, 67

radiant flux, 47 radiation, 2, 45, 77, 79, 115, 116, 117 Snell’s laws, 70

ultra-violet, 47 lightning, 28 bolt, 28 flash, 28 literature, 14, 65, 73, 102, 123, 127 lithium, 100

load centre, 37 locomotive, 89 logic, 140 London, 16, 134 Lorentz force, 31, 91 Los Alamos, 114 Lovelock, James, 1, 9, 14, 125 low-grade, 37

lunar cycle, 63, 65

M

MacCracken, Michael C., 14 Machiavelli, 144