MySQL Database Usage & Administration PHẦN 1 pdf

MySQL Database Usage & Administration Vikram Vaswani New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto... THE WORK

MySQL Database Usage

& Administration

Vikram Vaswani

New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City

Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto

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For Farah and Tonka:

I couldn’t have got this far without you!

About the Author

Vikram Vaswani is the founder and CEO of Melonfire (www.melonfire.com), a consultancy firm with special expertise in open-source tools and technologies He is a passionate proponent of the open-source movement and frequently contributes articles and tutorials on open-source technologies—including Perl, Python, PHP, MySQL, and Linux—to the community at large His previous books

include MySQL: The Complete Reference (www.mysql-tcr.com),

PHP: A Beginner’s Guide (www.php-beginners-guide.com),

and PHP Programming Solutions

(www.php-programming-solutions.com)

Vikram has more than eight years’ experience interacting with the MySQL RDBMS

as a user, administrator, and application developer He has deployed MySQL in a variety

of different environments, including corporate intranets, high-traffic websites, and mission-critical thin client applications, and is a vocal advocate of MySQL in his role as

a software consultant

A Felix Scholar at the University of Oxford, England, Vikram combines his interest in Web application development with various other activities When not dreaming up plans for world domination, he amuses himself by reading crime fiction, watching old movies, playing squash, blogging, and keeping an eye out for unfriendly agents Read more

about him and MySQL Database Usage & Administration at www.mysql-usage.com.

About the Technical Editor

Chris Cornutt has been involved in the PHP community for more than eight years Soon after discovering the language, he started up his news site, www.PHPDeveloper.org, to share the latest happenings and opinions from other PHPers from around the world Chris has written for publications such as php|architect and the international PHP magazines on topics ranging from geocoding to trackbacks He is also a coauthor of

PHP String Handling (Wrox Press, 2003) Chris lives in Frisco, Texas, with his wife and son, where he works for a large natural-gas distributor maintaining their website and developing PHP-based applications

Contents at a Glance

Part I Usage

1 An Introduction to MySQL 3

2 Understanding Basic Commands 19

3 Making Design Decisions 49

4 Using Joins, Subqueries, and Views 69

5 Using Transactions 109

6 Using Stored Procedures and Functions 133

7 Using Triggers and Scheduled Events 167

8 Working with Data in Different Formats 189

9 Optimizing Performance 213

Part II Administration 10 Performing Basic Server Administration 241

11 Managing Users and Controlling Access 263

12 Performing Maintenance, Backup, and Recovery 287

13 Replicating Data 301

A Installing MySQL and the Sample Database 319

Index 335

v

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Foreword xiii

Acknowledgments xv

Introduction xvii

Part I Usage 1 An Introduction to MySQL 3

History 4

Unique Features 5

Speed 5

Reliability 5

Scalability 5

Ease of Use 6

Portability and Standards Compliance 7

Multiuser Support 7

Internationalization 7

Wide Application Support 7

Open-Source Code 7

Product Family 8

MySQL Server 8

MySQL Cluster 8

MySQL Proxy 8

MySQL Administrator 9

MySQL Query Browser 9

MySQL Workbench 9

MySQL Migration Toolkit 9

MySQL Embedded Server 9

MySQL Drivers and Connectors 10

Technical Architecture 10

Subsystems 10

Connectivity 11

Standards Compliance 11

vii

viii M y S Q L D a t a b a s e U s a g e & A d m i n i s t r a t i o n

Transactions 11

Query Caching 12

Extensibility 12

Symmetric Multiprocessing Support 13

Security 13

Application Programming Interfaces 14

Applications 14

Web Applications 14

Data Warehouses 15

Business Applications 16

Summary 16

2 Understanding Basic Commands 19

Understanding Basic Concepts 20

Databases, Tables, and Records 20

Primary and Foreign Keys 21

Structured Query Language (SQL) 23

Database Normalization 24

Working with Databases and Tables 25

Using the MySQL Command-Line Client 25

Creating Databases 26

Creating Tables 27

Altering Tables 30

Removing Tables and Databases 32

Working with Records 33

Creating Records 33

Removing and Modifying Records 34

Retrieving Records 35

Viewing Database, Table, and Field Information 47

Summary 48

3 Making Design Decisions 49

Selecting Field Data Types 50

Numeric Types 50

Character and String Types 51

Text and Binary Types 51

Date and Time Types 51

Enumerations 52

Data Type Selection Checklist 52

Selecting Table Storage Engines 53

The MyISAM Storage Engine 53

The InnoDB Storage Engine 53

The Archive Storage Engine 54

The Federated Storage Engine 54

The Memory Storage Engine 54

The CSV Storage Engine 55

C o n t e n t s ix

The MERGE Storage Engine 55

The ISAM Storage Engine 55

The NDB Storage Engine 56

Storage Engine Selection Checklist 56

Using Primary and Foreign Keys 57

Primary Keys 57

Foreign Keys 58

Using Indexes 63

The UNIQUE Index 65

The FULLTEXT Index 65

Summary 68

4 Using Joins, Subqueries, and Views 69

Using Joins 70

A Simple Join 70

Types of Joins 72

Using Subqueries 83

A Simple Subquery 83

Types of Subqueries 85

Using Views 95

A Simple View 96

View Security 100

Multitable Views 100

Nested Views 102

Updatable Views 103

Summary 108

5 Using Transactions 109

Understanding Transactions 110

The ACID Properties 112

MySQL and the ACID Properties 114

A Simple Transaction 114

Savepoints 119

Controlling Transactional Behavior 121

Automatic Commits 121

Transaction Isolation Levels 122

Pseudo-Transactions 126

Table Locks as a Substitute for Transactions 127

Implementing a Pseudo-Transaction with Table Locks 130

Summary 131

6 Using Stored Procedures and Functions 133

Understanding Stored Routines 134

Creating and Using Stored Procedures 135

Creating and Using Stored Functions 142

Setting Routine Characteristics 146

x M y S Q L D a t a b a s e U s a g e & A d m i n i s t r a t i o n

Doing More with Stored Routines 148

Variables 148

Conditional Tests 149

Loops 155

Cursors 159

Handlers 161

Summary 166

7 Using Triggers and Scheduled Events 167

Understanding Triggers 168

A Simple Trigger 168

Triggers and Old/New Values 172

Triggers and More Complex Applications 173

Triggers and Constraints 178

Understanding Scheduled Events 181

A Simple Scheduled Event 181

Recurring Events 185

One-Off Events 186

Summary 187

8 Working with Data in Different Formats 189

Importing Records 190

Exporting Records 193

Working with XML Data 196

Obtaining Results in XML 196

Using XML Functions 197

Importing XML 203

Exporting XML 210

Summary 211

9 Optimizing Performance 213

Optimizing Queries 214

Indexing 214

Query Caching 216

Query Analysis 218

Optimizing Joins and Subqueries 222

Use Joins Instead of Subqueries 222

Use Session Variables and Temporary Tables for Transient Data and Calculations 223

Explicitly Name Output Fields 224

Index Join Fields 224

Rewrite Correlated Subqueries as Joins 225

Replace Materialized Subqueries with Temporary Tables 225

Optimizing Transactional Performance 226

Use Small Transactions 226

Select an Appropriate Isolation Level 227

Avoid Deadlocks 228

C o n t e n t s xi

Optimizing Stored Routines 229

Follow the KISS Principle 229

Optimize SQL Statements Within Routines 230

Optimizing Table Design 231

Optimizing Server Settings 232

Benchmarking 233

Summary 237

Part II Administration 10 Performing Basic Server Administration 241

Database Administration and MySQL 242

Uptime 242

Data Backup 243

Security and Access Control 243

Performance Optimization 244

Understanding Basic Server Administration 244

Starting and Stopping the Server 245

Checking MySQL Server Status 247

Managing MySQL Client Processes 248

Altering the Server Configuration 249

Setting the Server’s SQL Mode 254

Troubleshooting with the Error Log 255

Obtaining Database Meta-Information 256

Summary 260

11 Managing Users and Controlling Access 263

Understanding the Access Control System 264

The user Table 265

The db and host Tables 269

The tables_priv and columns_priv Tables 272

The procs_priv Table 275

Interaction Between the Grant Tables 276

Managing User Privileges 277

Granting and Revoking Privileges 277

Viewing Privileges 281

Restoring Default Privileges 282

Working with User Accounts and Passwords 282

The Administrator Password 284

Summary 285

12 Performing Maintenance, Backup, and Recovery 287

Using Database Log Files 288

The Error Log 288

The General Query Log 289

xii M y S Q L D a t a b a s e U s a g e & A d m i n i s t r a t i o n

The Slow Query Log 289

The Binary Log 290

Checking and Repairing Tables 292

Checking Tables for Errors 292

Repairing Tables 293

Optimizing Tables 295

Backing Up and Restoring Data 295

Backing Up Databases and Tables 295

Restoring Databases and Tables from Backup 298

Summary 299

13 Replicating Data 301

Understanding Replication 302

The Master-Slave Relationship 303

Replication Threads 304

Replication Methods 304

Configuring Master-Slave Replication 306

Configuring Master-Master Replication 308

Managing the Replication Process 312

Changing Replication Parameters 312

Starting and Stopping Slave Servers 312

Checking Replication Status 313

Working with Master Server Binary Logs 316

Summary 317

A Installing MySQL and the Sample Database 319

Obtaining MySQL 320

Choosing Which Version to Install 320

Choosing Between Binary and Source Distributions 321

Installing and Configuring MySQL 322

Installing on UNIX 322

Installing on Windows 324

Testing MySQL 329

Performing Post-Installation Steps 330

Setting the MySQL Superuser Password 330

Configuring MySQL and Apache to Start Automatically 331

Setting Up the Example Database 331

Re-creating the Example Database 332

Understanding the Example Database 333

Summary 334

Index 335