I Eneegy Seriesfor public discussion March 1999 Evaporative Air-Conditioning Friendly Cooling Gelit Jan Bom Robert Foster Ebel Dijkstra AMIaija Tummer-s... 421Energy Series Evaporative
Trang 1(I Eneegy Series
for public discussion
March 1999
Evaporative Air-Conditioning
Friendly Cooling
Gelit Jan Bom Robert Foster Ebel Dijkstra AMIaija Tummer-s
Trang 2Recent World Bank Technical Papers
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No 364 Josling, Agricultural Trade Policies in the Andean Group: Issues and Options
No 365 Pratt, Le Gall, and de Haan, Investing in Pastoralism: Sustainable Natural Resource Use in Arid Africa and the
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No 370 Dejene, Shishira, Yanda, and Johnsen, Land Degradation in Tanzania: Perceptionfrom the Village
No 371 Essama-Nssah, Analyse d'une repartition du niveau de vie
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No 381 Shah and Nagpal, eds., Urban Air Quality Management Strategy in Asia: Greater Mumbai Report
No 382 Barker, Tenenbaum, and Woolf, Governance and Regulation of Power Pools and System Operators: An
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(List continues on the inside back cover)
Trang 3WORLD BANK TECHNICAL PAPER NO 421
Energy Series
Evaporative
Air-Conditioning
Applicationsfor Environmentally Friendly Cooling
Gert Jan Bom
Robert Foster
EbelD#jkstra
Marja Tummers
The World Bank
Washington, D.C.
Trang 4Copyright © 1999
The International Bank for Reconstruction
and Development/THE WORLD BANK
1818 H Street, N.W
Washington, D.C 20433, U.S.A
All rights reserved
Manufactured in the United States of America
First printing March 1999
Technical Papers are published to communicate the results of the Bank's work to the development community with the least possible delay The typescript of this paper therefore has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate to formal printed texts, and the World Bank accepts no responsibility for errors Some sources cited in this paper may be informal documents that are not readily available
The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations,
or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this volume do not imply on the part of the World Bank Group any judgment on the legal status
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ISSN: 0253-7494
Gert Jan Bom, Ebel Dijkstra, and Marja Tummers are development consultants at Ecozone, Haarlem, the Netherlands Robert Foster is a project engineer at New Mexico State University, Las Cruces
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Evaporative air-conditioning: applications for environmentally
friendly cooling / Gert Jan Bom ..[et al.]
p cm - (World Bank technical paper; 421 Energy series)
Includes bibliographical references (p )
ISBN 0-8213-4334-3
1 Air conditioning 2 Evaporative cooling I Bom, Gert Jan
II Series
TH7687.E94 1998
697.9'3-dc2l 98-31273
CIP
Trang 5ENERGY SERIES
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Fuelwood Markets and Village Management of Natural Woodlands.
Trang 7Foreword ix
Abstract xi
Acknowledgments xiii
Abbreviations, Symbols, and Glossary xv
1 Introduction l1 Benefits of Evaporative Cooling 2
Opportunities and Limitations 2
Environmental Benefits 2
Direct Evaporative Air-Conditioning 3
Residential Coolers 3
Indirect Evaporative Air-Conditioning 4
Desiccant-Assisted Evaporative Air-Conditioning 4
Commercial Evaporative Air-Conditioners 5
Comparing Vapor-Compression and Evaporative Air-Conditioning 5
Outlook 5
2 Opportunities and Constraints 9
Climatological Factors 9
Comfort Issues 10
Expected Performance of Evaporative Air-Conditioning 12
Power Supply 13
Water Supply 13
Advantages of Evaporative Versus Vapor-Compression Air-Conditioning 13
3 Economics 15
Economics of Residential Coolers 15
Investment Costs 16
Market Situation 18
4 Technology 21
Direct Evaporative Air-Conditioning 21
Indirect-Direct Evaporative Air-Conditioning 26
Desiccant Cooling 29
5 Choosing and Maintaining Equipment 31
Available Equipment 31
Trang 8vi Evaporative Air-Conditioning, Applications for Environmentally Friendly Cooling
Direct Evaporative Air-Conditioning Recommended Air Change Rate
for Design Wet-Bulb (WB) Conditions 33
Maintenance 33
6 Solar Evaporative Air-Conditioning 37
The Market 37
Optimizing Evaporative Air-Conditioning Design for Solar Operation 38
7 Introduction and Local Manufacture in Developing Countries 41
Maintenance 41
Installation and Sizing 41
Manufacturing Requirements 41
Know-How 43
8 Commercial Evaporative Air-Conditioning 45
Commercial versus Residential Cooling 45
Commercial Kitchen Evaporative Air-Conditioning 46
Laundry and Dry Cleaning 46
Extreme Heat Conditions 46
Industrial Applications 47
Factory Air-Conditioning Design Considerations 47
Agricultural Applications-Poultry 48
Greenhouses 49
Bibliography 69
Annexes 1 Introduction to Evaporative Cooling 53
2 Suitability of Evaporative Air-Conditioning in Different Climate Zones 57
3 List of Manufacturers and Suppliers 63
Boxes 2.1 Relative Humidity and Wet-Bulb Temperature 10
5.1 A Simple Sizing Example 32
Figures
1.1 Typical Direct Evaporative Air-Conditioner 3
1.2 Roof-Mounted Downdraft Evaporative Air-Conditioning Unit, El Paso, Texas 4
1.3 Direct Evaporative Air-Conditioner for Transport Use 7
2.1 Modified Evaporative Air-Conditioning Comfort Zone Taking into Account
Increased Airflow Compared with ASHRAE Comfort Zone Based on Vapor
Compression Air-Conditioning 11
2.2 Annual Energy Use Summary: Vapor Compression Air-Conditioning
(SEER = 9.5 for Phoenix, Arizona, USA) 14
2.3 Annual Energy Use Summary: Indirect/Direct Evaporative Air-Conditioning
(2,000 scfm, for Phoenix, Arizona, USA) 14
3.1 Typical Investment Costs for Evaporative Air-Conditioning in the United States 16
3.2 Typical Investment Costs for Evaporative Air-Conditioning in India 17
3.3 Typical Life-Cycle Costs: Evaporative Air-Conditioning versus Air-Conditioning
for the United States 17
3.4 Typical Life-Cycle Costs: Evaporative Air-Conditioning versus Air-Conditioning for India 18 4.1 Simplified Evaporative Air-Conditioning Process 22
4.2 Psychrometric Process for Direct Evaporative Cooling, Mexico 22
4.3 Comnonly Available Rigid Cellulose Pads Provide Superior Saturation and Cooling
Compared with Ordinary Aspen Pads 24
4.4 Close-up of Rigid Cellulose Pad Made of Corrugated Paper 24
4.5 Common Cabinets for Residential Coolers in India 26
Trang 9Contents v2i
4.6 Cutaway of a Direct Evaporative Air-Conditioning 27
4.7 Plate-Type Indirect-Direct Evaporative Air-Conditioning 27
4.8 Indirect-Direct Evaporative Air-Conditioners on a Public School Rooftop, Colorado Springs, USA 28
4.9 Indirect-Direct Evaporative Air-Conditioning Process 29
4.10 Ventilation Cycle Desiccant Cooling System 30
6.1 A Solar-Powered Evaporative Air-Conditioner 37
6.2 Evaporative Cooler Coupled with Solar Power (System installed by a homeowner in Chaparral, New Mexico, USA) 39
7.1 Evaporative Air-Conditioners in Kamla Market, New Delhi, India 42
8.1 Typical Evaporative Air-Conditioning Application for Poultry Houses 49
8.2 Evaporative Cooling Pad Section of Rigid Cellulose Pads 50
8.3 External Evaporative Air-Conditioners on a Research Greenhouse, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, New Mexico 50
A1.1 Psychrometric Chart and Saturation Line 53 Al.2 Complete Psychrometric Chart 53 A1.3 Wet-Bulb Depression of Ambient Air 54 A1.4 Saturation Effectiveness for an 80 Percent Effective Evaporative Cooling Pad 54 A1.5 Saturation Effectiveness of 80 Percent for Evaporative Cooling Pads at Different Ambient Conditions 54 A1.6 Effect of Indirect Evaporative Cooling on Ambient Airstream 54 Al.7 Effect of Combined Indirect Evaporative Cooling Coupled with Direct Section 55 A1.8 Energy-Saving Effect of Using a Smaller Coil Coupled with Indirect and Direct Evaporative Cooling Sections 55 A2.1 Suitability of Evaporative Air-Conditioning: Africa 57 A2.2 Suitability of Evaporative Air-Conditioning: Asia 58 A2.3 Suitability of Evaporative Air-Conditioning: Australia 59 A2.4 Suitability of Evaporative Air-Conditioning: Europe 60 A2.5 Suitability of Evaporative Air-Conditioning: North America 61 A2.6 Suitability of Evaporative Air-Conditioning: South Arnerica 62 Tables 1.1 Vapor-Compression versus Evaporative Air-Conditioning 6
2.1 Effectiveness of Evaporative Cooling by Climate Type 9
2.2 Relation between Wet-Bulb Temperatures and Effectiveness of Evaporative Air-Conditioning 10
2.3 Evaporative Air-Conditioning Performance in Selected Locations at 1 Percent Cooling Design Conditions 12
2.4 Benefits of Evaporative Air-Conditioning Versus Vapor Compression Air-Conditioning 13
5.1 Available Residential Evaporative Air-Conditioning Equipment 31
5.2 Useful Cooling Chart: Percentage of Useful Cooling for Direct Evaporative Air-Conditioning Output 34
6.1 Available Packaged Solar Evaporative Air-Conditioning Equipment 38
6.2 Design Measures to Optimize Evaporative Air-Conditioning for Solar Power 38
7.1 Work Involved in Manufacturing Evaporative Air-Conditioning 42