TEAM FLY WIRELESS NETWORK DEPLOYMENTS phần 1 pot

Science, Engineering and Art of Cellular Network Deployment 3 SALEH FARUQUE; Metricom Inc.. Practical Deployment of Frequency Hopping in GSM Networks for capacity enhancement 173 ANWAR B

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Team-Fly®

NETWORK

DEPLOYMENTS

THE KLUWER INTERNATIONAL SERIES

IN ENGINEERING AND COMPUTER SCIENCE

Worcester Polytechnic Institute

KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS NEW YORK, BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW

eBook ISBN: 0-306-47331-3

Print ISBN: 0-792-37902-0

©2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers

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Preface vii

PART I: OVERVIEW AND ISSUES IN DEPLOYMENTS

1 Science, Engineering and Art of Cellular Network

Deployment 3

SALEH FARUQUE; Metricom Inc.

2 Comparision of Polarization and Space Diversity in

JAY A WEITZEN, MARK S WALLACE; NextWave Telecom

3 Use of Smart Antennas to Increase Capacity in Cellular

MICHAEL A ZHAO, YONGHAI GU, SCOT D GORDON,

MARTIN J FEUERSTEIN; Metawave Communications Corp.

PART II: DEPLOYMENT OF CDMA BASED NETWORKS

4 Optimization of Dual Mode CDMA/AMPS Networks 59

VINCENT O’BYRNE; GTE Service Corporation

HARIS STELLAKIS, RAJAMANI GANESH; GTE Laboratories

5 Microcell Engineering in CDMA Networks 83

JIN YANG; Vodafone AirTouch Plc

6 Intermodulation Distortion in IS-95 CDMA Handset

STEVEN D GRAY AND GIRIDHAR D MANDYAM;

Nokia Research Center

PART III: DEPLOYMENT OF TDMA BASED NETWORKS

7 Hierarchical TDMA Cellular Network With Distributed

Coverage For High Traffic Capacity 131

JÉRÔME BROUET, VINOD KUMAR; Alcatel Corporate Reasearch Center ARMELLE WAUTIER; Ecole Supérieure d’Electricité

8 Traffic Analysis of Partially Overlaid

R.RAMÉSH, KUMAR BALACHANDRAN; Ericsson Research

9 Practical Deployment of Frequency Hopping in

GSM Networks for capacity enhancement 173

ANWAR BAJWA; Camber Systemics Limited

PART IV: DEPLOYMENT OF WIRELESS DATA

NETWORKS

HAKAN INANOGLU; Opuswave Networks Inc.

JOHN REECE, MURAT BILGIC; Omnipoint Technologies Inc.

CRAIG J MATHIAS; Farpoint Group

12 Wireless LANs Network Deployment in Practice 235

ANAND R PRASAD, ALBERT EIKELENBOOM,

HENRI MOELARD, AD KAMERMAN, NEELI PRASAD;

Lucent Technologies

Index 267

During the past decade, the wireless telecommunication industry’s dominant source of income was cellular telephone service At the start of thenew millennium, data services are being perceived as complementing thisprosperity The cellular telephone market has grown exponentially duringthe past decade, and numerous companies in fierce competition to gain aportion of this growing market have invested heavily to deploy cellularnetworks The main investment for deployment of a cellular network is thecost of the infrastructure, which includes the equipment, property,installation, and links connecting the Base Stations (BS) A cellular serviceprovider has to develop a reasonable deployment plan that has a soundfinancial structure The overall cost of deployment is proportional to thenumber of BS sites, and the income derived from the service is proportional

pre-to the number of subscribers, which grows in time Service providerstypically start their operation with a minimum number of sites requiring theleast initial investment As the number of subscribers grows, generating asource of income for the service provider, the investment in theinfrastructure is increased to improve the service and capacity of the network

to accept additional subscribers A number of techniques have evolved tosupport the growth and expansion of cellular networks These techniquesinvolve methodologies to increase reuse efficiency, capacity, and coveragewhile maintaining the target quality of service (QoS) available to the

subscriber

Most of the available literature on wireless networks focusses on wirelessaccess techniques, modem design technologies, radio propagation modeling,and design of efficient protocols for reliable wireless communications Theseissues are related to the efficiency of the air interface to optimize the usage

of the available bandwidth and to minimize the consumption of power,consequently extending the lifetime of the batteries An important aspect ofwireless networks that has not received adequate attention is the deployment

of the infrastructure Most textbooks discuss the abstract mathematicsemployed in determining frequency reuse factors or the methodologies used

in predicting radio propagation to determine the coverage of a radio system.The real issues faced in network deployments, which limit the theoreticalcapacity, coverage, voice quality, etc., or performance enhancements thattake into account the current infrastructure, are not treated adequately Theobjective of this book is to address this gap

To visualize the complexity of a “green field” or an “overlay” deployment,one should first realize that (1) a wireless service provider’s largestinvestment is the cost of the physical site location (antenna, property, andmaintenance), and (2) the deployment is an evolutionary process Theservice provider starts with an available and potentially promisingtechnology and a minimum number of sites to provide basic coverage tohigh-traffic areas To support an increasing number of subscribers, ademand for increased capacity and better quality of service, the serviceprovider also explores use of more sophisticated antennas (sectored orsmart), use of more efficient wireless access methods (TDMA or CDMA),and increasing the number of deployed sites and carriers As a result, inaddition to supporting the continual growth of user traffic with time, theservice provider needs to be concerned about the impact of changes in theantenna, access technique, or number of sites on the overall efficiency andreturn on investment of the deployed network All major service providershave a group or a division equipped with sophisticated and expensivedeployment tools and measurement apparatus to cope with these continualenhancements made in the overall structure of the network

In this book, we have invited a number of experts to write on a variety oftopics associated with deployment of digital wireless networks We havedivided these topics into four categories, each constituting a part of the book.The first part, consisting of three chapters, provides an overview ofdeployment issues Saleh Faruque of Metricom provides a step-by-stepprocess for system design and engineering integration required in variousstages of deployment Jay Weitzen and Mark Wallace of NextWave Telecomaddress and compare the issues related to deployment of polarizationdiversity antenna systems with deployment of the classic two-antenna spacediversity system Michael Zhao, Yonghai Gu, Scott Gordon, and MartinFeuerstein of Metawave Communications Corp examine the performance ofdeploying smart antenna architectures in cellular and PCS networks

The next three parts of the book cover issues involved in deployment ofCDMA, TDMA, and Wireless Data networks The three chapters in Part IIconcern deployment of CDMA networks based on the IS-95 standard Part IIbegins with a chapter by Vincent O’Byrne, Haris Stellakis, and Rajamani

Ganesh of GTE that addresses the complex optimization of dual mode

CDMA networks deployed in an overlaid manner over the legacy analogAMPS system The second chapter, by Jin Yang of Vodafone AirTouch,discusses issues related to embedding a microcell to improve hot-spotcapacity and dead-spot coverage in an existing macrocellular CDMAnetwork The last chapter in Part II, by Steven Gray and Giridhar Mandyam

of Nokia Research Center in Texas, addresses detection and mitigation ofintermodulation distortion in CDMA handset transceivers

Part III deals with issues found in deployment of TDMA based networks.The first chapter, by Jerome Brouet, Vinod Kumar, and Armelle Wautier ofAlcatel and Ecole Supérieure d’Electricité in France, develops the principle

of hierarchical systems to meet the traffic demand in high density hot-spots

and compares this technique with conventional methods used to enhance the

capacity of TDMA networks The second chapter in Part III, by R Rameshand Kumar Balachandran of Ericsson, derives a strategy to maximize thenumber of ANSI-136 users supported for a given number of AMPS usersand considers reconfigurable transceivers at the base station to increasetraffic capacity in a dual mode ANSI-136/AMPS network The last chapter

in Part III, by Anwar Bajwa of Camber Systemics Limited in UK, addressesthe practical deployment of the frequency hopping feature in GSM networks

to realize increased capacity with marginal degradation in QoS

The final part, Part IV, of this book is devoted to Wireless Data Networks.Wireless data services are divided into (1) mobile data services, providinglow data rates (up to a few hundered Kbps) with comprehensive coveragecomparable to that of cellular telephones; and (2) Wireless LANs, providinghigh data rates (more than 1 Mbps) for local coverage and in-buildingapplications In the first chapter of Part IV, Hakan Inanoglu of OpuswaveNetwork and John Reece and Murat Bilgic of Omnipoint Technologies Inc.discuss fixed deployment considerations of General Packet Radio Services(GPRS) as an upgrade to currently deployed networks and identify systemperformance for slow-moving and stationary terminal units The last twochapters deal with deployment of wireless LANs (WLANs) Craig Mathias

of Farpoint Group provides an overview of wireless LANs and talks aboutdeployment issues related to placement of access points and interferencemanagement The last chapter, by Anand Prasad, Albert Eikelenboom, HenriMoelard, Ad Kamerman and Neeli Prasad of Lucent Technogies in The

Netherlands, concentrates on coverage, cell planning, power management,security, data rates, interference and coexistence, critical issues fordeploying an IEEE 802.11 based WLAN

We graciously thank all the authors for their contributions and their helpwith this book, and we hope our readers will find the book’s content bothunique and beneficial

Rajamani Ganesh Kaveh Pahlavan

Team-Fly®

PART I

OVERVIEW AND ISSUES IN

DEPLOYMENTS

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Chapter 1

SCIENCE, ENGINEERING AND ART OF

CELLULAR NETWORK DEPLOYMENT

SALEH FARUQUE

Metricom Inc.

Abstract: Cellular deployment is a step by step process of system design and system

integration which involves, RF Propagation studies and coverage prediction, Identification of Cell site location, Traffic Engineering, Cell planning, Evaluation of C/I etc In short, it combines science, engineering and art, where a good compromise among all three is the key to the successful implementation and continued healthy operation of cellular communication system In this paper, we present a brief overview of cellular architecture followed by a comprehensive yet concise engineering process involved in various stages of the design and deployment of the systems.

4 Chapter 1

1 INTRODUCTION

The generic cellular communication system, shown in Fig.l, is anintegrated network comprising a land base wire line telephone network and acomposite wired-wireless network The land base network is the traditionaltelephone system in which all telephone subscribers are connected to acentral switching network, commonly known as PSTN (Public SwitchingTelephone Network) It is a digital switching system, providing: i)Switching, ii) Billing, iii) 911 dialing, iv)l-800 and 1-900 calling features, v)Call waiting, call transfer, conference calling, voice mail etc., vi) Globalconnectivity vii) Interfacing with cellular networks Tens of thousands ofsimultaneous calls can be handled by means of a single PSTN The function

of the Mobile Switching Center (MSC) or MTX (Mobile TelephoneExchange) is: i) Provide connectivity between PSTN and cellular basestations by means of trunks (T1 links), ii) Facilitate communication betweenmobile to mobile, mobile to land, land to mobile and MSC to PSTN, iii)Manage, control and monitor various call processing activities, and iv)Keeps detail record of each call for billing Cellular base stations are located

at different convenient locations within the service area The coverage of abase station varies from less than a kilometer to tens of kilometers,depending on the propagation environment and traffic density An array ofsuch base stations has the capacity of serving tens of thousands ofsubscribers in a major metropolitan area This is the basis of today's cellulartelecommunication services

Cellular deployment, therefore, is a step by step process of system designand system integration involving: a) RF Propagation studies and coverageprediction, b) Cell site location and Tolerance on Cell site Location, c) C/Iand Capacity Issues and d) Cell planning In short, it combines science,

Cellular Network Deployment 5

engineering and art, where a good compromise among all three is the key tothe successful implementation and continued healthy operation of cellularcommunication system In this chapter, we present a comprehensive yetconcise engineering process involved in various stages of the design anddeployment of cellular systems

Introduction

Radio link design is an engineering process where a hypothetical pathloss

is derived out of a set of physical parameters such as ERP, cable loss,antenna gain and various other design parameters A sample worksheet isthen produced for system planning and dimensioning radio equipment It is

a routine procedure in today’s mobile cellular communication systems.Unfortunately, the cellular industries have overlooked a potential linkbetween these practices and propagation models they use As a result thetraditional process of link design is generally inaccurate due to anomalies ofpropagation

In an effort to alleviate these problems, this section examines theclassical Okumura-Hata and the Walfisch-Ikegami models, currently used inland-mobile communication services, and provides a methodology for radiolink design based on these models It is shown that there is a unique set of

6 Chapter 1

design parameters associated with each model for which the performance of

a given RF link is optimal in a given propagation environment [1]

Classical Propagation Models and their Attributes to Radio Link Design

The classical Okumura-Hata and the Walfisch-Ikegami propagation

models exhibit equation of a straight line (Appendix A and B):

where is the path loss and Lo is the intercept which depends on

antenna height, antenna location, surrounding buildings, diffraction,

scattering, road widths etc., is the propagation constant or attenuation

slope and d is the distance The parameters Lo and are arbitrary

constants These constants do not change once the cell site is in place

Solving for d, we obtain

Eq (2) indicates that there are four operating conditions:

i) The exponent, E, of eq.2 is zero, for which and independent of

(Multipath tolerant)

ii) The exponent of eq.2 is constant for which and insensitive to the

variation of propagation environment (also multipath tolerant)

iii) The exponent of eq.2 is +ve for which and inversely

proportional to (Multipath attenuation)

iv) The exponent of eq.2 is -ve for which and proportional to

(Multipath gain or wave-guide effect)

These operating conditions are illustrated in Fig.2