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Series Introduction Welcome The Research Monographs in Geographical Information Systems series provides a publication outlet for research of the highest quality in GIS, which is longer t

Object-Oriented Design for Temporal GIS

Object-Oriented Design

for Temporal GIS

MONICA WACHOWICZ

UK Taylor & Francis, 11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE

USA Taylor & Francis Inc., 1900 Frost Road, Suite 101, Bristol, PA 19007

Copyright © Taylor & Francis 1999

Taylor & Francis is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group

This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2003.

All rights reserved No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored

in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, electrostatic, magnetic tape, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner.

British Library Cataloging in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0-203-21239-8 Master e-book ISBN

ISBN 0-203-26977-2 (Adobe eReader Format)

ISBN 0-7484-0831-2 (cased)

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data are available

Cover design by Hybert Design and Type, Waltham St Lawrence, Berkshire Cover printed by Flexiprint, Lancing, West Sussex

Contents

vi

CONTENTS vii

Series Introduction

Welcome

The Research Monographs in Geographical Information Systems series provides a

publication outlet for research of the highest quality in GIS, which is longer than would normally be acceptable for publication in a journal The series includes single-and multiple-author research monographs, often based upon PhD theses single-and the like, and special collections of thematic papers

The need

We believe that there is a need, from the point of view of both readers (researchers and practitioners) and authors, for longer treatments of subjects related to GIS than are widely available currently We feel that the value of much research is actually devalued by being broken up into separate articles for publication in journals At the same time, we realise that many career decisions are based on publication records, and that peer review plays an important part in that process Therefore a named editorial board supports the series, and advice is sought from them on all submissions Successful submissions will focus on a single theme of interest to the GIS community, and treat it in depth, giving full proofs, methodological procedures or code where appropriate to help the reader appreciate the utility of the work in the monograph No area of interest in GIS is excluded, although material should demonstrably advance thinking and understanding in spatial information science Theoretical, technical and application-oriented approaches are all welcomed

The medium

In the first instance the majority of monographs will be in the form of a traditional text book, but, in a changing world of publishing, we actively encourage publicationon

SERIES INTRODUCTION

x

CD-ROM, the placing of supporting material on web sites, or publication of programs and of data No form of dissemination is discounted, and prospective authors are invited to suggest whatever primary form of publication and support material they think is appropriate

The editorial board

The monograph series is supported by an editorial board Every monograph proposal

is sent to all members of the board which includes Ralf Bill, António Câmara, Joseph Ferreira, Pip Forer, Andrew Frank, Gail Kucera, Enrico Puppo, and Peter van Oostrom These people have been invited for their experience in the field, of monograph writing, and for their geographic and subject diversity Members may also be involved later in the process with particular monographs

Future submissions

Anyone who is interested in preparing a Research monograph, should contact either

of the editors Advice on how to proceed will be available from them, and is treated

on a case by case basis

For now we hope that you find this, the fifth in the series, a worthwhile addition to your GIS bookshelf, and that you may be inspired to submit a proposal too

Editors:

Preface

A wide spectrum of research areas have contributed to the development of object-oriented analysis and design methods Within computing sciences objectorientation has been developed in the fields of databases, programming languages, and system engineering Some indications of this development include the proliferation of object-oriented concepts, notations, models, and application areas This book provides a much-needed geographic perspective to enhance both the development and understanding of object-oriented methodology In particular, it addresses how both Time Geography and the object-oriented methodologies can be integrated to represent and manipulate space and time in GIS

Time Geography provides a conceptual framework for capturing the semantics of space and time This book introduces the reader to the framework abstractions developed in Time Geography They are of primordial importance for handling spatio-temporal data in GIS They play an important role as a modelling tool for representing the passage of time and the mechanisms of change The book explains how the time geographic abstractions can be integrated with the modelling constructs of object-oriented analysis and design methods This is achieved by describing a spatio-temporal data model designed to address the complex and subtle semantics of space and time

of historical data The logical components (schema evolution, data update procedures, events) and the physical structure (storage structure, access methods, multidimensional indexing) of the spatio-temporal data model are also described in the book

This book is not an introduction to object-orientation There already exists a vast literature regarding this subject The motivation for this book is the relative absence

of research in the field of integrating spatio-temporal data modelling, object-orientation and GIS Therefore, the book offers a practical guide to object-oriented modelling constructs and demonstrates the feasibility of applying them to the problem of modelling spatio-temporal data It encourages readers to apply and explore object-oriented analysis and design methods by presenting a variety of practical examples in

xii

the application area of political boundary record maintenance (historical data) A prototype implementation of the spatio-temporal data model into the Smallworld GIS illustrates the results of the processes involved in boundary making of public boundaries

in England

This book is a revised and summarised version of my doctoral thesis submitted to the Department of Geography at the University of Edinburgh It is intended for readers from multi-disciplinary research areas It is required reading for all those interested in the role of object-orientation for integrating space and time in GIS The book is essential reading for students, scientists and researchers in the fields of Geography, GIS, Cartography, and Databases

It begins with a synopsis of space and time concepts, their application in GIS, and the functional requirements to develop a temporal GIS A variety of applications and the characteristics of their spatio-temporal data are described A literature review is included on Time Geography, temporal GIS and the object-oriented paradigm (programming languages, analysis and design methods, databases) Future research directions are outlined in spatio-temporal data modelling, version management, and applications with complex and interrelated objects and spatio-temporal data This book provides an objective source of references for addressing conceptual, methodological, and technical issues for handling spatio-temporal data in GIS The object-oriented analysis and design method developed by Booch is used in this book This method has been the most widely accepted in the database research and development communities The synergy of Time Geography, object-orientation and GIS is illustrated by a prototype implementation Finally, the last chapter discusses issues that are emerging as important areas of technological innovations in GIS Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD), geographic visualisation (GVis), and ubiquitous computing reinforce the use of the object-oriented methodology in GIS

I have attempted to provide the reader with an understanding of the issues in the object-oriented design of a temporal GIS and have taken a position on most of them: comments, corrections, and suggestions welcome

Acknowledgements

I am thankful to several people who encouraged me in one way or another to realise the original thesis which led me to write this book First of all, I would like to thank

my supervisors, Professor Richard G.Healey and Professor Michael F.Worboys, for their unceasing support and valuable advice during my thesis research My thanks also go to Les J.Rackham and Alan Hardiman of the Ordnance Survey, who have significantly contributed in expanding my knowledge on the evolution of public boundaries in Great Britain

The Department of Geography at the University of Edinburgh has provided a stimulating environment in which to work and my thanks go to those who helped to make it that way In particular, I would like to thank Steve Dowers and Chris Place for their support and expertise on computing facilities in the Department, and I would like to thank Penny Leg for making my research meetings with Richard possible

I was fortunate to find many colleagues in Edinburgh who were willing to listen to

my ideas; in particular Bhaskar Ramachandran, Trevor Rotzien, Charles Stewart, Jonathan Makin and Christoph Corves who provided thought-provoking discussions and suggestions I would like to thank Marianne Broadgate, Vicen Carrio-Lluesma, Juan Suarez, Manoel Claudio da Silva, Marcelo Vieira, Gwo-Jinn Hwang, Xuan Zhu and Bod Hodgard for their friendship and endless support during my years in Edinburgh

The Research monographs in Geographical Information Systems series has provided

me with the possibility of publishing my thesis, and I would like to thank Professor Peter Fisher and Doctor Jonathan Raper for the opportunity of transforming my thesis into this book

I am grateful for the financial support and encouragement I have received from my family Distance could never deter them from being a continuous source of love and reassurance At the risk of under-expressing my gratitude, I would like to thank my husband Victor for his unconditional optimism, continuous source of love and support This book is dedicated to them