Design and Optimization of Thermal Systems Episode 3 Part 9 doc

TABLE C.1 4 Percent Compound Interest Rate Amount Factor Worth Factor Series Present-Worth Factor Recovery Factor Continued... TABLE C.1 CONTINUED4 Percent Compound Interest Rate

R, kg/m 3

Thermal Conductivity,

R, kg/m 3

Thermal Conductivity,

Source: Incropera, F.P., and Dewitt, D P., (1990) Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, 3rd ed.,

Wiley, New York Copyright © 1990 Used with permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc

Appendix B 677

TABLE B.7

Surface and E of the Total Hemispherical Radiation for Various Materials

for the Temperature T†‡

TABLE B.7 (CONTINUED)

Surface and E of the Total Hemispherical Radiation for Various Materials

for the Temperature T†‡

†: From measurements by E Schmidt and E Eckert

‡: For metals, the emissivities rise with rising temperature, but for nonmetallic substances (metaloxides, organic substances) this rule is sometimes not correct Where the exact measurements arenot given, take for bright metal surfaces an average ratioE/E n= 1.2 and for other substances withsmooth surfacesE/E n= 0.95; for rough surfaces useE/E n= 0.98

Source: Eckert, E.R.G., and Drake, R.M., (1972) Analysis of Heat and Mass Transfer, McGraw-Hill,

New York

Appendix C

Interest Tables

C.1: 4 percent compound interest rate

C.2: 10 percent compound interest rate

C.3: 16 percent compound interest rate

A NOTE ON INTEREST TABLES

These tables are provided as a convenient reference for checking calculations on economic analysis Some additional factors are also introduced For other interest rates and compounding frequencies (these tables are for annual compounding), the formulas given in Chapter 6 may be used and other references cited in the chapter may be consulted.

TABLE C.1

4 Percent Compound Interest Rate

Amount

Factor

Worth Factor

Series Present-Worth Factor

Recovery Factor

(Continued )

TABLE C.1 (CONTINUED)

4 Percent Compound Interest Rate

Amount

Factor

Worth Factor

Series Present-Worth Factor

Recovery Factor

Reproduced with permission from Jelen, F C., ed (1970) Cost and Optimization Engineering,

McGraw-Hill, New York

Sum-of-Digits Present-Worth Factor

Straight-Line Present-Worth Factor

(Continued )

Sum-of-Digits Present-Worth Factor

Straight-Line Present-Worth Factor

TABLE C.2

10 Percent Compound Interest Rate

Amount

Factor

Worth Factor

Series Present-Worth Factor

Recovery Factor

(Continued )

Sum-of-Digits Present-Worth Factor

Straight-Line Present-Worth Factor

TABLE C.2 (CONTINUED)

10 Percent Compound Interest Rate

Amount

Factor

Worth Factor

Series Present-Worth Factor

Recovery Factor

Reproduced with permission from Jelen, F C., ed (1970) Cost and Optimization Engineering,

McGraw-Hill, New York

Sum-of-Digits Present-Worth Factor

Straight-Line Present-Worth Factor

TABLE C.3

16 Percent Compound Interest Rate

Amount

Factor

Worth Factor

Series Present-Worth Factor

Recovery Factor

(Continued )

TABLE C.3

16 Percent Compound Interest Rate

Amount

Factor

Worth Factor

Series Present-Worth Factor

Recovery Factor

Reproduced with permission from Jelen, F C., ed (1970) Cost and Optimization Engineering,

McGraw-Hill, New York

Sum-of-Digits Present-Worth Factor

Straight-Line Present-Worth Factor

Sum-of-Digits Present-Worth Factor

Straight-Line Present-Worth Factor

A NOTE ON HEAT TRANSFER CORRELATIONS

These tables present some of the most frequently used correlations for the vective heat transfer coefficients for a few common geometries and conditions For other circumstances, various handbooks, encyclopedias, and other reference books mentioned in the text may be consulted.

con-TABLE D.1

Summary of Natural Convection Correlations for External Flows Over Isothermal Surfaces

»

2

10−1< Ra < 1012

2 Inclined flat surfaces Above equation with g replaced with g cosG G 

3 Horizontal flat surfaces Nu 0.54 Ra1/4

10105 7

¹º

»­ (a) Heated, facing

Source: Kakac, S., Shah, R K., Aung, W., eds (1987) Handbook of Single-Phase Convective Heat Transfer, Wiley, New York Copyright ©1987 Used with permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Appendix D 691

TABLE D.3

Summary of Forced Convection Heat Transfer Correlations

for External Flow

x

Average, T f, 0.4 < ReD< 4 × 105,Pr

TABLE D.3 (CONTINUED)

Summary of Forced Convection Heat Transfer Correlations

for External Flow

HereD, C f , and Nu are the boundary layer thickness, friction coefficient, and Nusselt number; H for

a nozzle is distance from surface, W the slot width, and D the nozzle diameter.

Source: Incropera, F P., and Dewitt, D P (1996) Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, 6th ed.,

Wiley, New York, Copyright ©1996 Used with permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc

0.228

0.588

0.675

0.6380.7820.638

0.731

S L and S T are tube spacings along and transverse to the flow direction, respectively; N Lis the number

of rows in the flow direction

Source: Incropera, F P., and Dewitt, D P (1996) Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, 6th ed.,

Wiley, New York Copyright ©1996 Used with permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc

Source: Incropera, F P., and Dewitt, D P (1996) Fundamentals of Heat

and Mass Transfer, 6th ed., Wiley, New York Copyright ©1996 Used

with permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc

Source: Incropera, F P., and Dewitt, D P (1996) Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer,

6th ed., Wiley, New York Copyright ©1996 Used with permission of John Wiley & Sons,Inc

TABLE D.4

Summary of Forced Convection Correlations for Flow in a Circular Tube

Laminar, thermal entry length (Pr >> 1 or an unheated

starting length), uniform T s

¤

¦¥

³µ´

Laminar, combined entry length{[ReDPr/(L/D)]1/3(M/Ms)0.14} s,0.48 < Pr < 16,700, 0.0044 < (M/Ms) < 9.75

f=0 316 ReD- 1 4 /

f=0 184 Re-D1 5 /

Turbulent, fully developed, ReD 2 × 104

0 027 4 5 1 3

0 14

.MM

Turbulent, fully developed, 0.7a Pr a 16,700,

Here f is friction factor, L is length, and D is diameter.

Source: Incropera, F P., and Dewitt, D P (1996), Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, 6th ed.,

Wiley, New York Copyright ©1996 Used with permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc