Vocabulary general9 pps

vicious/viscous circle/cycleVICIOUS/VISCOUS CIRCLE/CYCLE The term “vicious circle” was invented by logicians to describe a form of fallacious circular argument in which each term of the

VERSES/VERSUS

The “vs.” in a law case like “Brown vs The Board of Education” stands for Latin versus (meaning

“against” ) Don’t confuse it with the word for lines of poetry—"verses"—when describing other conflicts, like the upcoming football game featuring Oakesdale versus Pinewood

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very unique

VERY UNIQUE

UNIQUE

“Unique” singles out one of a kind That “un” at the beginning is a form of “one.” A thing is unique (the only one of its kind) or it is not Something may

be almost unique (there are very few like it), but nothing is “very unique."

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vicious/viscous circle/cycle

VICIOUS/VISCOUS CIRCLE/CYCLE

The term “vicious circle” was invented by logicians to describe a form of fallacious circular argument

in which each term of the argument draws on the other: “Democracy is the best form of government because democratic elections produce the best governments.” The phrase has been extended in

popular usage to all kinds of self-exacerbating processes such as this: poor people often find

themselves borrowing money to pay off their debts, but in the process create even more onerous debts which in their turn will need to be financed by further borrowing Sensing vaguely that such

destructive spirals are not closed loops, people have transmuted “vicious circle” into “vicious cycle.” The problem with this perfectly logical change is that a lot of people know what the original “correct” phrase was and are likely to scorn users of the new one They go beyond scorn to contempt however toward those poor souls who render the phrase as “viscous cycle.” Don’t use this expression unless you are discussing a Harley-Davidson in dire need of an oil change

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VIDEO/FILM

Many of us can remember when portable transistorized radios were ignorantly called “transistors.”

We have a tendency to abbreviate the names of various sorts of electronic technology (see stereo and

satellite), often in the process confusing the medium with the content Video is the electronic

reproduction of images, and applies to broadcast and cable television, prerecorded videocassette recordings (made on a videocassette recorder, or VCR), and related technologies MTV appropriated this broad term for a very narrow meaning: “videotaped productions of visual material meant to accompany popular music recordings.” This is now what most people mean when they speak of “a video,” unless they are “renting a video,” in which case they mean a videocassette or DVD recording

of a film One also hears people referring to theatrical films that they happened to have viewed in videotaped reproduction as “videos.” This is simply wrong A film is a film (or movie), whether it is projected on a screen from 35 or 70 mm film or broadcast via the NTSC, SECAM or PAL standard

Orson Welles” Citizen Kane is not now and never will be a “video."

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VINEGARETTE

VINAIGRETTE

Naive diners and restaurant workers alike commonly mispronounce the classic French dressing called “vinaigrette” as if it were “vinegarette.” To be more sophisticated, say “vin-uh-GRETT” (the first syllable rhymes with “seen” ).

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VIOLA/VOILA

A viola is a flower or a musical instrument The expression which means “behold!” is voila It comes

from a French expression literally meaning “look there!” In French it is spelled with a grave accent

over the A, as voilà, but when it was adopted into English, it lost its accent Such barbarous

misspellings as “vwala” are even worse, caused by the reluctance of English speakers to believe that

OI can represent the sound “wah,” as it usually does in French

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VITAE

VITA

Unless you are going to claim credit for accomplishments in previous incarnations, you should refer to your “vita,” not your “vitae.” All kidding aside,

the “ae” in “vitae” supposedly indicates the genitive rather than the plural; but the derivation of vita from curriculum vitae is purely speculative (see the

Oxford English Dictionary), and vitae on its own makes no sense grammatically

“Résumé,” by the way, is a French word with both “Es” accented, and literally means “summary.” In English one often sees it without the accents, or with only the second accent, neither of which is a serious error But if you’re trying to show how multilingual you are, remember the first accent

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VOLUMPTUOUS

VOLUPTUOUS

Given the current mania for slim, taut bodies, it is understandable—if amusing—that some folks should confuse voluptuousness with lumpiness In fact,

“voluptuous” is derived from Latin voluptas, which refers to sensual pleasure and not to shape at all A voluptuous body is a luxurious body.

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WARRANTEE/WARRANTY

Confused by the spelling of “guarantee,” people often misspell the related word “warrantee” rather than the correct “warranty.” “Warrantee” is a rare legal term that means “the person to whom a

warrant is made.” Although “guarantee” can be a verb (“we guarantee your satisfaction”), “warranty”

is not The rarely used verb form is “to warrant.”

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WARY/WEARY/LEERY

People sometimes write “weary” (tired) when they mean “wary” (cautious) which is a close synonym with “leery” which in the psychedelic era was often misspelled “leary"; but since Timothy Leary faded from public consciousness, the correct spelling has prevailed

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WASH

In my mother’s Oklahoma dialect, “wash” was pronounced “warsh,” and I was embarrassed to discover in school that the inclusion of the superfluous “R” sound was considered ignorant This has made me all the more sensitive now that I live in Washington to the mispronunciation

“Warshington.” Some people tell you that after you “warsh” you should “wrench” (“rinse” )

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