‘…banks operating on the foreign exchange market refrained from quoting forward US/Hongkong dollar exchange rates’ [South China Morning Post] quoted company /kwəυtd k mpəni/ noun a comp
Trang 1show the effect of something in figures
쑗It is impossible to quantify the effect
of the new legislation on our turnover.
quantitative /kwɒnttətv/
adjec-tivereferring to quantity
‘…the collection of consumer behaviour data in
the book covers both qualitative and quantitative
techniques’ [Quarterly Review of Marketing]
quantitative funds /kwɒnttətv
f ndz/ plural nounfunds which invest
according to the instructions given by a
computer model
quantity/kwɒntti/nounan amount,
especially a large amount
quantity discount /kwɒntti
dskaυnt/ noun a discount given to
people who buy large quantities
quantity purchase /kwɒntti
p%tʃs/nouna large quantity of goods
bought at one time쑗The company
of-fers a discount for quantity purchase.
quantum meruit /kwntυm
merut/phrasea Latin phrase meaning
‘as much as has been earned’
quarter/kwɔtə/noun1.one of four
equal parts (25%) 쑗 He paid only a
quarter of the list price.왍a quarter of
an hour 15 minutes 2.a period of three
months쑗The instalments are payable
at the end of each quarter.3.USa 25
cent coin(informal.)
‘…corporate profits for the first quarter showed
a 4 per cent drop from last year’s final three
months’ [Financial Times]
‘…economists believe the economy is picking
up this quarter and will do better still in the
second half of the year’ [Sunday Times]
quarter day/kwɔtə de/nouna day
at the end of a quarter, when rents, fees
etc should be paid
COMMENT : In England, the quarter days
are 25th March (Lady Day), 24th June
(Midsummer Day), 29th September
(Michaelmas Day) and 25th December
(Christmas Day).
quarterly /kwɔtəli/ adjective,
ad-verbhappening once every three months
쑗There is a quarterly charge for
elec-tricity.쑗The bank sends us a quarterly
statement.쑗We agreed to pay the rent
quarterly or on a quarterly basis. 쐽
nounthe results of a corporation,
pro-duced each quarter
quartile/kwɔtal/nounone of a
se-ries of three figures below which 25%,
50% or 75% of the total falls
quasi- /kweza/ prefix almost orwhich seems like 쑗 a quasi-official body
quasi-loan/kweza ləυn/ nounanagreement between two parties whereone agrees to pay the other’s debts, pro-vided that the second party agrees to re-imburse the first at some later date
quasi-public corporation
/kweza p blk kɔpəreʃ(ə)n/noun a US institution which is privatelyowned, but which serves a public func-tion (such as the Federal National Mort-gage Association)
quetzal/kets(ə)l/nouna unit of rency used in Guatemala
cur-queue/kju/noun1.a line of peoplewaiting one behind the other쑗to form a queue or to join a queue 쑗 Queues formed at the doors of the bank when the news spread about its possible col- lapse.2.a series of documents (such asorders or application forms) which aredealt with in order왍his order went to the end of the queue his order was
dealt with last왍mortgage queue a list
of people waiting for mortgages쐽verb
to form a line one after the other forsomething 쑗When food was rationed, people had to queue for bread. 쑗We queued for hours to get tickets.쑗A list
of companies queueing to be launched
on the Stock Exchange. 쑗 The dates queued outside the interviewing room.
candi-quick/kwk/adjectivefast, not takingmuch time 쑗 The company made a quick recovery. 쑗He is looking for a quick return on his investments.쑗We are hoping for a quick sale.
quick assets /kwk sets/ pluralnouncash, or bills which can easily bechanged into cash
quick ratio /kwk reʃiəυ/ nounsame asliquidity ratio
quid pro quo /kwd prəυ kwəυ/noun money paid or an action carriedout in return for something쑗He agreed
to repay the loan early, and as a quid pro quo the bank released the collateral.
quiet/kwaət/adjectivecalm, not cited쑗The market is very quiet.쑗Cur- rency exchanges were quieter after the government’s statement on exchange rates.
Trang 2quitclaim /kwtklem/ noun a
re-lease of someone from any claim that
might exist against him or her or that he
or she might have on something
quorum/kwɔrəm/nouna minimum
number of people who have to be
pres-ent at a meeting to make it valid왍to
have a quorum to have enough people
present for a meeting to go ahead쑗Do
we have a quorum?
COMMENT : If there is a quorum at a
meeting, the meeting is said to be
‘quorate’; if there aren’t enough people
present to make a quorum, the meeting is
‘inquorate’.
quota /kwəυtə/ noun a limited
amount of something which is allowed
to be produced, imported, etc
‘Canada agreed to a new duty-free quota of
600,000 tonnes a year’ [Globe and
Mail (Toronto)]
quota system /kwəυtə sstəm/
noun1.a system where imports or
sup-plies are regulated by fixed maximum
amounts2.an arrangement for
distribu-tion which allows each distributor only
a certain number of items
quotation/kwəυteʃ(ə)n/noun1.an
estimate of how much something will
cost쑗They sent in their quotation for
the job. 쑗 Our quotation was much
lower than all the others.쑗We accepted
the lowest quotation.2.왍the company
is going for a quotation on the Stock
Exchange the company has applied to
the Stock Exchange to have its shares
listed쑗We are seeking a stock market
quotation.
quote/kwəυt/verb1.to repeat words
or a reference number used by someone
else쑗He quoted figures from the nual report.쑗In reply please quote this number. 쑗 When making a complaint please quote the batch number printed
an-on the box. 쑗She replied, quoting the number of the account. 2. to estimatewhat a cost or price is likely to be쑗to quote a price for supplying stationery쑗
Their prices are always quoted in lars.쑗He quoted me a price of £1,026.
dol-쑗Can you quote for supplying 20,000 envelopes?쐽nounan estimate of howmuch something will cost (informal.)쑗
to give someone a quote for supplying computers쑗We have asked for quotes for refitting the shop.쑗His quote was the lowest of three.쑗We accepted the lowest quote.
‘…banks operating on the foreign exchange market refrained from quoting forward US/Hongkong dollar exchange rates’
[South China Morning Post]
quoted company /kwəυtd
k mp(ə)ni/ noun a company whoseshares can be bought or sold on theStock Exchange
quote-driven system /kwəυt
drv(ə)n sstəm/ noun a system ofworking a stock market, wheremarketmakers quote a price for a stock(as opposed to an order-driven system)
quoted shares/kwəυtd ʃeəz/ral nounshares which can be bought orsold on the Stock Exchange
plu-qwerty keyboard/kw%ti kibɔd/noun an English language keyboard,where the first letters of the top row areQ-W-E-R-T-Y 쑗 The computer has a normal qwerty keyboard.
Trang 3racket /rkt/ noun an illegal deal
which makes a lot of money쑗He runs
a cut-price ticket racket.
racketeer /rktə/ noun a person
who runs a racket
racketeering/rktərŋ/noun US
the crime of carrying on an illegal
busi-ness to make money
‘…he was charged with 98 counts of
racketeering and securities fraud and went on to
serve two years in jail He was banned for life
from the securities industry’ [Times]
rack rent /rk rent/ noun a very
high rent
raid/red/nouna sudden attack
raid alarm/red əlɑm/nounan
au-tomatic alarm in a bank which goes off
when a robbery is taking place
raider/redə/nouna person or
com-pany which buys a stake in another
company before making a hostile
take-over bid Also calledcorporate raider
‘…bear raiding involves trying to depress a
target company’s share price by heavy selling of
its shares, spreading adverse rumours or a
combination of the two As an added
refinement, the raiders may sell short The aim
is to push down the price so that the raiders can
buy back the shares they sold at a lower price’
[Guardian]
raise/rez/noun USan increase in
sal-ary쑗He asked the boss for a raise.쑗
She is pleased – she has had her raise.쑗
She got her raise last month.(NOTE: The
UK term is rise.)쐽verb1.왍to raise
an invoice to write out or print out an
invoice왍to raise a cheque to write out
a cheque, either by hand or by machine
2.to increase or to make higher쑗The
government has raised the tax levels.쑗
Air fares will be raised on June 1st.쑗
The company raised its dividend by
10%.쑗 When the company raised its
prices, it lost half of its share of the
mar-ket.쑗The organisation will raise wages
if inflation gets worse.쑗This increase
in production will raise the standard of living in the area.3.to obtain money or
to organise a loan쑗The company is ing to raise the capital to fund its expan- sion programme. 쑗 The government raises more money by indirect taxation than by direct.쑗Where will he raise the money from to start up his business?
try-‘…the company said yesterday that its recent share issue has been oversubscribed, raising
A$225.5m’ [Financial Times]
‘…investment trusts can raise capital, but this has to be done as a company does, by a rights
issue of equity’ [Investors Chronicle]
‘…over the past few weeks, companies raising new loans from international banks have been
forced to pay more’ [Financial Times]
raised check /rezd tʃek/ noun acheque where the amount has been in-creased by hand illegally
rake in/rek n/verbto gather thing together 왍 to rake in cash, to
some-rake it in to make a lot of money rake-off /rek ɒf/ noun a person’sshare of profits from a deal, especially ifobtained illegally 쑗The group gets a rake-off on all the company’s sales. 쑗
He got a £100,000 rake-off for ing the new business.(NOTE: The plural
introduc-is rake-offs.) rally/rli/nouna rise in price whenthe trend has been downwards쑗Shares staged a rally on the Stock Exchange.쑗
After a brief rally shares fell back to a new low.쐽verbto rise in price, whenthe trend has been downwards쑗Shares rallied on the news of the latest govern- ment figures.
‘…when Japan rallied, it had no difficulty in surpassing its previous all-time high, and this really stretched the price-earnings ratios into the
stratosphere’ [Money Observer]
‘…bad news for the US economy ultimately may have been the cause of a late rally in stock
prices yesterday’ [Wall Street Journal]
ramp /rmp/ nounan act of buyingshares in order to force up the price (as
Trang 4when a company buys its own shares
il-legally during a takeover bid)
rand /rnd/ nouna unit of currency
used in South Africa
R&D abbreviation research and
development
random /rndəm/ adjective done
without making any special selection
random check /rndəm tʃek/
noun a check on items taken from a
group without any special selection
random error/rndəm erə/nouna
computer error for which there is no
sɑmplŋ/nounthe action of choosing
of samples for testing without any
spe-cial selection
random walk/rndəm wɔk/noun
1. a sampling technique which allows
for random selection within specific
limits set up by a non-random technique
2. a movement which cannot be
pre-dicted (used to describe movements in
share prices which cannot be forecast)
range/rend$/ nouna scale of items
from a low point to a high one왍range
of prices the difference between the
highest and lowest price for a share or
bond over a period of time
range forward /rend$ fɔwəd/
nouna forward currency contract which
includes an option to purchase currency
futures and so has the effect of limiting
potential exchange losses
rank/rŋk/nouna position in a
com-pany or an organisation, especially one
which shows how important someone is
relative to others쑗All managers are of
equal rank.쑗Promotion means moving
up from a lower rank.왍in rank order
in order according to position of
impor-tance쐽verb1. to classify in order of
importance쑗Candidates are ranked in
order of their test results.2.to be in a
certain position 쑗 The non-voting
shares rank equally with the voting
shares.쑗Deferred ordinary shares do
not rank for dividend.
rata/rɑtə/쒁pro rata
rate/ret/noun1.the money charged
for time worked or work completed2.
an amount of money paid, e.g as est or dividend (shown as a percentage)
inter-3.the value of one currency against other쑗What is today’s rate or the cur- rent rate for the dollar?왍to calculate costs on a fixed exchange rate to cal-
an-culate costs on an exchange rate whichdoes not change4.an amount, number
or speed compared with something else
쑗the rate of increase in redundancies쑗
The rate of absenteeism or The teeism rate always increases in fine weather.
absen-‘…state-owned banks cut their prime rate a
percentage point to 11%’ [Wall Street Journal]
‘…the unions had argued that public sector pay rates had slipped behind rates applying in private sector employment’ [Australian Financial Review]
‘…royalties have been levied at a rate of 12.5%
of full production’ [Lloyd’s List]
‘…the minister is not happy that banks are paying low interest on current accounts of less than 10 per cent, but are charging rates of between 60 and 71 per cent on loans’
[Business in Africa]
rateable value /retəb(ə)l vlju/nouna value of a property as a basis forcalculating local taxes
rate of exchange /ret əv
ks-tʃend$/nounsame asexchange rate
쑗The current rate of exchange is $1.60
to the pound.
rate of inflation /ret əv
n-fleʃ(ə)n/nounthe percentage increase
in prices over a twelve-month period
rate of interest /ret əv ntrəst/nounsame asinterest rate
rate of production /ret əv
prə-d kʃən/nounthe speed at which itemsare made Also calledproduction rate rate of return/ret əv rt%n/nounthe amount of interest or dividend whichcomes from an investment, shown as apercentage of the money invested
rate of sales /ret əv selz/ nounthe speed at which units are sold
rate of unemployment /ret əv
nmplɔmənt/nounsame as ployment rate
unem-rates plural nounlocal UK taxes merly levied on property in the UK andnow replaced by the council tax
for-rating/retŋ/noun1.the act of ing something a value, or the valuegiven2.the valuing of property for localtaxes.쏡ratings
Trang 5rating agency /retŋ ed$ənsi/
nounan organisation which gives a
rat-ing to companies or other organisations
issuing bonds
rating officer /retŋ ɒfsə/ noun
an official in a local authority who
de-cides the rateable value of a commercial
property
ratings/retŋz/plural nounthe
esti-mated number of people who watch TV
programmes쑗The show is high in the
ratings, which means it will attract good
publicity.
ratio /reʃiəυ/ noun a proportion or
quantity of something compared to
something else쑗the ratio of successes
to failures쑗Our product outsells theirs
by a ratio of two to one. 쑗With less
manual work available, the ratio of
workers to managers is decreasing.
ratio analysis /reʃiəυ ənləss/
nouna method of analysing the
perfor-mance of a company by showing the
figures in its accounts as ratios and
com-paring them with those of other
companies
raw/rɔ/adjectivein the original state
or not processed
‘…it makes sense for them to produce goods for
sale back home in the US from plants in Britain
where raw materials are relatively cheap’
[Duns Business Month]
raw data/rɔ detə/noundata as it is
put into a computer, without being
analysed
raw materials/rɔ mətəriəlz/
plu-ral nounbasic materials which have to
be treated or processed in some way
be-fore they can be used, e.g wood, iron
ore or crude petroleum
RCPC abbreviation regional check
processing center
R/Dabbreviationrefer to drawer
RDG abbreviation regional
develop-ment grant
re-/ri/prefixagain
reach/ritʃ/verbto get to something왍
to reach an accommodation with
creditors to agree terms for settlement
with creditors
react/rikt/verb왍to react to to do
or to say something in reply to what
someone has done or said쑗Shares
re-acted sharply to the fall in the exchange
rate. 쑗 How will the chairman react when we tell him the news?
reaction/rikʃən/nouna change oraction in reply to something said ordone쑗the reaction of the shares to the news of the takeover bid쑗His immedi- ate reaction was to make half the workforce redundant.
read /rid/ verb to look at printedwords and understand them쑗The terms and conditions are printed in very small letters so that they are difficult to read.
쑗Has the managing director read your report on sales in India? 왍 can the computer read this information? can
the computer take in this informationand understand it or analyse it?
readable/ridəb(ə)l/adjectivewhichcan be read왍the data has to be pre- sented in computer-readable form in
a form which a computer can read
reader/sorter /ridə sɔtə/ noun amachine in a bank which reads chequesand sorts them automatically
readjust /riəd$ st/ verb to adjustsomething again or in a new way, or tochange in response to new conditions쑗
to readjust prices to take account of the rise in the costs of raw materials쑗to readjust salary scales 쑗 Share prices readjusted quickly to the news of the devaluation.
readjustment /riəd$ stmənt/nounan act of readjusting쑗a readjust- ment in pricing쑗After the devaluation there was a period of readjustment in the exchange rates.
ready /redi/adjective quick 왍these items find a ready sale in the Middle East these items sell rapidly or easily in
the Middle East
ready cash/redi kʃ/nounmoneywhich is immediately available forpayment
ready money /redi m ni/ nouncash or money which is immediatelyavailable
real 1 /rəl/ adjective (of prices oramounts)shown in terms of money ad-justed for inflation왍in real terms actu-
ally or really쑗Salaries have gone up by 3% but with inflation running at 5% that
is a fall in real terms.
‘…real wages have been held down dramatically: they have risen as an annual rate
Trang 6‘…sterling M3 rose by 13.5% in the year to
August – seven percentage points faster than the
rate of inflation and the biggest increase in real
terms for years’ [Economist]
‘Japan’s gross national product for the
April-June quarter dropped 0.4% in real terms
from the previous quarter’ [Nikkei Weekly]
‘…the Federal Reserve Board has eased interest
rates in the past year, but they are still at
historically high levels in real terms’
[Sunday Times]
real 2/reɑl/nouna unit of currency
used in Brazil
real earnings /rəl %nŋz/ plural
noun income which is available for
spending after tax and other
contribu-tions have been deducted, corrected for
inflation Also calledreal income, real
wages
real estate /rəl stet/noun
prop-erty in the form of land or buildings
‘…on top of the cost of real estate, the
investment in inventory and equipment to open
a typical warehouse comes to around $5 million’
[Duns Business Month]
real estate agent /rəl stet
ed$ənt/noun USa person who sells
property for customers
real estate investment trust/rəl
stet nvestmənt tr st/nouna
pub-lic trust company which invests only in
property AbbreviationREIT
real income/rəl nk m/nounsame
asreal earnings
real interest rate/rəl ntrəst ret/
nounan interest rate after taking
infla-tion into account
realisable assets /rəlazəb(ə)l
sets/ nounassets which can be sold
for money
realisation /rəlazeʃ(ə)n/,
real-izationnounthe act of making real왍
the realisation of a project putting a
project into action쑗The plan moved a
stage nearer realisation when the
con-tracts were signed.
realisation of assets /
rəla-zeʃ(ə)n əv/nounthe act of selling of
assets for money
realise /rəlaz/, realize verb 1. to
make something become real왍to
real-ise a project or a plan to put a project
or a plan into action2.to sell for money
쑗 The company was running out of
cash, so the board decided to realise
some property or assets. 쑗 The sale
realised £100,000.
realised profit /rəlazd prɒft/nounan actual profit made when some-thing is sold (as opposed to paper profit)
real money /rəl m ni/ noun cashused for settling debts (as opposed tocheques, drafts, etc.)
real rate of return/rəl ret əv
r-t%n/nounan actual rate of return, culated after taking inflation intoaccount
cal-real return after tax /rəl rt%n
ɑftə tks/nounthe return calculatedafter deducting tax and inflation
real time /rəl tam/ nounthe timewhen a computer is working on the pro-cessing of data while the event to whichthe data refers is actually taking place쑗
The website allows you to check share prices in real time or gives real time in- formation on share prices.
real-time gross settlement tem /rəl tam rəυs set(ə)lmənt
sys-sstəm/ nounan international systemfor making computerised transfers ofmoney AbbreviationRTGS system real-time system /rəl tam
sstəm/nouna computer system wheredata is inputted directly into the com-puter which automatically processes it
to produce information which can beused immediately
realtor/rəltə/noun USa person whosells real estate for customers
realty /rəlti/ noun property or realestate
real value/rəl vlju/nouna value
of an investment which is kept the same(e.g by index-linking)
real wages /rəl wed$z/ pluralnounsame asreal earnings
reasonable /riz(ə)nəb(ə)l/ tive1.sensible, or not annoyed쑗The manager of the shop was very reason- able when I tried to explain that I had left my credit cards at home.왍no rea- sonable offer refused we will accept
adjec-any offer which is not extremely low2.
moderate or not expensive 쑗The taurant offers good food at reasonable prices.쑗The union has decided to put
res-in a reasonable wage claim.
reassess /riəses/ verb to assessagain쑗The manager was asked to reas- sess the department staff, after the as-
Trang 7sessments were badly done by the
supervisors.
reassessment/riəsesmənt/noun
a new assessment
reassurance /riəʃυərəns/ noun
the act of making someone feel less
worried
reassure/riəʃυə/ verb 1.to make
someone calm or less worried 쑗 The
markets were reassured by the
govern-ment stategovern-ment on import controls. 쑗
The manager tried to reassure her that
she would not lose her job.2.to
rein-sure, to spread the risk of an insurance
by asking another insurance company to
cover part of it and receive part of the
premium
rebate/ribet/noun1.a reduction in
the amount of money to be paid쑗We
are offering a 10% rebate on selected
goods. 2. money returned to someone
because they have paid too much쑗She
got a tax rebate at the end of the year.
rebound/rbaυnd/ verb to go back
up again quickly 쑗 The market
re-bounded on the news of the
govern-ment’s decision.
recapitalisation /
rikpt(ə)la-zeʃ(ə)n/, recapitalization noun a
change in the capital structure of a
com-pany (as when new shares are issued),
especially when undertaken to avoid the
company going into liquidation
recapitalise /rikpt(ə)laz/,
re-capitalize verb to change the capital
structure of a company (as by issuing
new shares), especially to avoid the
company going into liquidation
recdabbreviationreceived
receipt/rsit/noun1.a piece of
pa-per showing that money has been paid
or that something has been received쑗
Please produce your receipt if you want
to exc쑗He kept the customs receipt to
show that he had paid duty on the
goods.쑗Keep the receipt for items
pur-chased in case you need to change them
later.2.the act of receiving something
쑗Goods will be supplied within thirty
days of receipt of order.쑗Invoices are
payable within thirty days of receipt.쑗
On receipt of the notification, the
com-pany lodged an appeal.왍to
acknowl-edge receipt of a letter to write to say
that you have received a letter쑗We
ac-knowledge receipt of your letter of the
15th.쏡receipts쐽verbto stamp or tosign a document to show that it has beenreceived, or to stamp an invoice to showthat it has been paid 쑗 Receipted in- voices are filed in the ring binder.
receipt book /rsit bυk/ noun abook of blank receipts to be filled inwhen purchases are made
receipts/rsits/ plural nounmoneytaken in sales쑗to itemise receipts and expenditure 쑗 Receipts are down against the same period of last year.
‘…the public sector borrowing requirement is kept low by treating the receipts from selling public assets as a reduction in borrowing’
[Economist]
‘…gross wool receipts for the selling season to end June appear likely to top $2 billion’
[Australian Financial Review]
receipts and payments basis/
r-sits ən pemənts bess/ noun amethod of preparing the accounts of abusiness, where receipts and paymentsare shown at the time when they aremade (as opposed to showing debits orcredits which are outstanding at the end
of the accounting period; also called
receive/rsiv/verbto get somethingwhich is given or delivered to you쑗We received the payment ten days ago. 쑗
The workers have not received any ary for six months. 쑗The goods were received in good condition.왍‘received with thanks’ words put on an invoice to
sal-show that a sum has been paid
receiver /rsivə/ noun 1. a personwho receives something쑗He signed as receiver of the shipment.2.same asof- ficial receiver
receivership/rsivəʃp/noun왍the company went into receivership the
company was put into the hands of areceiver
‘…it suggests a classic case for receivership There appear to be good businesses to be sold to the right owner within a group that is terminally
sick’ [Times]
receiving /rsivŋ/ nounan act ofgetting something which has beendelivered
Trang 8receiving bank /rsivŋ bŋk/
nouna bank which receives money via
electronic transfer
receiving clerk /risivŋ klɑk/
nounan official who works in a
receiv-ing office
receiving department/risivŋ
d-pɑtmənt/ noun a section of a
com-pany which deals with incoming goods
or payments
receiving office /rsivŋ ɒfs/
noun an office where goods or
pay-ments are received
receiving order /risivŋ ɔdə/
nounan order from a court appointing
an official receiver to a company
recession/rseʃ(ə)n/nouna period
where there is a decline in trade or in the
economy쑗The recession has reduced
profits in many companies. 쑗 Several
firms have closed factories because of
the recession.
COMMENT : There are various ways of
de-ciding if a recession is taking place: the
usual one is when the GNP falls for three
consecutive quarters.
reciprocal /rsprək(ə)l/ adjective
done by one person, company or
coun-try to another one, which does the same
thing in return쑗We signed a reciprocal
agreement or a reciprocal contract with
a Russian company.
reciprocal holdings /rsprək(ə)l
həυldŋz/ plural noun a situation
where two companies own shares in
each other to prevent takeover bids
reciprocal trade /rsprək(ə)l
tred/ noun trade between two
countries
reciprocate/rsprəket/verbto do
the same thing for someone as that
per-son has done for you쑗They offered us
an exclusive agency for their cars and
we reciprocated with an offer of the
agency for our buses.
‘…in 1934 Congress authorized President
Roosevelt to seek lower tariffs with any country
willing to reciprocate’ [Duns Business Month]
reckon /rekən/ verb to calculate
something 쑗 to reckon the costs at
£25,000쑗We reckon the loss to be over
£1m.쑗They reckon the insurance costs
to be too high.
reclamation /rekləmeʃ(ə)n/ noun
US the process of recovering money
owed by a bank or securities firm to acustomer because of an error
recognise /rekənaz/, recognize
verb 왍to recognise a union to agree
that a union can act on behalf of ployees in a company쑗Although more than half the staff had joined the union, the management refused to recognise it.
em-recognised agent /rekənazd
ed$ənt/ noun an agent who is proved by the company for which theyact
ap-recommended retail price
/rekəmendd ritel pras/ nountheprice at which a manufacturer suggests aproduct should be sold on the retail mar-ket, though this may be reduced by theretailer AbbreviationRRP Also called
administered price, manufacturer’s recommended price
reconcile /rekənsal/ verb to maketwo financial accounts or statementsagree쑗She is trying to reconcile one account with another or to reconcile the two accounts.
reconciliation /rekənslieʃ(ə)n/, reconcilement /rekənsalmənt/nounthe act of making two accounts or state-ments agree
reconciliation statement
/rekənslieʃ(ə)n stetmənt/ nounastatement which explains how two ac-counts can be made to agree
record noun /rekɔd/ 1. a report ofsomething which has happened 쑗 The chairman signed the minutes as a true record of the last meeting.쑗He has a very poor timekeeping record.왍for the
record or to keep the record straight
in order that everyone knows what thereal facts of the matter are쑗For the re- cord, I should like to say that these sales figures have not yet been checked by the sales department.왍on record reported
in a published document, e.g in a paper 쑗The chairman is on record as saying that profits are set to rise.왍off the record unofficially, in private쑗He made some remarks off the record about the disastrous home sales figures. 2.asuccess which is better than anythingbefore쑗Last year was a record year for the company. 쑗Our top sales rep has set a new record for sales per call.왍
news-record sales, news-record losses, news-record
profits sales, losses or profits which are
Trang 9higher than ever before왍we broke our
record for June we sold more than we
have ever sold before in June쑗Sales
last year equalled the record set in
1997.쐽verb/rkɔd/to note or report
something쑗The company has recorded
another year of increased sales.
record book /rekɔd bυk/ noun a
book in which minutes of meetings are
kept
record-breaking /rekɔd brekŋ/
adjectivebetter or worse than anything
which has happened before 쑗We are
proud of our record-breaking profits in
2000.
record date /rekɔd det/ noun
same asdate of record
recorded delivery /rkɔdd
d-lv(ə)ri/nouna mail service where the
letters are signed for by the person
re-ceiving them쑗We sent the documents
(by) recorded delivery.
recording/rkɔdŋ/nounthe act of
making a note of something쑗the
re-cording of an order or of a complaint
recording of a lien/rkɔdŋ əv ə
liən/nouna note in the public records
showing a lien on a property (such as a
mortgage)
records/rekɔdz/ plural noun
docu-ments which give information 쑗 The
names of customers are kept in the
com-pany’s records.쑗We find from our
re-cords that our invoice number 1234 has
not been paid.
recoup /rkup/ verb 왍 to recoup
your losses to get back money which
you thought you had lost
recourse/rkɔs/ nouna right of a
lender to compel a borrower to repay
money borrowed 왍to decide to have
recourse to the courts to obtain
money due to decide in the end to sue
someone to obtain money owed
recover/rk və/verb1.to get back
something which has been lost쑗to
re-cover damages from the driver of the
car쑗to start a court action to recover
property 쑗 He never recovered his
money. 쑗 The initial investment was
never recovered.2.to get better, to rise
쑗The market has not recovered from
the rise in oil prices.쑗The stock market
fell in the morning, but recovered
dur-ing the afternoon.
recoverable /rk v(ə)rəb(ə)l/ jectivewhich can be got back
ad-recoverable ACT /rk v(ə)rəb(ə)le si ti/nounadvance corporation taxwhich can be set against corporation taxpayable for the period
recoverable amount/rk v(ə)rəbləmaυnt/nounthe value of an asset, ei-ther the price it would fetch if sold, or itsvalue to the company when used(whichever is the larger figure)
recovery/rk v(ə)ri/noun1.the act
of getting back something which hasbeen lost쑗to start an action for recov- ery of property쑗We are aiming for the complete recovery of the money in- vested. 2. a movement upwards ofshares or of the economy쑗signs of re- covery after a slump 쑗 The economy staged a recovery.
recovery share /rk v(ə)ri ʃeə/nouna share which is likely to go up invalue because the company’s perfor-mance is improving
rectify /rektfa/ verb to correctsomething, to make something right 쑗
to rectify an entry (NOTE: rectifies – rectifying – rectified)
recurrent/rk rənt/adjectivewhichhappens again and again쑗a recurrent item of expenditure쑗There is a recur- rent problem in supplying this part.
recurring /rk%rŋ/adjectivewhichhappens again and again
recurring payments /rk%rŋ
pemənts/plural nounpayments, such
as mortgage interest or payments on ahire purchase agreement, which aremade each month
recycle /risak(ə)l/ verb to usemoney in a different way (as by invest-ing profits from industry in developingenvironmental resources)
recycling/risaklŋ/nounthe action
of banks in putting deposits into a bankwhich is in difficulties, in order to keep
it afloat
red/red/noun왍in the red showing a
debit or loss쑗My bank account is in the red.쑗The company went into the red in
1998.쑗The company is out of the red for the first time since 1990.
Red Book /red bυk/ noun a ment published on Budget Day, with the
Trang 10text of the Chancellor of the
Exche-quer’s financial statement and budget
Red chips /red tʃps/ plural noun
good risk-free Chinese companies
red clause credit /red klɔz
kredt/nouna letter of credit
authoris-ing the holder to receive an advance
payment, usually so that he can continue
trading
red day /red de/ noun US a day
which is not profitable(NOTE: The
op-posite is green day.)
redeem/rdim/verb1.to pay off a
loan or a debt쑗to redeem a mortgage쑗
to redeem a debt2.왍to redeem a bond
to sell a bond for cash3.to exchange a
voucher, coupon or stamp for a gift or a
reduction in price
redeemable/rdiməb(ə)l/adjective
referring to a bond which can be sold for
cash
redeemable government stock
/rdiməb(ə)l v(ə)nmənt stɒk/
nounstock which can be redeemed for
cash at some time in the future (in the
UK, only the War Loan is irredeemable)
redeemable preference share
/rdiməb(ə)l pref(ə)rəns ʃeə/nouna
preference share which must be bought
back by the company at a certain date
and for a certain price
redeemable security /
r-diməb(ə)l skjυərti/nouna security
which can be redeemed at its face value
at a certain date in the future
redemption /rdempʃən/ noun 1.
the repayment of a loan왍redemption
before due date paying back a loan
be-fore the date when repayment is due2.
the repayment of a debt쑗redemption of
a mortgage
redemption date/rdempʃən det/
nouna date on which a loan or debt is
due to be repaid
redemption value /rdempʃən
vlju/ noun a value of a security
when redeemed
redemption yield /rdempʃən
jild/nouna yield on a security
includ-ing interest and its redemption value
red herring/red herŋ/ noun USa
preliminary prospectus, the first
pro-spectus for a new share issue, produced
to see the market reaction to the
pro-posed issue, but without giving a price
for the new shares (similar to the British
‘pathfinder prospectus’; called this cause the first page has a notice printed
be-in red which states that it is not a fulloffer)
rediscount /ridskaυnt/ verb todiscount a bill of exchange which hasalready been discounted by a commer-cial bank
redistribute/ridstrbjut/verbtomove items, work or money to differentareas or people쑗The government aims
to redistribute wealth by taxing the rich and giving grants to the poor.쑗The or- ders have been redistributed among the company’s factories.
redistribution of risk
/ridstrbjuʃən əv rsk/ noun theprocess of spreading the risk of aninvestment or of an insurance amongvarious insurers
redistribution of wealth
/ridstrbjuʃən əv welθ/ noun theprocess of sharing wealth among thewhole population
redlining/redlanŋ/nounthe illegalpractice of discriminating against pro-spective borrowers because of the area
of the town in which they live
red tape/red tep/nounofficial perwork which takes a long time tocomplete쑗The start of the new project has been held up by extra checks and government red tape.
pa-reduce /rdjus/ verb 1. to makesomething smaller or lower쑗We must reduce expenditure if we want to stay in business.쑗They have reduced prices in all departments. 쑗 We were expecting the government to reduce taxes not to increase them.쑗We have made some staff redundant to reduce overmanning.
쑗The company reduced output because
of a fall in demand.쑗The government’s policy is to reduce inflation to 5%.왍to reduce staff to make employees redun-
dant in order to have a smaller number
of staff 2.to lower the price of thing쑗Carpets have been reduced from
some-£100 to £50.
reduced/rdjust/adjectivelower쑗
Reduced prices have increased unit sales.쑗Prices have fallen due to a re- duced demand for the goods.
reduced rate/rdjust ret/nounaspecially cheap charge
Trang 11reducing balance method /
r-djusŋ bləns meθəd/ noun a
method of depreciating assets, where the
asset is depreciated at a constant
per-centage of it cost each year
reduction/rd kʃən/nounan act of
making something smaller or less쑗
Re-duction in demand has led to the
cancel-lation of several new projects. 쑗 The
company was forced to make reductions
in its advertising budget.쑗Price
reduc-tions have had no effect on our sales.쑗
Working only part-time will mean a
sig-nificant reduction in take-home pay.
redundancy/rd ndənsi/ nounthe
dismissal of a person whose job no
lon-ger needs to be done
redundancy payment/rd ndənsi
pemənt/ nouna payment made to a
worker to compensate for losing his or
her job
redundancy rebate /rd ndənsi
ribet/ noun a payment made to a
company to compensate for redundancy
payments made
redundant/rd ndənt/ adjective 1.
more than is needed, useless쑗a
redun-dant clause in a contract쑗The new
leg-islation has made clause 6 redundant.쑗
Retraining can help workers whose old
skills have become redundant. 2.왍to
make someone redundant to dismiss
an employee who is not needed any
more
redundant staff/rd ndənt stɑf/
nounstaff who have lost their jobs
be-cause they are not needed any more
re-exportnoun /riekspɔt/ the
ex-porting of goods which have been
im-ported쑗 The port is a centre for the
re-export trade.쑗We import wool for
re-export.쑗The value of re-exports has
increased.쐽verb /riekspɔt/to
ex-port something which has been
imported
re-exportation /riekspɔteʃ(ə)n/
nounthe exporting of goods which have
been imported
refabbreviationreference
refer/rf%/verb왍‘refer to drawer’
(R/D) words written on a cheque which
a bank refuses to pay and returns it to
the person who wrote it왍the bank
re-ferred the cheque to drawer the bank
returned the cheque to person who
wrote it because there was not enoughmoney in the account to pay it
reference /ref(ə)rəns/ noun 1. theprocess of mentioning or dealing withsomething쑗with reference to your let- ter of May 25th2.a series of numbers orletters which make it possible to find adocument which has been filed 쑗our reference: PC/MS 1234쑗Thank you for your letter (reference 1234). 쑗Please quote this reference in all correspon- dence.3.a written report on someone’scharacter or ability쑗to write someone a reference or to give someone a refer- ence쑗to ask applicants to supply refer- ences 왍to ask a company for trade
references or for bank references to
ask for reports from traders or a bank onthe company’s financial status andreputation
refinance /rifanns/ verb to tend a loan by exchanging it for a newone (normally done when the terms ofthe new loan are better)
ex-refinancing /rifannsŋ/ noun 왍
refinancing of a loan the act of taking
out a new loan to pay back a previousloan
‘…the refinancing consisted of a two-for-five rights issue, which took place in September this year, to offer 55.8m shares at 2p and raise about
œ925,000 net of expenses’ [Accountancy]
reflate/riflet/verb왍to reflate the economy to stimulate the economy by
increasing the money supply or by ducing taxes, often leading to increasedinflation 쑗The government’s attempts
re-to reflate the economy were not successful.
reflation/rifleʃ(ə)n/nounan act ofstimulating the economy by increasingthe money supply or by reducing taxes
reflationary measures /
ri-fleʃ(ə)n(ə)ri meʃəz/ plural nountions which are likely to stimulate theeconomy
ac-refund noun /rif nd/ money paidback쑗The shoes don’t fit – I’m going
to ask for a refund.쑗She got a refund after complaining to the manager. 쐽verb/rf nd/to pay back money쑗to refund the cost of postage쑗All money will be refunded if the goods are not satisfactory.
refundable /rf ndəb(ə)l/ adjectivewhich can be paid back쑗We ask for a refundable deposit of £20. 쑗 The en-
Trang 12trance fee is refundable if you purchase
£5 worth of goods.
refunding/rif ndŋ/ nounthe
pro-cess, on the part of a government, of
funding a debt again, by issuing new
stock to replace stock which is about to
mature
region/rid$ən/nouna large area of
a country쑗Her territory consists of all
the eastern region of the country.
regional/rid$(ə)nəl/adjective
refer-ring to a region
regional bank /rid$(ə)nəl bŋk/
nouna bank which services one part of
the country
regional check processing
cen-ter /rid$(ə)nəl tʃek prəυsesŋ
sentə/ noun US a Federal Reserve
clearing centre which clears cheques
from banks within a certain area
Abbre-viationRCPC
regional development grant
/rid$(ə)nəl dveləpmənt rɑnt/
nouna grant given to encourage a
busi-ness to establish itself in a certain part of
the country AbbreviationRDG
regional planning /rid$(ə)nəl
plnŋ/nounthe work of planning the
industrial development of a region
regional stock exchange
/rid$(ə)nəl stɒk kstʃend$/nouna
stock exchange which is not in the main
finance centre (e.g not in New York or
London)
register /red$stə/ noun an official
list쑗to enter something in a register쑗
to keep a register up to date쑗people on
the register of electors 쐽 verb 1. to
write something in an official list쑗to
register a fall in the numbers of
unem-ployed teenagers 쑗You must register
the trademark i 쑗To register a
com-pany you must pay a fee to Companies
House.쑗When a property is sold, the
sale is registered at the Land Registry.
2.to send a letter by registered post쑗I
registered the letter, because it
con-tained some money.
registered /red$stəd/ adjective
which has been noted on an official list
쑗a registered share transaction
registered cheque /red$stəd
tʃek/nouna cheque written on a bank
account on behalf of a client who does
not have a bank account
registered company /red$stəd
k mp(ə)ni/ nouncompany which hasbeen officially set up and registeredwith the Registrar of Companies
registered letter /red$stəd letə/,
pɑs(ə)l/nouna letter or parcel which
is noted by the post office before it issent, so that the sender can claim com-pensation if it is lost
registered office /red$stəd ɒfs/noun the office address of a companywhich is officially registered with theCompanies’ Registrar
registered security/red$stəd
s-kjυərti/ noun a security (such as ashare in a quoted company) which isregistered with Companies House andwhose holder is listed in the company’sshare register
register of directors /red$stə əvdarektəz/nounan official list of thedirectors of a company which has to besent to the Registrar of Companies
register of interests in shares
/red$stə əv ntrəsts n ʃeəz/noun
a list kept by a company of those holders who own more than 3% of itsshares
share-registrar/red$strɑ/nouna personwho keeps official records
registration/red$streʃ(ə)n/nounthe act of having something noted on anofficial list쑗the registration of a trade- mark or of a share transaction
registration fee /red$streʃ(ə)nfi/noun1.money paid to have some-thing registered2.money paid to attend
a conference
registration number /
red$-streʃ(ə)n n mbə/ noun an officialnumber, e.g the number of a car
registration statement /
red$-streʃ(ə)n stetmənt/ noun a ment which gives information about acompany when it is registered and listed
docu-on a stock exchange (NOTE: The UK
term is listing particulars.)
Trang 13regression analysis/rreʃ(ə)n
ə-nləss/, regression model /
r-reʃ(ə)n mɒd(ə)l/ nouna method of
discovering the ratio of one dependent
variable and one or more independent
variables, so as to give a value to the
de-pendent variable
regressive taxation/rresv
tk-seʃ(ə)n/nouna system of taxation in
which tax gets progressively less as
in-come rises Compare progressive
taxation
regular /rejυlə/ adjective which
happens or comes at the same time each
day, each week, each month or each
year쑗His regular train is the 12.45.쑗
The regular flight to Athens leaves at
06.00.
regular income /rejυlər nk m/
nounan income which comes in every
week or month쑗She works freelance
so she does not have a regular income.
regulate/rejυlet/verb1.to adjust
something so that it works well or is
correct2.to change or maintain
some-thing by law왍prices are regulated by
supply and demand prices are
in-creased or lowered according to supply
and demand 왍 government-regulated
price a price which is imposed by the
government
regulated consumer credit
agreement/rejυletd kənsjumə
kredt ərimənt/verba credit
agree-ment according to the Consumer Credit
Act
regulation/rejυleʃ(ə)n/noun1.a
law or rule쑗the new government
regu-lations on housing standards 쑗 Fire
regulations or Safety regulations were
not observed at the restaurant.쑗
Regu-lations concerning imports and exports
are set out in this leaflet.2.the process
of making sure that something will work
well or correctly쑗government
regula-tion of trading practices
‘EC regulations which came into effect in July
insist that customers can buy cars anywhere in
the EC at the local pre-tax price’
[Financial Times]
‘…a unit trust is established under the
regulations of the Department of Trade, with a
trustee, a management company and a stock of
units’ [Investors Chronicle]
‘…fear of audit regulation, as much as financial
pressures, is a major factor behind the increasing
sell their practices or merge with another firm’
[Accountancy]
regulation agency /rejυleʃ(ə)n
ed$ənsi/nounan organisation whichsees that members of an industry followgovernment regulations
Regulation Q /rejυleʃ(ə)n kju/noun USa federal regulation which lim-its the amount of interest banks can pay
on deposits
Regulation S-X /rejυleʃ(ə)n es
eks/nounthe rule of the US Securitiesand Exchange Commission which regu-lates annual reports from companies
regulator/rejυletə/nouna personwhose job it is to see that regulations arefollowed
‘…the regulators have sought to protect investors and other market participants from
the impact of a firm collapsing’ [Banking Technology]
regulatory /rejυlət(ə)ri/ adjectivewhich applies regulations
regulatory powers /rejυlət(ə)ri
paυəz/nounpowers to enforce ment regulations
govern-reimburse/rimb%s/verb왍to imburse someone their expenses to
re-pay someone back for money whichthey have spent 쑗 You will be reim- bursed for your expenses or Your ex- penses will be reimbursed.
reimbursement /rimb%smənt/nounthe act of paying back money쑗
reimbursement of expenses
reinstatement /rinstetmənt/nounthe act of giving a borrower backhis or her former credit status after he orshe has paid off outstanding debts
reinsurance /rinʃυərəns/ nouninsurance where a second insurer (thereinsurer) agrees to cover part of the riskinsured by the first insurer
reinsure /rinʃυə/ verb to spreadthe risk of an insurance, by asking an-other insurance company to cover part
of it and receive part of the premium
reinsurer /rinʃυərə/ noun an surance company which accepts to in-sure part of the risk for another insurer
Trang 14reinvest /rinvest/ verb to invest
money again쑗He sold his shares and
reinvested the money in government
stocks.
reinvestment /rinvestmənt/
noun 1. the act of investing money
again in the same securities2.the act of
investing a company’s earnings in its
own business by using them to create
new products for sale
‘…many large US corporations offer
shareholders the option of reinvesting their cash
dividend payments in additional company stock
at a discount to the market price But to some
big securities firms these discount reinvestment
programs are an opportunity to turn a quick
profit’ [Wall Street Journal]
REIT abbreviation US real estate
in-vestment trust 쏡 equity REIT,
mort-gage REIT
reject noun /rid$ekt/, adjective
(something) which has been thrown out
because it is not of the usual standard쑗
sale of rejects or of reject items쑗to sell
off reject stock 쐽 verb/rd$ekt/ to
refuse to accept something, or to say
that something is not satisfactory 쑗
The union rejected the management’s
proposals.왍the company rejected the
takeover bid the directors
recom-mended that the shareholders should not
accept the bid
rejection/rd$ekʃən/nouna refusal
to accept something, such as a refusal to
give a customer credit쑗The rejection
of the company’s offer meant that the
negotiations had to start again.쑗After
the union’s rejection of the offer,
man-agement came back with new
redun-dancy terms.쑗The board recommended
rejection of the bid.
related/rletd/adjectiveconnected
or linked쑗related items on the agenda
related company /rletd
k mp(ə)ni/nouna company in which
another company makes a long-term
capital investment in order to gain
con-trol or influence
relative strength index /relətv
streŋθ ndeks/nounan indicator used
to compare the current price of an
in-strument or market to the price at a
pre-vious period It identifies when a share
is overbought or oversold Abbreviation
RSI
relative value funds /relətv
vlju f ndz/ plural noun hedge
funds not related to general marketmovements, but which try to find op-portunities to arbitrage temporaryslight changes in the relative values
of particular financial assets
release/rlis/noun1.the act of ting someone free or of making some-thing or someone no longer subject to anobligation or restriction쑗release from
set-a contrset-act쑗the release of goods from customs쑗He was offered early release
so that he could take up his new job.2.
the act of making something public, or apublic announcement3.the act of putt-ing something on the market, or some-thing put on the market쐽verb1.to freesomething or someone 쑗 to release goods from customs쑗to release some- one from a debt쑗Customs released the goods against payment of a fine. 2.tomake something public쑗The company released information about the new mine in Australia. 쑗 The government has refused to release figures for the number of unemployed women.3.to putsomething on the market 쑗 They re- leased several new CDs this month.왍to release dues to send off orders which
had been piling up while a product wasout of stock
‘…pressure to ease monetary policy mounted yesterday with the release of a set of pessimistic
economic statistics’ [Financial Times]
‘…the national accounts for the March quarter released by the Australian Bureau of Statistics showed a real increase in GDP’
[Australian Financial Review]
release note /rlis nəυt/ noun anote from a bank to say that a bill of ex-change has been paid
relevant/reləv(ə)nt/adjectivewhichhas to do with what is being discussed
or the current situation 쑗Which is the relevant government department? 쑗
Can you give me the relevant papers?쑗
The new assistant does not have any evant experience.
rel-relief/rlif/nounhelp
reminder/rmandə/nouna letter toremind a customer that he or she has notpaid an invoice 쑗to send someone a reminder
Trang 15remit/rmt/verbto send money쑗to
remit by cheque (NOTE: remitting –
remitted)
remittance/rmt(ə)ns/nounmoney
which is sent (e.g to pay back a debt or
to pay an invoice)쑗Please send
remit-tances to the treasurer. 쑗 The family
lives on a weekly remittance from their
father in the USA.
remittance advice/rmt(ə)ns
əd-vas/, remittance slip /rmt(ə)ns
slp/nounan advice note sent with
pay-ment, showing why it is being made (i.e
quoting the invoice number or a
refer-ence number)
remitting bank/rmtŋ bŋk/verb
a bank into which a person has
depos-ited a cheque, and which has the duty to
collect the money from the account of
the writer of the cheque
remunerate /rmjunəret/ verb to
pay someone for doing something쑗The
company refused to remunerate them
for their services.
remuneration /rmjunəreʃ(ə)n/
nounpayment for services쑗The job is
interesting but the remuneration is low.
쑗She receives a small remuneration of
£400 a month.쑗No one will work hard
for such poor remuneration.
COMMENT : Remuneration can take
sev-eral forms: e.g a regular monthly salary
cheque, a cheque or cash payment for
hours worked or for work completed.
remunerative /rmjunərətv/
ad-jective referring to a job which pays
well쑗She is in a highly remunerative
job.
render/rendə/verb 왍to render an
account to send in an account쑗Please
find enclosed payment per account
rendered.
renege/rne, rni/verb왍to
re-nege on a promise not to do something
which you had promised to do(formal.)
쑗I was furious when he reneged on the
deal.
renegotiate/rinəυʃiet/ verb to
negotiate something again쑗The
com-pany was forced to renegotiate the
terms of the loan.
renew/rnju/verbto continue
some-thing for a further period of time쑗We
have asked the bank to renew the bill of
exchange.쑗The tenant wants to renew
his lease.쑗His contract was renewed
for a further three years.왍to renew a subscription to pay a subscription for
another year왍to renew an insurance policy to pay the premium for another
year’s insurance
renewal/rnjuəl/nounthe act of newing쑗renewal of a lease or of a sub- scription or of a bill 쑗 renewal of a contract 쑗 His contract is up for re- newal쑗When is the renewal date of the bill?왍to be up for renewal to be due
re-to be renewed쑗His contract is up for renewal in January.쑗The lease is up for renewal next month.
renewal notice /rnjuəl nəυts/nouna note sent by an insurance com-pany asking the insured person to renewthe insurance
renewal premium /rnjuəl
primiəm/nouna premium to be paid
the landlord 왍 nominal rent a very
small rent 쐽verb 1.to pay money tohire an office, house, factory or piece ofequipment for a period of time쑗to rent
an office or a car쑗He rents an office in the centre of town.쑗They were driving
a rented car when they were stopped by the police.2.왍to rent (out) to own a
car, office, etc., and let someone use itfor money 쑗 We rented part of the building to an American company.
rental/rent(ə)l/nounmoney paid touse an office, house, factory, car, piece
of equipment, etc., for a period of time
쑗 The car rental bill comes to over
£1000 a quarter.
‘…top quality office furniture: short or long-term rental 50% cheaper than any other
rental company’ [Australian Financial Review]
‘…until the vast acres of empty office space start to fill up with rent-paying tenants, rentals will continue to fall and so will values Despite the very sluggish economic recovery under way,
it is still difficult to see where the new tenants
will come from’ [Australian Financial Review]
rental value/rent(ə)l vlju/noun
a full value of the rent for a property if itwere charged at the current market rate(i.e calculated between rent reviews)
Trang 16rent control /rent kəntrəυl/ noun
government regulation of rents
rentenounthe French word for a
gov-ernment annuity
rent review /rent rvju/ nounan
increase in rents which is carried out
during the term of a lease (most leases
allow for rents to be reviewed every
three or five years)
rent tribunal /rent trabjun(ə)l/
nouna court which can decide if a rent
is too high or low
renunciation/rn nsieʃ(ə)n/noun
an act of giving up ownership of shares
reorder/riɔdə/nouna further order
for something which has been ordered
before쑗The product has only been on
the market ten days and we are already
getting reorders.쐽verbto place a new
order for something쑗We must reorder
these items because stock is getting low.
reorder interval/riɔdə ntəv(ə)l/
nouna period of time before a new
or-der for a stock item is placed
reorder level/riɔdə lev(ə)l/noun
a minimum amount of an item which a
company holds in stock, such that, when
stock falls to this amount, the item must
be reordered
reorganisation /
riɔəna-zeʃ(ə)n/, reorganization noun the
process of organising a company in a
different way (as in the USA, when a
bankrupt company applies to be treated
under Chapter 11 to be protected from
its creditors while it is being
reorganised)
reorganise /riɔənaz/,
reorga-nize verb to organise something in a
new way쑗We have reorganised all our
reps’ territories.
repatriation /riptrieʃ(ə)n/ noun
the return of foreign investments to the
home country of their owner
repay /rpe/ verb to pay something
back, or to pay back money to someone
쑗to repay money owed쑗The company
had to cut back on expenditure in order
to repay its debts.왍he repaid me in
full he paid me back all the money he
owed me
repayable /rpeəb(ə)l/ adjective
which can be paid back쑗loan which is
repayable over ten years
repayment/rpemənt/nounthe act
of paying money back or money which
is paid back쑗The loan is due for ment next year. 왍he fell behind with his mortgage repayments he was late
repay-in payrepay-ing back the repay-instalments on hismortgage
repayment mortgage /rpemənt
mɔd$/ nouna mortgage where theborrower pays back both interest andcapital over the period of the mortgage(as opposed to an endowment mortgage,where only the interest is repaid, and aninsurance is taken out to repay the capi-tal at the end of the term of themortgage)
replacement cost accounting/
r-plesmənt kɒst əkaυntŋ/ noun amethod of accounting in which assetsare valued at the amount it would cost toreplace them, rather than at the originalcost Also called current cost ac- counting Compare historical cost accounting
replacement cost depreciation
/rplesmənt kɒst dpriʃieʃ(ə)n/noun depreciation based on the actualcost of replacing the asset in the currentyear
replacement price /rplesməntpras/ noun a price at which the re-placement for an asset would have to bebought
replacement value /rplesmənt
vlju/ noun the value of somethingfor insurance purposes if it were to bereplaced 쑗The computer is insured at its replacement value.
reply coupon/rpla kupɒn/noun
a form attached to a coupon ad whichhas to be filled in and returned to theadvertiser
repo /ripəυ/ nounsame as chase agreement (informal.) (NOTE:
repur-The plural is repos.) report/rpɔt/noun1.a statement de-scribing what has happened or describ-ing a state of affairs쑗to make a report
or to present a report or to send in a port on market opportunities in the Far East쑗The accountants are drafting a report on salary scales. 쑗 The sales manager reads all the reports from the sales team. 쑗 The chairman has re- ceived a report from the insurance com- pany. 왍 the treasurer’s report a
Trang 17document from the honorary treasurer
of a society to explain the financial state
of the society to its members2.an
offi-cial document from a government
com-mittee쑗The government has issued a
report on the credit problems of
export-ers. 쑗 They reported for work at the
usual time.쐽verb 1.to make a
state-ment describing something쑗{+쑗The
salesforce reported an increased
de-mand for the product.쑗He reported the
damage to the insurance company. 쑗
We asked the bank to report on his
fi-nancial status.2.왍to report to
some-one to be responsible to or to be under
someone 쑗 She reports direct to the
managing director.쑗The salesforce
re-ports to the sales director.3.to publish
the results of a company for a period
and declare the dividend
‘…a draft report on changes in the international
monetary system’ [Wall Street Journal]
‘…responsibilities include the production of
premium quality business reports’ [Times]
‘…the research director will manage a team of
business analysts monitoring and reporting on
the latest development in retail distribution’
[Times]
‘…the successful candidate will report to the
area director for profit responsibility for sales of
leading brands’ [Times]
reporting season /rpɔtŋ
siz(ə)n/ noun a period when many
large companies declare their dividends
repossess /ripəzes/ verb to take
back an item which someone is buying
under a hire-purchase agreement, or a
property which someone is buying
un-der a mortgage, because the purchaser
cannot continue the payments
repossession /ripəzeʃ(ə)n/ noun
an act of repossessing쑗Repossessions
are increasing as people find it difficult
to meet mortgage repayments.
represent /reprzent/ verb 1. to
work for a company, showing goods or
services to possible buyers쑗He
repre-sents an American car firm in Europe.쑗
Our French distributor represents
sev-eral other competing firms.2.to act on
behalf of someone쑗He sent his
solici-tor and accountant to represent him at
the meeting. 쑗Three managers
repre-sent the workforce in discussions with
the directors.
re-present /ri przent/ verb to
present something again 쑗 He
re-presented the cheque two weeks later
to try to get payment from the bank.
representation /reprzenteʃ(ə)n/noun 1. the right to sell goods for acompany, or a person or organisationthat sells goods on behalf of a company
쑗We offered them exclusive tion in Europe.쑗They have no repre- sentation in the USA. 2. the fact ofhaving someone to act on your behalf쑗
representa-The minority shareholders want sentation on the board.쑗The ordinary shop floor workers want representation
repre-on the committee.
representative/reprzentətv/jectivewhich is an example of what allothers are like쑗We displayed a repre- sentative selection of our product range.
ad-쑗The sample chosen was not tative of the whole batch. 쐽noun1.acompany which works for another com-pany, selling their goods쑗We have ap- pointed Smith & Co our exclusive representatives in Europe. 2.a personwho acts on someone’s behalf쑗He sent his solicitor and accountant to act as his representatives at the meeting. 쑗 The board refused to meet the representa- tives of the workforce.
represen-reprice/ripras/ verbto change theprice on an item (usually, to increase itsprice)
repudiate/rpjudiet/verbto refuse
to accept something
repurchase/rip%tʃs/verb to buysomething again, especially somethingwhich you have recently bought andthen sold
repurchase agreement/rip%tʃsərimənt/nounan agreement, where
a bank agrees to buy something and sell
it back later (in effect, giving a cash loan
to the seller; this is used especially toraise short-term finance)
require/rkwaə/verb1.to ask for or
to demand something쑗to require a full explanation of expenditure 쑗 The law requires you to submit all income to the tax authorities.2.to need something쑗
The document requires careful study.쑗
Writing the program requires a ist knowledge of computers.
special-requirement/rkwaəmənt/noun1.
something which someone wants orneeds쑗We hope the items will meet the customer’s requirements.쑗If you will
Trang 18supply us with a list of your
require-ments, we shall see if we can meet them.
2.something which is necessary to
en-able something to be done쑗Are
com-puting skills a requirement for this job?
requisition/rekwzʃ(ə)n/nounan
official order for something쑗What is
the reference number of your latest
req-uisition?쐽verbto put in an official
or-der for something or to ask for supplies
to be sent쑗We have requisitioned three
trucks to move the stock.
rerate/riret/verbto change the
rat-ing of a share on the Stock Exchange
(either upwards or downwards)
rerating /riretŋ/ noun the act of
changing the value of a share on the
Stock Exchange, either upwards or
downwards
resale /risel/ noun the selling of
goods which have been bought쑗to
pur-chase something for resale쑗The
con-tract forbids resale of the goods to the
USA.
resale price maintenance/risel
pras mentənəns/nouna system in
which the price for an item is fixed by
the manufacturer and the retailer is not
allowed to sell it at a lower price
Ab-breviationRPM
reschedule /riʃedjul/ verb to
ar-range new credit terms for the
repay-ment of a loan쑗Third World countries
which are unable to keep up the interest
payments on their loans from western
banks have asked for their loans to be
rescheduled.
rescind /rsnd/ verbto annul or to
cancel something 쑗to rescind a
con-tract or an agreement
rescission/rs$(ə)n/nounan act of
rescinding a contract
rescue/reskju/nounthe act of
sav-ing someone or somethsav-ing from danger
쐽verb to save someone or something
from danger쑗The company nearly
col-lapsed, but was rescued by the banks.
rescue operation /reskju
ɒpə-reʃ(ə)n/ noun an arrangement by a
group of people to save a company from
collapse쑗The banks planned a rescue
operation for the company.
research /rs%tʃ/ noun the process
of trying to find out facts or information
쐽verbto study or try to find out
infor-mation about something쑗They are searching the market for their new product.
re-research and development /
r-s%tʃ ən dveləpmənt/ noun 1.
scientific investigation which leads tomaking new products or improving ex-isting products 쑗The company spends millions on research and development.
Abbreviation R&D 2. activities thatare designed to produce new knowledgeand ideas and to develop ways in whichthese can be commercially exploited
by a business(NOTE: Research and velopment activities are often groupedtogether to form a separate division ordepartment within an organisation.)COMMENT : Research costs can be di- vided into (a) applied research, which is the cost of research leading to a specific aim, and (b) basic, or pure, research, which is research carried out without a specific aim in mind: these costs are writ- ten off in the year in which they are in- curred Development costs are the costs
de-of making the commercial products based
resell /risel/ verb to sell somethingwhich has just been bought 쑗The car was sold in June and the buyer resold it
to an dealer two months later. (NOTE:
reselling – resold) reseller /riselə/ nounsomebody inthe marketing chain who buys to sell tosomebody else such as wholesalers, dis-tributors, and retailers
reserve /rz%v/ noun money fromprofits not paid as dividend but keptback by a company in case it is neededfor a special purpose왍reserve for bad debts money kept by a company to
cover debts which may not be paid
Trang 19COMMENT : The accumulated profits
re-tained by a company usually form its most
important reserve.
reserve currency/rz%v k rənsi/
nouna strong currency used in
interna-tional finance, held by other countries to
support their own weaker currencies
reserved market/rz%vd mɑkt/
nouna market in which producers agree
not to sell more than a specific amount
in order to control competition
reserve fund /rz%v f nd/ noun
profits in a business which have not
been paid out as dividend but have been
ploughed back into the business
reserve price /rz%v pras/ noun
the lowest price which a seller will
ac-cept, e.g at an auction or when selling
securities through a broker쑗The
paint-ing was withdrawn when it failed to
reach its reserve price.
reserve requirement /rz%v
r-kwaəmənt/ noun US the amount of
reserves which an American bank has to
hold on deposit with a Federal Reserve
Bank
reserves /rz%vz/ plural noun 1.
supplies kept in case of need쑗Our
re-serves of fuel fell during the winter.쑗
The country’s reserves of gas or gas
re-serves are very large. 2. money from
profits not paid as dividend, but kept
back by a company in case it is needed
for a special purpose
residence /rezd(ə)ns/ noun 1. a
house or flat where someone lives쑗He
has a country residence where he
spends his weekends.2.the fact of
liv-ing or operatliv-ing officially in a country
residence permit /rezd(ə)ns
p%mt/nounan official document
al-lowing a foreigner to live in a country쑗
He has applied for a residence permit.쑗
She was granted a residence permit for
one year or a one-year residence permit.
resident/rezd(ə)nt/noun,adjective
(a person or company) considered to be
living or operating in a country for
offi-cial or tax purposes쑗The company is
resident in France.
residential property/rezdenʃ(ə)l
prɒpəti/nounhouses or flats owned or
occupied by individual residents
residual /rzdjuəl/ adjective
re-maining after everything else has gone
residual value /rzdjuəl vlju/nouna value of an asset after it has beendepreciated in the company’s accounts
residue /rezdju/ noun money leftover 쑗 After paying various bequests the residue of his estate was split be- tween his children.
resist /rzst/ verb to fight againstsomething, not to give in to something쑗
The chairman resisted all attempts to make him resign.쑗The company is re- sisting the takeover bid.
resistance/rzstəns/ nountion felt or shown by people to some-thing 쑗There was a lot of resistance from the team to the new plan. 쑗The chairman’s proposal met with strong re- sistance from the banks.
opposi-resistance level /rzst(ə)ns
lev(ə)l/ noun a price or index levelwhich investors feel marks a boundarywhich they are reluctant to cross, sincebeyond that boundary the price would
be too high or too lowCOMMENT : Resistance levels on the Stock Exchange relate to ‘sentiment’; if a share is selling at $2.95, and does not rise, it may be that investors see the price
of $3.00 as a point above which they feel the share is overvalued; if the price
‘breaks through’ the $3.00 barrier, then it may continue to rise rapidly, as the resis- tance level has been broken The same applies in reverse: if the pound/dollar ex- change rate is $1.65, and the pound be- comes weaker, the resistance level of
$1.60, when broken, may be the sign of a further slide in the pound’s value.
resolution/rezəluʃ(ə)n/nouna cision to be reached at a meeting왍to put a resolution to a meeting to ask a
de-meeting to vote on a proposal 쑗The meeting carried or adopted a resolution
to go on strike.쑗The meeting rejected the resolution or The resolution was de- feated by ten votes to twenty.쑗A reso- lution was passed to raise salaries by six per cent.
COMMENT : There are three types or lution which can be put to an AGM: the
reso-‘ordinary resolution’, usually referring to some general procedural matter, and which requires a simple majority of votes; and the ‘extraordinary resolution’ and
‘special resolution’, such as a resolution
to change a company’s articles of
Trang 2075% of the votes before they can be
carried.
resolve/rzɒlv/verbto decide to do
something쑗The meeting resolved that
a dividend should not be paid. 쑗The
meeting resolved that a strike ballot
should be held.
resources/rsɔsz/plural noun1.a
supply of something2.the money
avail-able for doing something
restitution/resttjuʃ(ə)n/ noun1.
the act of giving back property쑗The
court ordered the restitution of assets to
the company. 2.compensation or
pay-ment for damage or loss
restraint/rstrent/nouncontrol
restraint of trade /rstrent əv
tred/ noun 1. a situation where
em-ployees are not allowed to use their
knowledge in another company on
changing jobs2.an attempt by
compa-nies to fix prices, create monopolies or
reduce competition, which could affect
free trade
restrict/rstrkt/verbto limit
thing or to impose controls on
some-thing쑗to restrict credit쑗to restrict the
flow of trade or to restrict imports쑗We
are restricted to twenty staff by the size
of our offices.왍to sell into a restricted
market to sell goods into a market
where the supplier has agreed to limit
sales to avoid competition
restricted market /rstrktd
mɑkt/ noun same as reserved
market
restriction/rstrkʃən/nouna limit
or control 쑗import restrictions or
re-strictions on imports 왍to impose
re-strictions on imports or credit to start
limiting imports or credit왍to lift credit
restrictions or import restrictions to
allow credit to be given freely or
im-ports to enter the country freely
restrictive /rstrktv/ adjective
which limits
restrictive covenant /rstrktv
k vənənt/nouna clause in a contract
which prevents someone from doing
something
restrictive endorsement /
r-strktv ndɔsmənt/ noun an
en-dorsement on a bill of exchange which
restricts the use which can be made of it
by the person it is endorsed to
restrictive trade practices /
r-strktv tred prktsz/, tive practices /rstrktv prktsz/plural noun1.an arrangement betweencompanies to fix prices or to share themarket in order to restrict trade2.ways
restric-of working which make people less free(such as trade unions stopping workersfrom doing certain jobs or companiesnot allowing customers a free choice ofproduct) 쑗 Restrictive practices in in- dustry mean that employers will not be able to afford to take on more labour.
restructure/ristr ktʃə/verbto organise the financial basis of acompany
re-restructuring/ristr ktʃərŋ/nounthe process of reorganising the financialbasis of a company왍the restructuring
of an economy reorganising the basic
ways in which an economy is set up
result/rz lt/noun1.a profit or lossaccount for a company at the end of atrading period쑗The company’s results for last year were an improvement on those of the previous year.2.somethingwhich happens because of somethingelse쑗What was the result of the price investigation? 쑗The company doubled its sales force with the result that the sales rose by 26%. 왍 the expansion programme has produced results has
produced increased sales왍payment by results being paid for profits or in-
creased sales쐽verb왍to result from to
happen because of쑗We have to fill eral vacancies resulting from the recent internal promotions
sev-‘…the company has received the backing of a number of oil companies who are willing to pay
for the results of the survey’ [Lloyd’s List]
‘…some profit-taking was noted, but underlying sentiment remained firm in a steady stream of
strong corporate results’ [Financial Times]
retail /ritel/ nounthe sale of smallquantities of goods to the general public
왍 the goods in stock have a retail value of £1m the value of the goods if
sold to the public is £1m, before counts and other factors are taken intoaccount쐽adverb왍he buys wholesale and sells retail he buys goods in bulk at
dis-a wholesdis-ale discount dis-and sells in smdis-allquantities to the public쐽verb 1.왍to retail goods to sell goods direct to the
public2.to sell for a price왍these items
retail at or for £2.50 the retail price of
these items is £2.50