TOEIC GRAMMAR 1

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TOEIC GRAMMAR 1

1.AUXILIARY VERBS

A Will : be willingto; intend to

I will open the door for you

I will be there at 8:00

B shall : intent to(formal);have decided to

Where shall we sit?

We shall ask the comittee

C.May/can: be possible to do

Can fish live in the river?

It may rain tomorrow

D.Can/could/may: be allowed to do

May I have one?

You can take both of them

E Must: be neccesary;be logically certain

Note negative = cannot/ can’t , must not

This step must be next

It must be be her purse

F Must/ have to:be required to do

Everyone must be on time

The have to work late

G Should/ ought to/ had better: be obliged

you shoud call her

We ought to get there early

H shoud have/could have+p.p: was not true;did not happen

.She should have read the book

They could have won, but they didn’t

I Used to/ would:did in the past

We used to talk every day

In the spring, I would plant flowers.

1 THE PRESENT SIMPLE TENSE: Thì hiện tại đơn

I, We, You, They, plural Noun + V1 + O

He, she, It, Name, singular Noun + V -s / -es + O

Khi thấy các trạng từ chỉ sự thường xuyên (adverb of frequency) như :

always (luôn luôn), usually (thường thường), often (thường), frequently

(thường xuyên), sometimes (thỉnh thoảng), occasionally, seldom (hiếm khi),

rarely (ít khi), never (không bao giờ), every (day, week, month … hàng ngày,

tuần, tháng …) , once a week, twice a day, thì ta chia động từ trong ngoặc

ở thì hiện tại đơn Xét xem chủ từ số nhiều hay số ít tuỳ theo mà thêm “S /ES” hay giữ nguyên động từ ( động từ tận cùng bằng SS, SH, TCH, X O,

Z thì ta thêm ES nếu chủ từ là ngôi thứ 3 số ít Hoặc động từ tận cùngbằng một phụ âm + Y thì ta đổi thành IES nếu chủ từ là ngôi thứ 3 số ít )

2 THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE: Thì hiện tại tiếp diễn

+ O

He / she / it / name / singular Noun + is

Khi thấy các chữ : now, at present, at the moment, while, Hurry up! , Look!

thì ta chia động từ ở thì Hiện tại tiếp diễn Nhớ phải mượn động từ TO BE rồi mới lấy động từ trong ngoặc thêm “ING”

3 THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE: Thì hiện tại hoàn thành

I, we, you, they, Plural Noun + Have + V3 / V-ed +

O

He, she it, Tên, Singular Noun + Has + V3 / V-ed +

O

Dấu hiệu : just, recently, already, not yet, never, ever, since + điểm thời

gian, for + khoảng thời gian, before, lately, so far, It’s the first time, Up to now, How long…

4 PAST SIMPLE TENSE: Thì quá khứ đơn

S + V2 / V-ed + O

Khi ta thấy các chữ Last, yesterday, ago, in 1990, when I was a child, this

morning, … thì ta chia động từ trong ngoặc ở thì này(thêm ED hoặc chọn

động từ bất quy tắc ở cột 2)

5 PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE: Thì quá khứ tiếp diễn

We, You, They, plural Noun + were +

V-ing + O

He, She, It, I, Tên , singular Noun + was +

V-ing + O

 Diễn tả một hành động đang thực hiện dở dang trong quá khứ tại một

thời điểm được đề cập đến (at + thời gian + this morning / yesterday /

last night, at that time)

Ex: This time last year I was living in Brazil

 Diễn tả một hành động đang diễn ra trong quá khứ thì có một hành động khác xẩy ra

S + was / were + V-ing + O when S+ V2 /

V-ed + O

While + S + was / were + V-ing + O, S + V2 / V-ed

+ O

Ex: Yesterday, while we were having dinner, Tom phoned me.

I was doing my homework while my father was watching TV.

6 PAST PERFECT TENSE: Thì quá khứ hoàn thành

Subject + had + V3 / V-ed + Object

Diễn tả một hành động xong trước hành động khác trong quá khứ

After + QKHT, QKĐ hoặc QKĐ + after QKHT

Before QKĐ , QKHT hoặc QKHT + before QKĐ

Ex: I had eaten dinner before I went to the evening class.

After I had finished the class, I came home at once

7 THE FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE: Thì tương lai đơn

I, We + will / shall + V1 + O

He, she, it you, they + will + V1 + O

Khi thấy các chữ như: Tomorrow, in 2010, the day after tomorrow, next

week, ta chia động từ ở thì tương lai.

Ex: We will have a test tomorrow morning

She will visit you next Sunday

8 THE FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE: Thì tương lai tiếp diễn

S + will + be + V-ing + O

Diễn tả một hành động sẽ đang diễn ra tại một thời điểm trong tương lai theo sự tưởng tượng

Ex: By this time next Sunday I will be swimming at the beach

9 THE FUTURE PERFECT TENSE: Thì tương lai hoàn thành

S + will / shall + have + V3 / V-ed + O.

Diễn tả một hành động sẽ được hoàn tất tại một thời điểm trong tương lai theo tưởng tượng

Ex: I intend to build this house during 3 months I have built it for 2 months

So, I will have finished it by next month

10 – THE NEAR FUTURE TENSE: Thì tương lai gần

Subject + is / am / are + going + to + V1 +

Object

Diễn tả một dự định hay một việc chắc chắn sẽ thực hiện trong tương lai

PRACTICE: Fill in the blank with the correct tense of verb in brackets:

1 Busses _(pass) my house every day

2 We _(live) here since 1990

3 He always _ (help) his father to plant the trees in the

garden

4 They (ride) home from school now

5 She (fly) to New York tomorrow

6 By the time next year, they (buy) a new house

7 They have kissed their mother before they (leave) home for school

8 I (go) to Dalat last week and I have stayed there for five days

9 She sometimes _ (cut) her husband’s hair

10 They rarely (remember) his address

3.INF AND GERUNDS

1 Verbs followed by “Bare infinitive”:

Ex: Let me see

The clown made us laugh a lot

You’d rather not behave like that

You needn’t photo this report

He used to smoke heavily but now he is a nonsmoker

2 Verbs followed by “To infinitive”:

Ex: I would like a cup of tea, please

Would you like to drink coffee? – Yes, please / No, thank you.Would you like to go to the shops with me?

Một số động từ thường được theo sau bởi “to infinitive” :

Subject + WOULD LIKE + to infinitive + Object.

Noun

Aim appear choose claim: đòi hỏi

3 Verbs followed by “Gerund”:

Ex: She doesn’t like eating out

Do you like fishing? – No, I don’t I like boating

Does he like a big breakfast?

Một số động từ được theo sau bởi Gerund

There’s no point in what’s the point of can’t stand / help can’t bear

4 Verbs followed by Gerund or To Infinitive:

a Regret, remember, forget + V-ing : Nhớ đã làm rồi

+ To infinitive : nhớ để mà đi làm.Ex: I regret spending so much money

We regret to inform you that you have failed this exam

I didn’t forget to clock the door ( = I locked the door)

Subject + LIKE + noun.

V-ing + (object).

I forgot clocking the door and left you inside.

If you go out, remember to post these letters

Do you remember clocking the door before leaving home?

+ V-ing Ex: My parents don’t allow me to go out at night

They don’t allow going into that room.

I am not allowed to go out at night

c Stop + to Inf : dừng lại để làm gì

+ V-ing : bỏ luôn, nghỉ luôn

strong

So, He can’t do it

My father stopped _ (smoke) 2 years ago

V-ing ( thử làm để kiểm tra, thử nghiệm)Ex: I was very tired I tried _ (keep) my eyes open but I couldn’t

I had a terrible headache and I tried _ (take) an aspirin but it didn’t help

5 HAVE: Causative form and purpose

Ex: We have a porter carry our luggage this morning.

We have our luggage carried by a porter this morning.

(có việc gì đó phải làm )

Ex: A: Would you like to go out for a drink tonight?

B: Sorry, I can’t I have a lot of homework to do this evening

Put the correct form of the verb in the parentheses.

1 He made me _ (do) it all over again

2 He wants me (go) with him

3 I prefer _ (drink) tea to coffee.

4 She can _ (sing) quite well

5 Would you like _ (go) now or shall we (wait) till the end?

6 After _ (hear) that story, we dare not to go out

7 I used to (live) in a caravan

8 We enjoy (go) on a trip with our classmates

9 You ought _ (go) today

10.You needn’t (say) anything

4 PARTICIPLE (Phân từ) CLAUSES

CHÚ Ý:

- Khi Participle là một tác tố thì ta dùng dạng –ing

Ex: The game tired the player

-> The tiring game (tác tố)

- Khi Participle không phải là một tác tố thì ta dùng dạng -ed

Ex: The game tired the player

-> The tired player (không phải là tác tố)

1 PARTICIPLE CLAUSES:

A Khi hai hành động xảy ra cùng lúc:

Ex: He suddenly went out shouting

B.Khi hành động xảy ra bất chợt trong một quá trình khác:

Ex: She hurt herself cooking dinner

C Giải thích cho mệnh đề chính:

Ex: Feeling tired, she went to bed early

2

PARTICIPIAL PHRASE : Được dùng như một tính từ hay trạng từ đểbổ nghĩa cho danh từ, đại từ; làm trạng ngữ chỉ cách thức, thời gian,nguyên nhân, điều kiện, phương tiện

V-ing , Being P.P , P.P , Having P.P , Having been P.P

Ex: The man standing near the front door is Mr Snow

(who is standing)

Having finished my work, I sat down to rest

(After I had finished)

I feel my heart beating

(which is beating)

While working on a farm, these students helped us a lot

(While these students were working)

He jumped over the rope extended across the street

(which was extended)

3

from a verb and used as a noun)

Gerund can be : Subj, the subjective complement, direct object,

complement of a preposition, appositive

Ex: The sweet singing of birds delights us

Seeing is believing

Jack enjoys fishing

This tool is used for drilling.

My favourite exercise, playing tennis, is very good for my health

Notes: Đừng nhầm lẫn Gerund với present participle.

5.NEGATION (no/not) AND PARALLEL

B Sử dụng Not như một trạng từ: Not going; not busy; not tired

C Sử dụng Not hoặc Never sau trợ động tư hoặc Do/Does:

You should never eat there.

She does not know him.

D Đặt Not trước động từ không giới hạn, to Infinitives, Gerunds, và phân từ.

In order not to fail again, you should work harder

Not knowing what to do, he just stood still

E Tránh dùng phủ định hai lần khi không cần thiết.

She does not have any money (đúng)

F Không sử dụng Not/ No cùng với: Hardly/seldom/ scarcely/ less/ unless

We could hardly understand the situation (đúng)

Ex: She is as tall as her mother (is).

He is as intelligent as his brother (is).

I drive as carefully as he (is) / him.

b - Inferiority:

S1 + V + NOT + AS / SO + adjective/ adverb + AS + S2

(V) / O

S1 + V + LESS + long adjective/ adverb + THAN + S2

Ex: She is not so tall as her mother

He drives less carelessly than she does / her

c - Comparison:

S1 + V + Short adjective –ER + THAN + S2 (V) / O

Short adverb - ER

Ex: He is taller than me

I play the organ better than him

He types faster than me

His sister is younger than my sister

My shoes are newer than hers

S1 + V + MORE + Long adjective + THAN + S2 (V) / O

Long adverb

Peter is more intelligent than Mary

We run more slowly than those students (do)

d - Superlative:

S + V + Short adjective –EST + IN / OF + noun phrase THE MOST + Long adj

He is the fastest worker in my company

Tom is the most careless driver that I’ve ever known.

e - Irregular adjectives:

Old older / elder oldest / eldest già, cũ

Far farther / further farthest / furthest xa, hơn nữa

2 SO SÁNH KÉP:

The + Tính từ so sánh hơn + S + V, The + Tính từ so sánh

hơn + S + V

Ex: “What size of box do you want?” - “The bigger the better.”

“What time will we leave?” - “The sooner the better.”

The warmer the weather is, the better I feel

The earlier we leave, the sooner we arrive

The more expensive the hotel is, the better service is

The more electricity you use, the higher your bill will be

The more you have, the more you want

II Complete the sentences Use the comparative of the words in brackets + (THAN)

1 Sorry I’m late It took me _ to get here _ I

expected (long)

2 My toothache is _ it was yesterday (painful)

3 She looks about 20, but in fact she is much she looks (old)

4 The problem is not so complicated It’s you think (simple)

5 You speak English _ you did when we last met (fluently)

6 Health and happiness are money (important)

7 We always go camping trip It’s much _ staying in the hotel (cheap)

8 I like living in the countryside It’s and

living in a town (healthy / peaceful)

9 Today is a little it was yesterday (warm)

10.You are driving too fast Can you drive a bit

(slowly)?

SUBJECT AND VERB AGREEMENT

Plural verb form: ARE, WERE, HAVE, V1 (go, want, …)

Singular verb form: IS, WAS, HAS, Vs , Ves (goes, does, watches, loves, wants, …)

1 Hai danh từ đếm được nối với nhau bằng chữ “AND” ta chia động từ ở số nhiều

Countable Noun + and + Countable Noun

Plural Verb

Ex: Book and Note-book are (be) put on the table.

Peter and Mary are playing chess.

2 Hai danh từ không đếm được chỉ cùng một món ăn hoặc 2 phrases nối với nhau bằng chữ “AND” ta chia động từ ở số ít

Singular Verb

Verb

Ex: Bread and milk is (be) delicious.

Early to bed and early to rise makes (make) a man healthy, wealthy and

wise

3 Số đếm đi trứơc chữ “POUNDS, KILOS, MILES, DAYS, MONTHS,

WEEKS, YEARS” chia động từ ở dạng số ít

Cardinal number + POUNDS, KILOS, MILES

Singular verb

Ex: Ten pounds is (be) as much as I give you.

Four months is (be) a long time to wait.

It is (be) Two miles to the station.

4 Chú ý chữ A number of hay The number of

A number of + Noun Plural verb (V1)

The number of + Noun singular verb

(V-s/-es)

The number of students is (be) limited to twenty.

5 Các danh từ chỉ báo chí, tên riêng, Tên phim, tựa đề bài hát, tựa đề tác phẩm, bệnh, môn học , mặc dù tận cùng là “S” nhưng ta vẫn chia động từ ở dạng ngôi thứ ba số ít

“The call of the wild” is (be) written by Jack London.

Mathematics is (be) my favourite subject.

Tuberculosis is (be) an infectious disease.

AIDS is (be) a dangerous disease

Here is ( be) the 10 o’clock news.

The United Nations consists (consist) of about 160 nations

6 Phân số + danh từ thì động từ hoà hợp với danh từ đứng liền ngay trước nó

Ex: Three-fourths of the roof is (be) painted.

Two-fourths of apples are (be) yours.

7 Động từ hoà hợp với chủ từ thứ 2:

S1 + or + S2

Either + S1 + or + S2

Neither + S1 + nor + S2

Not only + S1 + but also + S2 V

Some / half / most + of + N( Plural Noun + plural V )

A few / all / none + of + Ns ( Singular Noun + singular V)

Both / many / several + of + Ns

9 Each

Neither + (of) + Noun / Ns + is / was / Vs / es

số ít)

Every

Gerund ( V-ing )

That clause

10.The adjective is used as a noun + Plural verb.

Nationality + plural verb

Ex: The Vietnamese people are hard-working

The poor need to be helped by everyone

11.Collective noun + plural verb (refer to the members)

(Danh từ tập hợp) + singular verb (refer to whole group)

Ex: This team plays / play very well

His family is / are friendly

A lot of cattle are grazing in the field

12.The MAJORITY + singular Verb

The MAJORITY of + Plural Noun + Plural Verb

Ex: The majority believes that he is the richest man in the world

The majority of students believe that she is a good teacher.

EXERCISE

Give the correct form of verb in brackets

1 Some of the money (be) yours

2 Most of the students (be) absent today

3 The Spanish (be) brave

4 Neither Tom nor I (be) there last night

5 The pens and papers (be) on the table

6 Bread and butter (be) all what he asks for

7 My old friends and classmates (live) near here

8 John and his brothers (be) going to help me tomorrow

9 “Snow White and seven Dwarfs” _ (be) an interesting story.10.Two thirds of the members (be) present.

8 RELATIVE CLAUSES

1 For Person :

Who (Thay cho danh từ và đại từ: I, we, you, they, he, she, it, N)

Whom (thay cho object: me, us, you, him, her, them, it, N).

Whose (thay cho adjective possessive: my, our, your, his, her, its)

That (Thay cho subject or object).

 Chữ That có thể thay thế cho Who khi nó đi sau các chữ : All,

Everyone, Everybody, no one, nobody, and Those.

Ex: This is the man who met me last week.

She is the excellent student whom we need to praise.

I saw some people whose motorbikes have broken down.

The woman that lives next door is very beautiful.

Everyone who / that knew him liked him.

 Trong lối hành văn trang trọng thì chữ That không thể thay thế cho

Whom khi động từ có một giới từ đi trước danh từ hoặc đại từ.

Ex: The man with whom I was travelling spoke English very well.

which, (= whose: instead of things and animals), Upon which, on which, about which (thay cho danh từ hoặc đại từ làm túc từ).

Ex: That is the house which my parents bought in 1995.

The bed that I slept in last night wasn’t very comfortable.

The bed in which I slept last night wasn’t very comfortable.

It’s the problem of which we are thinking.

This is the amount of money upon which he depends to do his

research

3 For Place : where, in which (thay cho chữ: here, there, in + Noun of place).

Ex: This is the house where we have been living since 1980.

This is the house in which we have been living since 1980.

then)

Ex: This is the time when we should act.

I met Jane in January when she left for America.

5 For cause : Why ( thay cho cụm tư ø: for that reason)

Ex: That is reason why he didn’t want to coordinate with you.

6 Notes: