Source: The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 1, July 1, 1986... Source: The American Society of Mechanical Engineers
Trang 5TABLE 8-10
Specified Specified Maximum allowable stress,sa, for metalminimum minimum temperature8C (8F), not exceedingtensile yield
Size or strength,st strength,sy 38 (100) 65 (150) 93 (200)Alloy Temper Nominal thickness
Specification no designation condition composition UNS no mm (in) MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi
Aluminum and Aluminum AlloysSheet and plate
SB 209 1100d
-H 12 1.275–50.0 96 14 76 11 24 3.5 24 3.5 24 3.5
(0.051–2.000)-H 14 0.225–25.0 110 16 96 14 26 4.0 26 4.0 26 4.0
(0.009–1.000)
SB 209 3003d
-H 14 0.15–25.00 138 20 117 17 35 5.0 35 5.0 35 5.0
(0.006–1.000)-H 112 6.25–12.475 117 17 69 10 30 4.3 30 4.3 30 4.3
SB 221 2024e
-T 4 3.125–12.475 427 62 290 42 107 15.5 107 15.5 107 15.5
(0.125–0.499)162.54–200.00 400 58 262 38 100 14.5 100 14.5 100 14.5(6.501–8.000)
SB 308 6061e
’ -T 6 262 38 241 35 65 9.5 63 9.2 62 9.0-T 6 Wld 165 24 41 6.0 40 5.9 39 5.7Die and hand forgings
SB 247 2014 Diee
-T 4 100.0 (4.000) 379 55.0 207 30 95 13.8 95 13.8 92 13.3-T 6 50.0 (2.00) 441 64.0 379 55 110 16.0 110 16.0 109 15.9
50.0–100.00 434 63.0 372 54 15.8 15.8 15.8(2.001–4.000)
Castings
SB 26 SG 70 A(356)e
-T 6 207 30.0 138 20 52 7.5 52 7.5 52 7.5-T 71 172 25.0 124 18 43 6.3 43 6.3 43 6.3
SB 108 204.0 -T 4 50.0 (2.000) 331 48.0 200 29 65 9.5 52 7.5
Copper and Copper AlloysSheet and plates
SB 96 655 Annealed Cu-Si alloy 50 mm (2 in) 345 50.0 124 18 83 12.0 83 12.0 82 11.9
SB 169 610 Annealed Al-bronze 50 mm (2 in) 345 50.0 138 20 86 12.5 86 12.5
SB 171 443, 444, 445 Annealed Admiralty 100 mm (4 in) 310 45.0 103 15 69 10.0 69 10.0 69 10.0
SB 171 C 46400, C 46500 Annealed Naval brass >75(3)–125(5) 345 50.0 138 20 86 12.5 86 12.5 86 12.5
C 46600, C 46700 Annealed 345 50.0 124 18 83 12.0 83 12.0 83 12.0
SB 171 715 Annealed Cu-Ni 70130 62.5 (2.5) 345 50.0 138 20 86 12.5 78 11.3 72 10.5
Annealed 62.5 (2.5) 310 45.0 124 I8 78 11.3 70 10.1 65 9.4
125(5) inclSB402 706 Annealed Cu-Ni 90/10 62.5 (2.5) 276 40.0 103 15 70 10.1 67 9.7 66 9.5Die forgings (hot pressed)
SB 98g
655, 661g
Softh
Cu-Si 358 52 103 15 69 10.0 69 10.0 69 10.0Half hardi
482 70 262 38 121 17.5 121 17.5 121 17.5
SB 98 651j
Soft Cu-Si 276 40 83 12 55 8.0 55 8.0 55 8.0Half hard 379 55 138 20 92 13.3 92 13.3 92 13.3
DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS, PLATES, AND SHELLS
Trang 6TABLE 8-10
Maximum allowable stress,sa, for metal temperature,8C (8F), not exceeding
120 (250) 150 (300) 176 (350) 205 (400) 232 (450) 260 (500) 288 (550) 315 (600) 343 (650) 370 (700)
MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi Spec No
Sheet and plate
Trang 7TABLE 8-10
Specified Specified Maximum allowable stress,sa, for metalminimum minimum temperature8C (8F), not exceedingtensile yield
Size or strength,st strength,sy 38 (100) 65 (150) 93 (200)Alloy Temper Nominal thickness
Specification no designation condition composition UNS no mm (in) MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsiCastings
SB 164 400 Annealed Ni-Cu N04400 All sizes 482 70 172 25 114 16.6 101 14.6 94 13.6
Stress values in restricted shear shall be 0.8 times the values in this table.
d
For weld construction, stress values for this material shall be used.
i
If welded, the allowable stress values for annealed condition shall be used.
DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS, PLATES, AND SHELLS
Trang 8TABLE 8-10
Maximum allowable stress,sa, for metal temperature,8C (8F), not exceeding
do not exceed 90 percent of the yield strength at temperature These stress values are not recommended for the flanges of gasket joints where a slight amount of distortion can cause leakage Sol ann = Solution annealed.
m
These stress values multiplied by a joint efficiency factor of 0.85.
7608C (10008 to 14008F).
Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 1, July 1, 1986.
Source: The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 1, July 1, 1986.
Trang 9TABLE 8-11
Specified Specified Maximum allowable stress,sa, for metal temperature,8C (8F), not exceedingminimum minimum
yield tensile 30 to 38strength,sy strength,st (20 to 100) 93 (200) 150 (300) 205 (400)Nominal Product
Spec no Grade UNS no composition form MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsiSA-240, SA-479 405 S 40500 12 Cr-1 Ald
Plate bar 172 25 414 60 103 15.0 99 14.3 95 13.8 92 13.3SA-240 410 S S 41008 13 Cr Plate 207 30 414 60 103 15.0 99 14.3 95 13.8 92 13.3SA-240 TP 409 S 40900 11 Cr-Ti Plate 207 30 379 55 95 13.8 90 13.1 97 12.7 84 12.2SA-240 18 Cr-2 Mo S 44400 18 Cr-2 Mod
Plate 276 40 414 60 103 15.0 99 14.3 95 13.8 92 13.3SA-240 430 S 43000 17 Crd
Plate 207 30 448 65 112 16.3 107 15.5 103 15.0 99 14.4SA-479 410 S 41000 13 Cr Bar, forge 276 40 483 70 111 16.2 106 15.4 103 14.9 99 14.4SA-182 F6 ACI.1 S 41000 13 Cr Bar, forge 276 40 483 70 111 16.2 106 15.4 103 14.9 99 14.4SA-217 CA 15 J 91150 13 Crd
Cast 448 65 620 90 155 22.5 148 21.5 143 20.7 138 20.0SA-479 430, XM8 S 43000, S 43035 17 Crd;e; 18 Cr-Tid;eBare;g 276 40 483 70 121 17.5 114 16.6 111 16.1 107 15.5SA-412 201 S 20100 17 Cr-4 Ni-6 Mn Plate 310 45 655 95 158 23.0 143 20.8 132 19.1
SA-182 F 304 L S 30403 18 Cr-8 Ni Forgeg
172 25 448 65 108 15.6 106 15.4 98 14.2 94 13.6SA-240, SA-479 304 L S 30403 18 Cr-8 Ni Plateg
, bare;g 172 25 483 70 108 15.7 108 15.7 105 15.3 101 14.7SA-351 CF 3 J 92500 18 Cr-S Ni Castg
207 30 483 70 121 17.5 114 16.6 105 15.3 104 5.1SA-351 CF 8 J 92600 18 Cr-8 Ni Castg;h 207 30 483 70 121 17.5 114 16.6 104 15.1 103 15.0SA-351 CF 8 M J 92900 18 Cr-9 Ni-2 Mo Castg;h 207 30 483 70 121 17.5 121 17.5 118 17.1 116 16.8SA-336 Cl-F 304 H S 30409 18 Cr-8 Ni Forgeg
207 30 483 70 121 17.5 114 16.6 107 15.5 104 15.1SA-240, SA-479 302 S 30200 18 Cr-8 Ni Plate, bare;g 207 30 517 75 130 18.8 123 17.8 114 16.6 112 16.2SA-182 F 304 S 30400 18 Cr-8 Ni Forgee;g 207 30 517 75 130 18.8 123 17.8 114 16.6 112 16.2SA-479 304 H S 30400 18 Cr-8 Ni Barg;e 207 30 517 75 130 18.8 123 17.8 114 16.6 112 6.2SA-240 304 S 30400 18 Cr-8 Ni Plate 207 30 517 75 130 18.8 123 17.8 114 16.6 112 16.2SA-351 CF 3A J 92500 18 Cr-8 Ni Castg
241 35 534 77.5 134 19.4 125 18.2 116 16.9SA-240 304 N S 30451 18 Cr-8 Ni-N Plateg;h 241 35 552 80 138 20.0 138 20.0 131 19.0 126 18.3SA-336 F 304 N S 30451 18 Cr-8 Ni-N Forge 241 35 552 80 138 20.0 138 20.0 131 19.0 126 18.3SA-240 316 L S 31603 16 Cr-12 Ni-2 Plateg
172 25 483 70 108 15.7 108 15.7 108 15.7 107 15.5Mo
SA-182 F 316 L S 31603 16 Cr-12 Ni-2 Forgeg
172 25 448 65 108 15.7 108 15.7 108 15.7 107 15.5Mo
SA-479 316 L S 31603 16 Cr- 1 2 Ni-2 Barg;f 172 25 483 70 108 15.7 108 15.7 108 15.7 107 15.5
MoSA-351 CF 8 M J 92900 16 Cr- 1 2 Ni-2 Cast 207 30 483 70 121 17.5 121 17.5 118 17.1 116 16.8
MoSA-182 F 316 S 31600 16 Cr-12 Ni-2 Forgeg;h;j 207 30 483 70 121 17.5 121 17.5 118 17.1 116 16.8
MoSA-336 CI-F 316 H S 31609 16 Cr-12 Ni-2 Forge 207 30 483 70 121 17.5 111 16.2 100 14.6 92 13.4
MoSA-240 316 Ti S 31635 16 Cr-12 Ni-2 Plateg;h;i 207 30 517 75 130 18.8 130 18.8 127 18.4 125 18.1
MoSA- 1 82 F 316 H S 31609 16 Cr-12 Ni-2 Forgeg
207 30 517 75 130 18.8 130 18.8 127 18.4 125 18.1Mo
SA-479 316 S 31600 16 Cr-12 Ni-2 Bare;g;h 207 30 517 75 130 18.8 130 18.8 127 18.4 125 18.1
MoSA-240 317 L S 31703 18 Cr-13 Ni-3 Plateg
207 30 517 75 130 18.8 112 16.2 98 14.2 92 13.4Mo
SA-240 XM-15 S 38100 18 Cr-18 Ni-2 Si Plateg
207 30 517 75 130 18.8 122 17.7 114 16.6 111 16.1SA-240 316 M S 31651 16 Cr-12 Ni-2 Plateg;h 241 35 552 80 138 20.0 138 20.0 132 19.2 130 18.8
Mo-NSA-479, SA-240 XM-29 S 24000 18 Cr-3 Ni-12 Plate, barf;g 379 55 689 100 172 25.0 169 24.5 156 22.6 149 21.6
MnSA-182, SA-336 F 321 H S 32100 18 Cr-10 Ni-Ti Forgeg;i 207 30 483 70 121 17.5 118 17.1 111 16.1 110 16.0SA-240, SA-479 321 S 32100 18 Cr-10 Ni-Ti Plateg;h, barg;h;e 207 30 517 75 130 18.8 127 18.4 119 17.3 118 17.1SA-182, SA-336 F 347 S 34700 18 Cr-10 Ni-Cb Forgeg;h;i 207 30 483 70 121 17.5 115 16.7 105 15.3 99 14.4SA-351 CFBC J 92710 18 Cr-10 Ni-Cb Castg;h 207 30 483 70 121 17.5 114 16.6 105 15.3 96 13.9SA-240, SA-182 347,348 S 34700 18 Cr-10 Ni-Cb Plategg;h, forgeg;h207 30 517 75 130 18.8 123 17.9 113 16.4 107 15.5SA-479 F 347, F 348 S 34800 18 Cr-10 Ni-Cb Barg;h;e 207 30 517 75 130 18.8 123 17.9 113 16.4 107 15.5SA-351 CG 8 M 19 Cr-11 Ni-Mo Castg
241 35 517 75 121 17.5 121 17.5 118 17.1 116 16.8SA-182, SA-240 F 44 S 31254 20 Cr-18 Ni-6 Forge, plate 303 44 648 94 162 23.5 162 23.5 147 21.4 137 19.9
MoSA-182, SA-240 F 45 S 30815 21 Cr- 1 1 Ni-N Forge, plate, bar 310 45 600 87 150 21.8 149 21.6 141 20.4 135 19.6SA-479 S 30815 21 Cr-11 Ni-N Forge plate, bar 310 45 600 87 150 21.8 149 21.6 141 20.4 135 19.6SA-240, SA-479 S 32550 25.5 Cr-5.5 Ni- Plate, bar 552 80 758 110 190 27.5 189 27.4 177 25.7 170 24.7
3.5 MoSA-351 CH 8 J 93400 25 Cr-12 Ni Castg;h 193 28 448 65 112 16.3 103 14.9 98 14.2 95 13.8SA-351 CH 20 J 93402 25 Cr-12 Ni Casth
207 30 483 70 121 17.5 111 16.1 105 15.3 102 14.8SA-240 309 S,
309Cb
S 30908,
S 30940
23 Cr-12 Ni Plateg;h;j 207 30 517 75 130 18.8 118 17.2 113 16.4 110 15.9SA-240, SA-182 310 Cb S 31040, 25 Cr-20 Ni Plateg;k;h;j, 207 30 517 75 130 18.8 118 17.2 113 16.4 110 15.9
forgeg;k;hCI-F310 S 31000
SA-479 310 S S 310 S 25 Cr-20 Ni Barg;k;h;e 207 30 517 75 130 18.8 118 17.2 113 16.4 109 15.8SA-240 TP 329 S 32900 26 Cr-4 Ni-Mo Plated
483 70 620 90 155 22.5 151 21.9 141 20.5 136 19.8SA-182, SA-336 FXM-27 Cb S 44625 27 Cr-Mo Forged 241 35 414 60 103 15.0 103 15.0 101 14.6 98 14.2SA-240, SA-479 XM-27 S 44627 27 Cr-Mo Plated
, bar, 276 40 448 65 112 16.2 112 16.2 110 15.9 110 15.9shaped;e
SA-240 XM-33 S 44626 27 Cr-Mo-Ti Plated
310 45 469 68 117 17.0 117 17.0 116 16.8 114 16.6SA-240, SA-479 844800 29 Cr-4 Mo-2 Ni Plated
, bard;e 414 60 552 50 138 20.0 134 19.4 126 18.3 125 18.1SA-564 630 H 1100 S 17400 17Cr-4 Ni-4 Cu Bard;l 793 115 965 140 241 35.0 241 35.0 241 35.0 235 34.1SA-182, SA-336,
Trang 10TABLE 8-11
Maximum allowable stress,sa, for metal temperature,8C (8F), not exceeding
260 (500) 315 (600) 370 (700) 427 (800) 482 (900) 538 (1000) 593 (1100) 650 (1200) 704 (1300) 760 (1400) 815 (1500)MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi Spec no
Trang 11TABLE 8-11
Specified Specified Maximum allowable stress,sa
minimum minimumyield tensile 30 to 38strength,sy strength,st (20 to 100) 93 (200) 150 (300) 205 (400)Nominal Product
Spec no Grade UNS no composition form MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsiSA-351 CG 6 MM J 93790 22 Cr-13 Ni-5 Mn Cast 241 35 517 75 130 18.8 116 16.9 103 14.9 94 13.6SA-240, SA-412, XM-19 S 20910 22 Cr-13 NI-5 Mn Plate, bar, forgef
379 55 689 100 172 25.0 172 24.9 163 23.6 156 22.7SA-479, SA-182
b
Stress values in restricted shear shall be 0.8 times the values in this table.
e
Use of external pressure charts for material in the form of barstock is permitted for stiffening rings only.
DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS, PLATES, AND SHELLS
Trang 12TABLE 8-11
For metal temperature,8C (8F), not exceeding
260 (500) 315 (600) 370 (700) 427 (800) 482 (900) 538 (1000) 593 (1100) 650 (1200) 704 (1300) 760 (1400) 815 (1500)MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi MPa kpsi Spec no
90 13.0 87 12.6 85 12.3 83 12.0 81 11.8 79 11.4 SA-351
154 22.3 151 21.9 149 21.6 146 21.2 142 20.6 137 19.9 131 19.0 57 8.3 SA-240,
SA-479,SA-182
but do not exceed 90 percent of the yield strength at temperature These stress values are not recommended for the flanges of gasket joints where a slight amount of distortion can cause leakage.
l
These stress values are established from a consideration of strength only and shall be satisfactory for average service.
Source: The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 1, July 1, 1986.
Trang 16TABLE 8-15
outside nuts, but no washers
having heads formed before installing and not riveted over; these heads have a true bearing on the plate
the thickness n
TABLE 8-16
Minimum of specified range of tensile strength of flange material at room temperature Maximum
Trang 17FIGURE 8-16(a) Maximum diameter of nonreinforced openings (Source: IS 2825, 1969.)
DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS, PLATES, AND SHELLS
Trang 18FIGURE 8-16(b) Maximum diameter of nonreinforced openings (Source: IS 2825, 1969.)
Trang 20FIGURE 8-17 Nomenclature and formulas for reinforced openings (This figure illustrates a common-nozzles configuration and is not intended to prohibit other configurations permitted by the code.) (American Society of Mechanical Engineers, ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section VIII, Division 1, July 1, 1986.)
Trang 21holes, when the pitch of the tube holes on every row
is equal
holes, when the pitch of tube holes on any one row
is unequal (Fig 8-18)
due to weight is negligible and the tube holes are
arranged along a diagonal line with respect to the
longitudinal axis or to a regular sawtooth pattern as
shown in Fig 8-19a to d
(longitudinal, circumferential, and diagonal) in the
case of regular staggered spacing of tube holes
For minimum number of pipe threads for connections
as per ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
where p ¼ longitudinal pitch of tube holes, m (in)
d ¼ diameter of tube holes, m (in)
ð8-103Þ
Trang 22BOLTED FLANGE CONNECTIONS
Bolt loads
The required bolt load under operating conditions
sufficient to contain the hydrostatic end force and
simultaneously to maintain adequate compression
on the gasket to ensure seating
For additional gasket criteria
Refer to Tables 8-20 and 8-21.
FIGURE 8-19(d)
TABLE 8-19
Minimum number of threads for connections
Trang 25TABLE 8-21
Effective gasket width
2
N 2
N
4
3N 8
Where serrations do not exceed 0.4 mm depth and 0.8 mm width spacing, sketches 1b and 1d shall be used.
DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSELS, PLATES, AND SHELLS
Trang 26The required initial bolt load to seat the gasket
joint-contact surface properly at atmospheric temperature
condition without internal pressure
Total required cross-sectional area of bolts at the root
of thread
Total cross-sectional area of bolt at root of thread or
section of least diameter under stress required for the
operating condition
Total cross-sectional area of bolt at root of thread or
section of least diameter under stress required for
2
2
C G 2
2
C G 2
C G 2
TABLE 8-23
Stress
screwed through plates with ends riveted over
screwed through plates with ends riveted over
(c) Unwelded stays and unwelded portions of welded stays,
except as specified in (a) and (b)
Source: ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code.
Trang 27The actual cross-sectional area of bolts using the root
diameter of thread or least diameter of unthreaded
portion (if less), to prevent damage to the gasket
during bolting up
Flange design bolt load W
The bolt load in the design of flange for operating
condition
The bolt load in the design of flange for gasket seating
Flange moments
operat-ing condition
is based on the flange design bolt load of Eq (8-113)
Flange stresses
The stress in the flange shall be determined for
both the gasket seating condition and the operating
Trang 28INTEGRAL-TYPE FLANGES AND
LOOSE-TYPE FLANGES WITH A HUB
There are three types of stress:
Longitudinal hub stress
Radial flange stress
Tangential stress
For flange factors values
LOOSE-TYPE FLANGES WITHOUT HUB
AND LOOSE-TYPE FLANGES WITH HUB
WHICH THE DESIGNER CHOOSES TO
CALCULATE
(a) Stresses without considering the hub
(1) Tangential stress
(2) The radial and longitudinal stress
(b) Allowable flange design stresses:
The flange stresses calculated by Eqs (8-117) to
(8-121) shall not exceed the values of stresses
given by Eqs (8-122) to (8-126).
(1) The longitudinal hub stress
(i) The longitudinal hub stress for
optional-type flanges designed as integral and also
integral type where the neck material
constitutes the hub of the flange
(ii) The longitudinal hub stress for
integral-type flanges with hub welded to the
neck, pipe, or vessel wall
(2) The radial stress
(3) The tangential stress