Figure F.20 Potential-pH equilibrium diagram for the zinc-water systemat 60°C.
Trang 1-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
pH
b
Cu2+
Cu(OH) 2
CuO2
2-Cu 2 O a
Cu
100
10-2
10-4
10-6
Figure F.6 Potential-pH equilibrium diagram for the copper-water system
at 60°C considering the hydrated oxide forms
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0 0.5
1 1.5
2
pH
b
Cu2+
100
10-2
10-4
10 -6
CuO
Cu 2 O a
Cu
CuO2
2-Figure F.7 Potential-pH equilibrium diagram for the copper-water system
at 25°C considering the dry oxide forms
Trang 2-1.5
-1
-0.5
0 0.5
1 1.5
2
pH
b
Cu2+
CuO
CuO2
2-Cu 2 O a
Cu
100
10-2
10-4
10-6
Figure F.8 Potential-pH equilibrium diagram for the copper-water system
at 60°C considering the dry oxide forms
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
pH
b
Fe2+
Fe3+
HFeO 2
-a
10 0
10-2
10-4
10-6
Fe(OH) 2
Fe(OH) 3
HFeO2
-Fe
Figure F.9 Potential-pH equilibrium diagram for the iron-water system at
25°C considering the hydrated oxide forms
Trang 3-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
pH
b
Fe2+
Fe3+
a
100
10 -2
10-4
10 -6
Fe(OH) 2
Fe(OH) 3
HFeO2
-Fe
Figure F.10 Potential-pH equilibrium diagram for the iron-water system
at 60°C considering the hydrated oxide forms
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
pH
b
Fe2+
Fe3+
a
100
10 -2
10-4
10-6
Fe
HFeO2
-Fe 3 O 4
Fe 2 O 3
Figure F.11 Potential-pH equilibrium diagram for the iron-water system at 25°C considering the dry oxide forms
Trang 4-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
pH
Fe2
Fe3+
a
100
10 -2
10-4
10 -6
Fe
HFeO2
-Fe 3 O 4
Fe 2 O 3
b
Figure F.12 Potential-pH equilibrium diagram for the iron-water system
at 60°C considering the dry oxide forms
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0 0.5
1 1.5
2
pH
Mn2+
10 0
10-2
10-4
10 -6
MnO4
-Mn
MnO
a
HMnO2
-Mn 3 O 4
b
MnO 2
Mn 2 O 3
Figure F.13 Potential-pH equilibrium diagram for the manganese-water
system at 25°C
Trang 5-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
pH
Ni2+
10 0
10-2
10-4
10 -6
Ni
Ni(OH) 2
a
HNiO2
-b
NiO 2
Ni 2 O 3
Ni 3 O 4
Figure F.15 Potential-pH equilibrium diagram for the nickel-water sys-tem at 25°C considering the hydrated oxide forms
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
pH
Mn2+
100
10 -2
10 -4
10-6
MnO4
-Mn MnO
a
HMnO2
-Mn 3 O 4
b
MnO 2
Mn 2 O 3
Figure F.14 Potential-pH equilibrium diagram for the manganese-water system at 60°C
Trang 6-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
pH
Ni2+ 100
10 -2
10 -4
10-6
Ni
Ni(OH) 2
a
HNiO2
-b
NiO 2
Ni 2 O 3
Ni 3 O 4
Figure F.16 Potential-pH equilibrium diagram for the nickel-water
sys-tem at 60°C considering the hydrated oxide forms
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
pH
Ni2+
10 0
10 -2
10-4
10 -6
Ni
NiO
a
HNiO2
-b
NiO 2
Ni 2 O 3
Ni 3 O 4
Figure F.17 Potential-pH equilibrium diagram for the nickel-water system
at 25°C considering the dry oxide forms
Trang 7-1.5
-1
-0.5
0 0.5
1 1.5
2
pH
Zn2+
Zn
100
10 -2
10-4
10 -6
a b
Zn(OH) 2
ZnO 2
ZnO2
2-Figure F.19 Potential-pH equilibrium diagram for the zinc-water system
at 25°C
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0 0.5
1 1.5
2
pH
Ni2+
10 0
10-2
10-4
10 -6
Ni
NiO
a
HNiO2
-b
NiO 2
Ni 2 O 3
Ni 3 O 4
Figure F.18 Potential-pH equilibrium diagram for the nickel-water system
at 60°C considering the dry oxide forms
Trang 8Figure F.20 Potential-pH equilibrium diagram for the zinc-water system
at 60°C
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
pH
Zn2+
Zn
10 0
10-2
10-4
10-6 a
b
ZnO 2
ZnO2
2-Zn(OH)2
Trang 9Densities and Melting Points
of Metals
G
TABLE G.1 Density of Metals in Decreasing Order of Density
High gcm3 Medium gcm3 Low gcm3
Platinum 21.45 Copper 8.96 Germanium 5.32
Tungsten 19.30 Cadmium 8.65 Titanium 4.50
Mercury 13.55 Manganese 7.44 Aluminum 2.70
Ruthenium 12.20 Chromium 7.14 Silicon 2.32
Thallium 11.85 Neodymium 7.00 Magnesium 1.74
Silver 10.49 Antimony 6.68 Potassium 0.86
Molybdenum 10.20 Zirconium 6.50 Lithium 0.53
Tellurium 6.24 Lanthanum 6.19 Vanadium 6.11
Trang 10gcm3 gcm3 gcm3 Aluminum 2.7 Lanthanum 6.19 Strontium 2.6 Antimony 6.68 Lead 11.34 Tantalum 16.6 Arsenic 5.73 Lithium 0.53 Tellurium 6.24 Barium 3.5 Magnesium 1.74 Thallium 11.85 Beryllium 1.84 Manganese 7.44 Thorium 11.7
Boron 2.34 Molybdenum 10.2 Titanium 4.5 Cadmium 8.65 Neodymium 7 Tungsten 19.3 Calcium 1.55 Nickel 8.9 Uranium 19.05 Cerium 6.78 Niobium 8.57 Vanadium 6.11 Chromium 7.14 Osmium 22.48 Yttrium 4.34 Cobalt 8.92 Palladium 12.02 Zinc 7.14 Copper 8.96 Platinum 21.45 Zirconium 6.5 Erbium 9.16 Potassium 0.86
Europium 5.24 Rhenium 21.02
Gallium 5.97 Rhodium 12.44
Germanium 5.32 Ruthenium 12.2
Hafnium 13.09 Selenium 4.81
Iridium 22.42 Silver 10.49
Trang 11TABLE G.3 Melting Points of Metals in Decreasing Order of Temperature
Tungsten 3410 Rhodium 1966 Neodymium 1024
Rhenium 3180 Chromium 1930 Silver 961
Tantalum 2996 Zirconium 1857 Germanium 947
Osmium 2700 Thorium 1845 Lanthanum 920
Molybdenum 2610 Platinum 1773 Barium 850
Iridium 2454 Titanium 1725 Calcium 848
Ruthenium 2450 Vanadium 1710 Cerium 815
Niobium 2468 Palladium 1549 Arsenic 814
Boron 2300 Iron 1535 Strontium 774
Hafnium 2230 Cobalt 1495 Aluminum 660
Yttrium 1490 Magnesium 651 Nickel 1455 Antimony 630 Erbium 1450 Tellurium 452 Beryllium 1278 Zinc 419 Manganese 1220 Lead 327 Europium 1150 Cadmium 321 Uranium 1133 Thallium 302 Copper 1083 Bismuth 271
Gold 1063 Selenium 217 Silicon 1410 Lithium 179
Indium 156
Potassium 62 Gallium 30 Mercury 38.8
Trang 12(°C) (°C) (°C) Aluminum 660 Iridium 2454 Selenium 217 Antimony 630 Iron 1535 Silicon 1410 Arsenic 814 Lanthanum 920 Silver 961
Beryllium 1278 Lithium 179 Strontium 774 Bismuth 271 Magnesium 651 Tantalum 2996 Boron 2300 Manganese 1220 Tellurium 452 Cadmium 321 Mercury 38.8 Thallium 302 Calcium 848 Molybdenum 2610 Thorium 1845
Chromium 1930 Nickel 1455 Titanium 1725 Cobalt 1495 Niobium 2468 Tungsten 3410 Copper 1083 Osmium 2700 Uranium 1133 Erbium 1450 Palladium 1549 Vanadium 1710 Europium 1150 Platinum 1773 Yttrium 1490
Germanium 947 Rhenium 3180 Zirconium 1857
Hafnium 2230 Ruthenium 2450
Indium 156 Samarium 1072