beginning ios application development with html and javascript

INTRODUCTION xxiii PART I: GETTING STARTED CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCING IOS DEVELOPMENT USING WEB TECHNOLOGIES 3 Discovering the Safari on iOS Platform 3 Key Safari Features for Web Developer

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BEGINNING

IOS APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT

WITH HTML AND JAVASCRIPT®

INTRODUCTION xxiii

PART I GETTING STARTED CHAPTER 1 Introducing iOS Development Using Web Technologies 3

CHAPTER 2 Working with Core Technologies 15

CHAPTER 3 The Document Object Model 47

CHAPTER 4 Writing Your First Hello World Application 65

CHAPTER 5 Enabling and Optimizing Web Sites for the iPhone and iPad 79

PART II APPLICATION DESIGN CHAPTER 6 Designing the iPhone UI 99

CHAPTER 7 Designing for iPad 117

CHAPTER 8 Styling with CSS 135

PART III APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT CHAPTER 9 Programming the Interface 153

CHAPTER 10 Handling Touch Interactions and Events 189

CHAPTER 11 Special Eff ects and Animation 207

CHAPTER 12 Integrating with iOS Services 223

CHAPTER 13 Packaging Apps as Bookmarks: Bookmarklets and Data URLs 235

PART IV ADVANCED PROGRAMMING TECHNIQUES CHAPTER 14 Programming the Canvas 251

CHAPTER 15 Offl ine Applications 269

CHAPTER 16 Building with Web App Frameworks 287

CHAPTER 17 Bandwidth and Performance Optimizations 303

CHAPTER 18 Debug and Deploy 317









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CHAPTER 19 Preparing for Native iOS Development 333

CHAPTER 20 PhoneGap: Native Apps from Your HTML, CSS, and JavaScript 345

CHAPTER 21 Submitting Your App to the App Store 363

APPENDIX Exercise Answers 375

INDEX 381

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BEGINNING

iOS Application Development with HTML and JavaScript ®

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John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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To KimmyWags and the J-Team

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ABOUT THE AUTHOR

RICHARD WAGNER is Lead Product Architect of Mobile/Web at Maark, LLC Previously, he was the head of engineering for the Web scripting company Nombas and VP of Product Development for NetObjects, where he was the chief architect of a CNET award-winning JavaScript tool named NetObjects ScriptBuilder He is an experienced web designer and developer and the author of several Web-related books on the underlying technologies of the iOS application platform

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Mary Beth Wakefi eld

FREEL ANCER EDITORIAL MANAGER

THE IPHONE AND IPAD HAVE EMERGED as my favorite pieces of technology I have ever owned As such, the topic of iOS application development has been a joy to write about However, the book was also a joy because of the stellar team I had working with me on this book First and foremost, I’d like to thank Kelly Talbot for his masterful role as project editor He kept the project on track and running smoothly from start to fi nish I’d also like to thank Michael Gilbert for his insights and ever-watchful eye that ensured technical accuracy in this book Further, thanks also to Charlotte Kughen for her editing prowess

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INTRODUCTION xxiii

PART I: GETTING STARTED

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCING IOS DEVELOPMENT USING WEB

TECHNOLOGIES 3

Discovering the Safari on iOS Platform 3 Key Safari Features for Web Developers 6 Four Ways to Develop Web Apps for iOS 7

Setting Up Your Development Environment on a Local Network 11

Exploring HTML 5 Media Elements 15

Variables 20Operators 26

Comments 33Functions 35

Accessing the DOM from JavaScript 51

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CHAPTER 5: ENABLING AND OPTIMIZING WEB SITES

Tier 2: Navigation-Friendly Websites 82

PART II: APPLICATION DESIGN

Exploring iOS Design Patterns 102

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Best Practices in iOS UI Design 111

CSS Selectors Supported in Safari 135

Controlling Text Sizing with -webkit-text-size-adjust 138

Creating CSS-based iOS Buttons 147 Identifying Incompatibilities 148 PART III: APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT

Displaying a Panel with an Internal URL 160 Creating a Secondary Navigation List 162 Designing for Long Navigation Lists 163

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CHAPTER 10: HANDLING TOUCH INTERACTIONS AND EVENTS 189

Detecting an Orientation Change 196

Changing a Style Sheet When Orientation Changes 198

Changing Element Positioning Based on Orientation Change 203 Trapping for Key Events with the On-Screen Keyboard 204

CHAPTER 11: SPECIAL EFFECTS AND ANIMATION 207

Creating Transform Eff ects 217

CHAPTER 12: INTEGRATING WITH IOS SERVICES 223

Making Phone Calls from Your App 224

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CHAPTER 13: PACKAGING APPS AS BOOKMARKS:

Storing an Application in a Data URL 239

PART IV: ADVANCED PROGRAMMING TECHNIQUES

Adding Color and Transparency 264

HTML 5 Offl ine Application Cache 269

Going SQL with the JavaScript Database 283

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CHAPTER 16: BUILDING WITH WEB APP FRAMEWORKS 287

Compressing Your Application 306

JavaScript Performance Optimizations 308

Dot Notation and Property Lookups 311

Simulating the iPhone or iPad on Your Development Computer 318

Working with Desktop Safari Debugging Tools 322

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PART V: NEXT STEPS: DEVELOPING NATIVE IOS APPLICATIONS

WITH HTML AND JAVASCRIPTCHAPTER 19: PREPARING FOR NATIVE IOS DEVELOPMENT 333

Joining the iOS Developer Program 334 Getting an iOS Developer Certifi cate 335 Retrieving the Developer Certifi cate 337 Adding a Device for Testing 337

Creating a Provisioning Profi le 340 Installing the Development Provisioning Profi le 341

CHAPTER 20: PHONEGAP: NATIVE APPS FROM

Creating a New PhoneGap Project in Xcode 346

Adding Web Files to the Xcode Project 348

CHAPTER 21: SUBMITTING YOUR APP TO THE APP STORE 363

Step 1: Getting a Distribution Certifi cate 364 Step 2: Creating a Distribution Provisioning Profi le 365 Step 3: Building a Distribution Release of Your App 368 Step 4: Submitting Your App to the App Store 369

INDEX 381

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THE AMAZING SUCCESS OF THE IPHONE and iPad over the past four years has proven that application developers are now smack deep in a brave new world of sophisticated, multifunctional mobile applications No longer do applications and various media need to live in separate silos

Instead, mobile web-based applications can bring together elements of web apps, native apps, multimedia video and audio, and the mobile device

This book covers the various aspects of developing web-based applications for iOS Specifi cally, you will discover how to create a mobile application from the ground up, utilize existing open source frameworks

to speed up your development times, emulate the look and feel of built-in Apple applications, capture

fi nger touch interactions, and optimize applications for Wi-Fi and wireless networks

WHO THIS BOOK IS FOR

This book is aimed primarily for beginning and intermediate web developers who want to build new applications for iOS or migrate existing web apps to this platform In general, readers will fi nd it helpful to have a working knowledge of the following technologies:

HTML/XHTMLCSS

JavaScriptAjaxHowever, if you are a less experienced working with these technologies, be sure to take advantage of the early chapters at the start of the book

WHAT THIS BOOK COVERS

This book introduces readers to the web application platform for iOS It guides readers through the process of building new applications from scratch and migrating existing web applications to this new mobile platform As it does so, it helps readers design a user interface that is optimized for iOS touch-screen displays and integrate their applications with iPhone services, including Phone, Mail, Google Maps, and GPS

HOW THIS BOOK IS STRUCTURED

The chapter-level breakdown is as follows:

1. Introducing iOS Development Using Web Technologies Explores the Safari development

platform and walks you through different ways you can develop apps for iOS

2. Working with Core Technologies Provides an overview of some of the key technologies

you’ll be working with as you develop iOS web apps

3. The Document Object Model Explores how you can work with an HTML page as a tree in

order to navigate and control various parts in your app

4. Writing Your First Hello World Application Guides you through the steps needed to create

your fi rst iOS app

5. Enabling and Optimizing Web Sites for iPhone and iPad Covers how to make an existing

website compatible with mobile versions of Safari and then how to optimize the site for use

as a full-fl edged web application

6. Designing the iPhone UI Gives an overview of the key design concepts and principles you

need to use when developing a highly usable interface for Safari on iPhone and iPod touch devices

7. Designing for iPad Looks at how to design UI’s for the iPad and how they differ from

iPhone designs

8. Styling with CSS Discusses specifi c Safari-specifi c styles that are useful for developing web

apps for iOS

9. Programming the Interface Provides a code-level look at developing an iPhone and iPad web

application interface

10. Handling Touch Interactions and Events The heart of an iOS device is its touch screen

interface This chapter explores how to handle touch interactions and capture JavaScript events

11. Special Effects and Animation The Safari canvas provides an ideal environment for

advanced graphic techniques, including gradients and masks

12. Integrating with iOS Services Discusses how a web application can integrate with core

services, including Phone, Mail, Google Maps, and GPS

13. Packaging Apps as Bookmarks: Bookmarklets and Data URLs This chapter explains how

you can use two little used web technologies to support limited offl ine support

14. Programming the Canvas The mobile version of Safari provides full support for canvas

drawing and painting, opening up opportunities for developers This chapter dives into these advanced techniques

15. Offl ine Applications Covers how you can use HTML 5 offl ine cache to create local web

apps that don’t need a live server connection

16. Building with Web App Frameworks Highlights the major open source iPhone web app

frameworks and shows you how to be productive quickly with each of them

17. Bandwidth and Performance Optimizations Deals with the all-important issue of

performance of web-based applications and what techniques developers can do to minimize constraints and maximize bandwidth and app execution performance

18. Debug and Deploy Discusses various methods of debugging Safari web applications

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19. Preparing for Native iOS Development Walks you through all of the steps needed to join the

Apple Developer Program and obtaining necessary credentials for publishing to the App Store

20. PhoneGap: Native Apps from Your HTML, CSS, and JavaScript How do you know when you

need to move your web app to a native iPhone? This chapters explores migration strategies and shows you how you can take your Web app and wrap it inside of a native iOS shell

21. Submitting Your App to the App Store This fi nal chapter wraps up the discussion by

showing you how to take your app and submit it to the App Store for public distribution

WHAT YOU NEED TO USE THIS BOOK

In order to work with the examples of the book, you will need:

iPhone, iPad, or iPod touchSafari for Mac or Windows The complete source code for the examples is available for download from our website at

www.wrox.com

CONVENTIONS

To help you get the most from the text and keep track of what’s happening, we’ve used a number of

conventions throughout the book

TRY IT OUT

The Try It Out is an exercise you should work through, following the text in the book.

1. They usually consist of a set of steps

2. Each step has a number

3. Follow the steps through with your copy of the database

As for styles in the text:

We highlight new terms and important words when we introduce them.

We show keyboard strokes like this: Ctrl+A

We show fi le names, URLs, and code within the text like so: persistence.properties

We present code in two different ways:

We use a monofont type with no highlighting for most code examples.

We use bold to emphasize code that is particularly important in the present

context or to show changes from a previous code snippet.

SOURCE CODE

As you work through the examples in this book, you may choose either to type in all the code

manually, or to use the source code fi les that accompany the book All the source code used in this

book is available for download at http://www.wrox.com When at the site, simply locate the book’s

title (use the Search box or one of the title lists) and click the Download Code link on the book’s

detail page to obtain all the source code for the book Code that is included on the website is

highlighted by the following icon:

Listings include the fi lename in the title If it is just a code snippet, you’ll fi nd the fi lename in a code

note such as this:

Code snippet fi lename

➤

➤

➤

➤

NOTE Because many books have similar titles, you may fi nd it easiest to search

by ISBN; this book’s ISBN is 978-1-118-15900-2

Once you download the code, just decompress it with your favorite compression tool Alternately,

you can go to the main Wrox code download page at http://www.wrox.com/dynamic/books

/download.aspx to see the code available for this book and all other Wrox books

ERRATA

The editors and I worked hard to ensure that the contents of this book are accurate and that there

are no errors either in the text or in the code examples However, in cases future iOS releases impact

what’s been said here, I recommend making a visit to www.wrox.com and checking out the book’s

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Errata link You will be taken to a page which lists all errata that has been submitted for the book

and posted by Wrox editors

If you discover an issue that is not found on the Errata page, I would be grateful for you to let us know about it To do so, go to www.wrox.com/contact/techsupport.shtml and provide this information

in the online form The Wrox team will double check your information and, as appropriate, post it on

the Errata page as well as correct the problem in future versions of the book

P2P.WROX.COM

For author and peer discussion, join the P2P forums at p2p.wrox.com The forums are a web-based

system for you to post messages relating to Wrox books and related technologies and interact with

other readers and technology users The forums offer a subscription feature to e-mail you topics

of interest of your choosing when new posts are made to the forums Wrox authors, editors, other

industry experts, and your fellow readers are present on these forums

At http://p2p.wrox.com, you will fi nd a number of different forums that will help you, not only as you read this book, but also as you develop your own applications To join the forums, just follow

these steps:

1. Go to p2p.wrox.com and click the Register link

2. Read the terms of use and click Agree

3. Complete the required information to join, as well as any optional information you wish to provide, and click Submit

4. You will receive an e-mail with information describing how to verify your account and complete the joining process

NOTE You can read messages in the forums without joining P2P, but in order to post your own messages, you must join

Once you join, you can post new messages and respond to messages other users post You can

read messages at any time on the Web If you would like to have new messages from a particular

forum e-mailed to you, click the Subscribe to this Forum icon by the forum name in the forum

listing

For more information about how to use the Wrox P2P, be sure to read the P2P FAQs for answers to

questions about how the forum software works, as well as many common questions specifi c to P2P

and Wrox books To read the FAQs, click the FAQ link on any P2P page

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BEGINNING iOS Application Development with HTML and JavaScript ®

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PART I

Getting Started

CHAPTER 1: Introducing iOS Development Using Web Technologies

CHAPTER 2: Working with Core Technologies

CHAPTER 3: The Document Object Model

CHAPTER 4: Writing Your First Hello World Application

CHAPTER 5: Enabling and Optimizing Web Sites for the

iPhone and iPad

Introducing iOS Development

Using Web Technologies

WHAT YOU WILL LEARN IN THIS CHAPTER:

Using Safari on iOS as a development environment Developing touch-oriented apps

Setting up your development environment The introduction of the iPhone, and the subsequent unveilings of the iPod touch and iPad, revolutionized the way people interacted with hand-held devices No longer did users have

to use a keypad for screen navigation or browse the Web through “dumbed down” pages

These mobile devices brought touch screen input, a revolutionary interface design, and a fully functional web browser right into the palms of people’s hands

Seeing the platform’s potential, the developer community jumped on board Although native applications may receive most of the attention, you can still create apps for iOS devices without writing a single line of Objective-C In fact, the Safari on iOS browser provides

a compelling application development platform for web developers who want to create custom apps for iOS using familiar web technologies

DISCOVERING THE SAFARI ON IOS PLATFORM

An iOS web application runs inside the built-in Safari browser that is based on web standards, including the following:

HTML/XHTML (HTML 4.01 and XHTML 1.9, XHTML mobile profi le document types)

JavaScript (ECMAScript 3 (ECMA 262), JavaScript 1.4)AJAX (for example, XMLHTTPRequest)

SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) 1.1HTML5 media tags

Ancillary technologies (video and audio media, PDF, and so on)Safari on iOS (which I refer to throughout the book

interchangeably as Safari or Safari on iOS) becomes

the platform upon which you develop applications and

becomes the shell in which your apps must operate

(see Figure 1-1)

Safari is built with the same open source WebKit browser

engine as Safari for OS X and Safari for Windows However,

although the Safari family of browsers is built on a common

framework, you’ll fi nd it helpful to think of Safari on iOS as

a close sibling to its Mac and Windows counterparts rather

than as an identical twin to either of them Safari on iOS, for

example, does not provide the full extent of CSS or JavaScript

functionality that its desktop counterpart does

In addition, Safari on iOS provides only a limited number of

settings that users can confi gure As Figure 1-2 shows, users

can turn off and on support for JavaScript, plug-ins, and a

pop-up blocker Users can also choose whether they want to

always accept cookies, accept cookies only from sites they

visit, or never accept cookies A user can also manually clear

the history, cookies, and cache from this screen

Quite obviously, native apps and Web apps are not identical to

each other — both from developer and end-user standpoints

From a developer standpoint, the major difference is the

programming language — utilizing Web technologies rather

than Objective-C However, there are also key end-user

implications, including the following:

Performance: The performance of a Safari-based

web application is not going to be as responsive as a native compiled application, both because of the interpretive nature of the programming languages

as well as the fact that the application operates over Wi-Fi and 3G networks (Remember, some iPad models and all models of the iPod touch support Wi-Fi access only.) However, in spite of the technological constraints, you can perform many optimizations to achieve

Table 1-1 shows the bandwidth performance of Wi-Fi, 3G, and the older EDGE networks.

Launching: Native applications are all launched from the main Home screen of the iOS

device (see Figure 1-3) In the original iPhone OS release, Apple provided no way for web apps to be launched from here, which meant that web apps to be accessed from the Safari Bookmarks list Fortunately, the most recent iOS enables users to add “Web Clip” icons for their web app (such as the Color Mail web app shown in Figure 1-4) so that they can appear on the Home screen, too

➤

TABLE 1-1: Network Performance

FIGURE 1-3 FIGURE 1-4

User interface (UI): Native iOS applications often adhere to Apple UI design guidelines

When you design a web app, you should never feel compelled to try to perfectly re-create

➤

Discovering the Safari on iOS Platform ❘ 5

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KEY SAFARI FEATURES FOR WEB DEVELOPERS

There are several capabilities available to web app developers with the recent releases of iOS These

are highlighted in the following list

Geolocation: Safari on iOS supports HTML5 geolocation capabilities, which enables

JavaScript to interact with the iPhone or iPad’s GPS service to retrieve the current location

of the device (see Figures 1-8 and 1-9) As a result, you can create apps that can broadcast the location of a GPS-enabled iOS device

➤

FIGURE 1-5 FIGURE 1-6 FIGURE 1-7

a native-looking UI At the same time, you should create a UI that is ideally suited for a mobile, touch device Fortunately, using open source frameworks and standard web technologies, you can do so using a combination of HTML, CSS, and JavaScript

Figures 1-5 and 1-6 compare the UI design of a native application and a Safari-based web app

What’s more, recent upgrades to the iOS now enable you to hide all Safari browser UI elements

through meta tags, so you can essentially emulate the look and feel of a native app

(See Figure 1-7.)

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Google, for example, uses this capability with its Web-based Latitude service for sharing your location with your friends

HTML5 Media Tags: Safari on iOS supports HTML5 video and audio elements for embedding video and audio content in Web pages These new elements eliminate the need for complicated embed and object tags for embedding multimedia elements and enable you to utilize a powerful JavaScript API What’s more, because iOS devices don’t support Flash, you can use the video tag to embed QuickTime .mov fi les Because Safari is the fi rst major browser to provide full support for HTML5 media tags, you have to be careful in their usage on standard websites because other browsers may not support it yet However, because you are creating an app specifi cally for iOS, you can make full use of these tags

CSS animation and effects: The new release of Safari supports CSS animation, which

enables you to manipulate elements in various ways, such as scaling, rotating, fading, and

skewing Safari on iOS also supports CSS effects, which enable you to create gradients,

masks, and refl ections entirely through CSS

SVG: SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) is an XML-based format for creating static and

animated vector graphics With SVG support, Safari on iOS not only provides a way to work with scalable graphics, but actually provides a technology that could replace the need for Flash to create animated media

FOUR WAYS TO DEVELOP WEB APPS FOR IOS

A web application that you can run in any browser and an iOS web application are certainly made using the same common ingredients — HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and AJAX — but they are not identical In fact, there are four approaches to consider when developing for iOS devices:

Level 1 — Fully compatible website or application: The ground level approach is to develop

a website or app that is “iOS friendly” and is fully compatible with the Apple mobile devices

(see Figure 1-10) These sites avoid using technologies that the Apple mobile devices do not support, including Flash, Java, and other plug-ins The basic structure of the presentation layer also maximizes use

of blocks and columns to make it easy for users to navigate and zoom within the site This basic approach does not do anything specifi c for iOS users, but makes sure that there are no barriers to a satisfactory browsing experience

Level 2 — Website or application optimized for Safari

on iOS: The second level of support for iOS is to not

only provide a basic level of experience for the user

of Safari on iOS but also to provide an optimized user experience for users who use Safari browsers, such as utilizing some of the enhanced WebKit CSS properties supported by Safari

Level 3 — Dedicated mobile website or application:

A third level of support is to provide a website or app tailored to the viewport dimensions of iPhone and/or iPad and provide a strong web browsing experience for all mobile device users (see Figures 1-11 and 1-12) However, although these sites are tailored for mobile viewing, they are not designed to take full advantage of iOS capabilities And, in many cases, these are often stripped-down versions of a more complete website or application