environmental engineering dictionary and directory phần 4 pptx

ExpressClean™ Reverse osmosis cleaning service by Coster Engineering.Expressor Belt filter press by Baker Process.. Ferrosand® Granular filter media used for removal of iron and manganes

ExpressClean™ Reverse osmosis cleaning service by Coster Engineering.

Expressor Belt filter press by Baker Process

extended aeration process A variation of the activated sludge process with anincreased detention time to allow endogenous respiration to occur

Extendor Detention tank for polymer mixing systems by Semblex, Inc

extraction steam Steam removed from a turbine at a pressure higher than thelowest pressure achieved in the turbine

Extractor® Horizontal belt press by Baker Process

Extractoveyor Composted sludge conveyor system by Fairfield Service Co

Extreme Duty™ Mechanical digester sludge mixer by WesTech Engineering Inc

extremely hazardous substances Any of 406 chemicals identified by the EPA astoxic, and listed under SARA Title III The list is subject to periodic revision

Exxflow™ Crossflow microfiltration system by WesTech Engineering Inc

E-Z™ Batch type centrifuge by Western States Machine Co

E-Z Tray® Air stripper by QED Environmental Systems, Inc

EZ-BOD™ Sludge stability indicator by Bioscience, Inc

Enviro-F/M See “food-to-microorganism ratio (F/M or F:M).”

fabric filter A cloth device that catches dust particles from industrial emissions

FAC See “free available chlorine (FAC).”

face velocity The linear velocity of air through a filter

facultative bacteria Microbes with the ability to survive with or without thepresence of oxygen

facultative lagoon A lagoon or pond in which stabilization of wastewater occurs

as a result of aerobic, anaerobic, and facultative bacteria

facultative ponds See “facultative lagoon.”

Fahrenheit (F) A temperature scale on which water’s freezing point is 32° andboiling point is 212°

Fairfield In-vessel composting system by Fairfield Service Co

falaj System of surface or subsurface channeling of water fed by wells or springs

to provide a community water supply (Arabic)

Falco Catalytic oxidizer by Falmouth Products

fall A sudden change in the water surface elevation

falling film evaporator An evaporator with vertical heat transfer surfaces whereliquor falling down the surfaces is heated by steam condensing on the otherside of the surface

fallout Radioactive debris that settles to earth after a nuclear explosion.

Fallova™ Sewage shredder by ZMI/Portec Chemical Processing

false positive An erroneous test result indicating that something has a certainproperty when that property is not present

famine An acute food shortage in an area that leads to malnutrition and starvation

Fan/Separator® Fume scrubber by Tri-Mer Corp

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization

Faraday’s Law A law stating that the amount of chemical change in an ysis process is proportional to the electrical charge passed

electrol-Farm Gas Former equipment manufacturer now part of Rosewater Engineering Ltd

Fasflo Floating oil skimmer by Vikoma International Ltd

FAST® Fixed activated sludge wastewater treatment plant by Scienco/FAST Systems

Fast Flow® Rotary strainer by Alar Engineering Corp

Fastek™ Thin layer composite reverse osmosis membrane by Osmonics

fathom A marine unit of length equal to 6 feet (1.8 m)

fats Triglyceride esters of fatty acids that are usually solid at room temperature

fatty acid Any of a class of lipids consisting of organic acids having the generalformula R.COOH

fauna The animal life of an area or region

Favair® Dissolved air flotation product by USFilter/Warren

FB® Sodium percarbonate by Solvay America

FBC Fluidized bed combustion

FBR Fluid bed reactor

FBS Fine bar screen by Waste-Tech, Inc

FBX Fixed bed reactor

FC See “fecal coliform (FC).”

FC/FS Ratio of fecal coliform to fecal streptococci that indicates if wastewatercontamination results from animal or human wastes

FDA Food and Drug Administration

FE Fugitive emissions

Fe 3® Liquid ferric sulfate by FE3, Inc

fecal Relating to feces

fecal coliform (FC) Coliforms present in the feces of warm-blooded animals, andconsidered indicators of fecal contamination of water

Fecascrew Screenings screw press by Hydropress Wallender & Co., AB

Fecawash Screenings washing and conveying unit by Hydropress Wallender &Co., AB

feces The excrement of humans and animals

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodentcide Act (FIFRA) 1972 federal lawrequiring toxicity testing and registration of pesticides

Federal Register U.S government daily publication detailing federal businessincluding proposed and final rules and laws

Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA) The U.S water control tion of 1972 amended by the Clean Water Act of 1977

legisla-feedlot wastes Solid and liquid wastes from a facility where cattle or other animalsare grown for market

Feedpac Coagulant feed system by Nalco Chemical Co.

feedwater heater Heat exchangers in which boiler feedwater is preheated bysteam extracted from a turbine

feedwell A circular, partitioned section within a clarifier or thickener that receivesthe feedwater and uniformly distributes it to the basin for sedimentation

FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency

fen A wetland covered by shallow, stagnant, and usually alkaline water originatingfrom groundwater sources

fence-line concentration Modeled or measured concentrations of air pollutantsfound at the boundaries of a property on which the pollution source is located

Fenton’s reagent A mixture of iron and hydrogen peroxide used in oxidation,coagulation, or metal complexation reactions

Feripac Iron and manganese removal treatment plant by Vulcan Industries, Inc

fermentation The conversion of organic matter to carbon dioxide, methane, andother low molecular weight compounds

Ferret™ Oil/water separating pump by QED Environmental Systems, Inc

ferric Relating to or containing iron in which the iron is trivalent or in a higherstate of oxidation

ferric chloride An iron salt commonly used as a coagulant The chemical formula

is FeCl3

ferric sulfate An iron salt commonly used as a coagulant The chemical formula

is Fe2SO4

FerriClear® Ferric sulfate product by Eaglebrook, Inc

Ferri-Floc Ferric sulfate by Boliden Intertrade, Inc

Ferrosand® Granular filter media used for removal of iron and manganese byHungerford & Terry, Inc

ferrous Relating to or containing iron in which the iron is divalent or in a lowerstate of oxidation

ferrous sulfate An iron salt commonly used as a coagulant The chemical formula

is FeSO4

Ferrover Reagent chemicals primarily used for iron analysis by Hach Co

Ferrozine Spectrophotometric reagents for iron and iron compounds by Hach Co

Ferr-X Iron removal process by Aquatrol Ferr-X Corp

fertilizer Materials usually containing nitrogen and phosphorous that are added

to soil to provide essential nutrients for plant growth

fetch The distance traveled by a wind-generated wave before it reaches the line

coast-fetus An animal embryo in the later stages of development; in humans from thebeginning of the third month until birth

FFFSG Fossil-fuel-fired steam generator

FGD See “flue gas desulfurization (FGD).”

FGH See “flue gas humidification (FGH).”

Fibercone Press Cone-type dewatering press by Thermal Black Clawson

FiberFlo™ Cartridge filters by Minntech Fibercor

Fibrotex Backwashable depth filter with steam pasteurization cycle by Smith &Loveless, Inc.

FID Flame ionization detector

FIDIC Federation International des Ingenieurs-Conseils

FIFRA See “Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodentcide Act (FIFRA).”

filamentous growth Hair-like biological growth of some species of bacteria, algae,and fungi that results in poor sludge settling

filamentous sludge Sludge characterized by excessive growth of filamentous teria that results in poor settling

bac-Filawound® Pressure vessel for reverse osmosis membranes by Spaulding posites Co

Com-fill-and-draw Treatment process where a vessel is filled, the reaction occurs, andthe contents are withdrawn Typical of “sequencing batch reactors.”

FilmShear Coarse and fine bubble diffusers by USFilter/Aerator Products

Filmtec® Reverse osmosis membranes by Dow Chemical Co

Filox® Iron, hydrogen sulfide, and manganese removal media by Matt-Son, Inc

FiltaBand Continuous self-cleaning fine screen by Longwood Engineering Co., Ltd

filter A device utilizing a granular material, woven cloth, or other medium toremove suspended solids from water, wastewater, or air

Filter AG® Granular filter media used to adsorb tastes and odors by Clack Corp

filter aid A polymer or other material added to improve the effectiveness of thefiltration process

filter area The effective area of a filter through which liquid passes, usuallyexpressed in square meters (square feet)

filter backwash rate The volume of water per unit of time per unit of area required

to flow backwards through a filter for cleaning

filter bottom See “underdrain.”

filter cake The layer of solids that is retained on the surface or upstream side of

a filter

Filter Cel® Diatomaceous earth filter media by Celite Corp

filter cloth Cloth used as the filter media on a vacuum filter

filter cycle The filter operating time between backwashes Also called “filter run.”

filter fly See “Psychoda flies.”

filter gallery A passageway to provide access for installation and maintenance ofunderground filter pipes and valves

filter loading, hydraulic The volume of liquid applied per unit area of the filterbed per unit of time

filter loading, organic The pounds of BOD applied per unit area of the filter bedper unit of time

filter press A dewatering device where water is forced from the sludge under highpressure

filter ripening The gradual improvement in filter performance at the start of afilter run as solids deposition begins and serves to enhance filtration

filter run See “filter cycle.”

filter strip Strip or area of vegetation used for removing sediment, organic matter,and other pollutants from runoff and wastewater.

Filterite® Cartridge filter product line by USFilter/Filtration & Separation

Filtermate Filtration coagulant by BetzDearborn-Argo District

FilterNet™ Net fabric composite by SLT North America, Inc

Filterpak™ Plastic biological filter media by USFilter/General Filter

Filter-Pak™ Gravity sand filter by Graver Co

FilterSil® Filtration sands by Unimin Corp

filter-to-waste An operational procedure in filtration where the filtrate is producedimmediately after backwash is wasted

Filterworx™ Automated filter control system by F.B Leopold Co., Inc

Filtomat® Self-cleaning cooling water filters by Orival, Inc

Filtra-Matic™ Pressure leaf filter by USFilter/Whittier

FiltraPak Packaged waste treatment and liquid-solids separation unit by Diagenex,Inc

Filtrasorb® Granular-activated carbon adsorption manufactured by Calgon CarbonCorp

filtrate Liquid remaining after removal of solids through filtration

filtration rate A measurement of the volume of water applied to a filter per unit

of surface area in a stated period of time

Filtroba® Helical pressure filter element by Baker Process/Ketema

Filtros® Fine bubbles diffusers by Ferro Corp

FIM Friable insulation material

Fimat Electronic pulse control fish repelling system by Brackett Geiger

final clarifier See “secondary clarifier.”

final closure The closure of all hazardous waste management units at a facility inaccordance with all applicable requirements

final cover Cover material that is applied upon closure of a landfill and is nently exposed to the surface

perma-final effluent The effluent from the final unit treatment process at a wastewatertreatment plant

fine bubble aeration Method of diffused aeration using fine bubbles to takeadvantage of their high surface areas to increase oxygen transfer rates

fine sand Sand particles with diameters that usually range from 0.3 to 0.6 mm

fine screen A screening device usually having openings less than 6 mm

FineAir Ceramic fine bubble diffuser by Parkson Corp

fines Particles at the lower end of a range of particle sizes

finished water Water that has passed through a treatment plant in which all ment processes are completed or “finished” and the water is ready to bedelivered to consumers

treat-Fipro Electronic pulse control fish repelling system by Brackett Geiger

firetube boiler Boiler in which the flame and hot gases are confined within tubesarranged in a bundle within a water drum

first draw The water that comes out when a tap is first opened, likely to have thehighest level of lead contamination from plumbing materials

first flush Surface runoff at the beginning of a storm that often contains much ofthe pollution/solid matter washed from the streets and other surfaces.

first order reaction A reaction in which the rate of change is directly proportional

to the first power of the concentration of the reactant

first-stage BOD See “carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand (CBOD).”

firth A river estuary or wide inlet to the sea (Scottish)

Fischer & Porter Former name of Bailey-Fischer & Porter

fish ladder A structure that permits fish to bypass a dam using a series of baffledchambers installed at progressively lower elevations to provide a velocityagainst which fish can more easily swim

fish screen (1) A screen at the head of an intake channel to prevent fish fromentering (2) A traveling water screen modified to remove impinged fish andreturn them to the water body

fisheyes A condition resulting from the improper mixing of dry polymer and waterwhich results in the formation of lumps of undispersed polymer that resemblefisheyes

fission (1) The splitting of the nucleus of an atom into two or more nuclei with aconcurrent release of energy (2) A form of asexual reproduction where theparent organism splits into two independent organisms

Fitch Feedwell Clarifier feedwell with three horizontal chambers by Oliver, Inc

GL&V/Dorr-FIX™ Heavy metals treatment system by ATA Technologies Corp

fix, sample A sample is “fixed” in the field by adding chemicals that prevent waterquality indicators of interest in the sample from changing before laboratorymeasurements are made

fixation The stabilization or solidification of a waste material by involving it inthe formation of a stable solid derivative

fixed cover Stationary anaerobic digester cover that allows a constant digester tankvolume to be maintained

fixed film process Biological wastewater treatment process where the microbesresponsible for conversion of the organic matter in wastewater are attached to

an inert medium such as rock or plastic materials Also called “attached growthprocess.”

fixed matter See “fixed suspended solids.”

fixed solids Inorganic content of suspended and dissolved solids in a water orwastewater sample, determined after heating the sample to 600°C

fixed suspended solids Inorganic content of suspended solids in a water or water sample, determined after heating the sample to 600°C

waste-fixed-bed porosity The ratio of void volume to total bed volume of a granularmedia filter

fjord A narrow inlet of the sea bordered by cliffs or highlands Also called a

flammable liquid Any liquid having a flash point below 38°C (100°F).

flange A projecting rim or edge used for attachment with another object

flap valve A valve that is hinged on one edge and opens in the direction of normalflow and closes with flow reversal

flare A control device that burns hazardous materials to prevent their release intothe environment; may operate continuously or intermittently, usually on top

of a stack

flash The portion of a fluid converted to vapor when its pressure is reduced belowthe saturation pressure

flash distillation See “multistage flash evaporation (MSF).”

flash dryer Sludge drying process that involves pulverizing sludge in a cage mill

or by an atomized suspension technique in the presence of hot gases

flash evaporator A distillation device where saline water is vaporized in a vesselunder vacuum through pressure reduction See also “multistage flash evapo-ration.”

flash mixing Motor-driven stirring devices designed to disperse coagulants orother chemicals instantly, prior to flocculation

flash point The temperature at which a substance ignites

flashing The process of vaporizing a fluid by pressure reduction rather than perature elevation

tem-Flashvap Flash evaporator by Licon, Inc

flashy Characterization of rapidly changing conditions

flavor profile analysis An analysis profiling the matrix of odors in a water sample

Fletcher Filtration division of Edwards & Jones, Inc

FlexAir™ Fine pore membrane diffuser by Environmental Dynamics Inc

Flex-A-Tube® Fine bubble aeration diffuser by Parkson Corp

FlexDisc Fine bubble membrane diffuser by USFilter/Diffused Air ProductsGroup

FlexDome Fine bubble membrane diffuser by USFilter/Diffused Air ProductsGroup

Flexi Jet Air sparging power mixer by USFilter/Aerator Products

Flexi-Fabric Filter press filter fabric by Baker Process

Flexiflo High speed surface aerator by USFilter/Aerator Products

Flexi-Jet Spray nozzles for sand filter rotary surface skimmer by F.B LeopoldCo., Inc

Flex-i-liner® Sealless self-priming rotary pumps by Vanton Pump & EquipmentCorp

Fleximix High speed surface aerator by USFilter/Aerator Products

Flexipak® Submerged biofilm sewage treatment system by Gyulavari ConsultingKft

Flexishaft™ Progressing cavity pump by MGI Pumps, Inc

FlexKlear® Inclined plate settler by Baker Process

FlexKleen™ Filter underdrain nozzles by Baker Process

FlexLine™ Nonbuoyant tubular diffuser by USFilter/Diffused Air ProductsGroup

Flexmate® Skid-mounted water purification vessel by USFilter/Rockford

Flexofuser Fine bubble diffuser with tube body and fine sheath by fused Air Products Group.

USFilter/Dif-Flexoplate™ Membrane type medium bubble diffuser by USFilter/Diffused AirProducts Group

Flex-O-Star® Batch wastewater treatment and filtration system by Alar ing Corp

Engineer-FlexRO® Skid-mounted reverse osmosis system by USFilter/Rockford

FlexRO Mobile® Mobile, skid-mounted reverse osmosis systems by ter/Rockford

USFil-Flexscour® Stainless steel filter underdrain for air-water backwash by Baker cess and Anthratech Western, Inc

Pro-flight (1) The horizontal scraper on a rectangular sludge collector (2) The helicalblade on a screw pump

Flight Guide Nonmetallic wear shoes for sludge collector flights by Trusty Cook,Inc

Flint Rim Cast sprocket with hardened chill rim by USFilter/Envirex

FLM Federal land manager

float The concentrated solids at the surface of a dissolved air flotation unit

float switch An electrical or pneumatic switch operated by a float in response tochanging liquid levels

floatables See “flotables.”

FloatAll Dissolved air flotation system by Walker Process Equipment

floating cover Anaerobic digester tank cover free to move up or down to changethe total internal capacity of the tank in response to sludge additions orwithdrawals

floating gas holder Anaerobic digester tank cover that floats on a cushion of gasand moves up or down to change the total internal capacity of the tank inresponse to changes in gas volume

Floating Plate® Ozone generation technology by Pacific Ozone Technology, Inc

Float-Treat® Dissolved air flotation system by USFilter/Envirex

Flo-Buster™ Organic solids agitator/separator by Enviro-Care Co

floc Small, gelatinous masses formed in water by adding a coagulant or in water through biological activity

waste-Floc Barrier® Inclined settling tubes for clarifiers by Graver Co

Floc Tunnel® Deep bed filter by Hazleton Environmental, Inc

flocculant An organic polyelectrolyte used alone or with metal salts to enhancefloc formation and increase the strength of the floc structure

flocculant settling Phenomenon referring to sedimentation of particles in a dilutesuspension as they coalesce or flocculate during sedimentation Also called

“type II settling.”

flocculated suspended solids (FSS) The suspended solids remaining in a ple’s supernatant after 30 minutes of settling with flocculation

sam-flocculation Gentle stirring or agitation to accelerate the agglomeration of particles

to enhance sedimentation or flotation

flocculator A device used to enhance the formation of floc through gentle stirring

or mixing

Flocide Sanitizer additive by BioLab Inc.

Floclean Membrane cleaning product by BioLab Inc

Floclear Solids contact clarifier by USFilter/Aerator Products

Flocon® Reverse osmosis feedwater additive by BioLab Inc

Flo-Conveyor™ Screenings conveyor by Enviro-Care Co

Flocor Crossflow random fill media by the USFilter/Smogless

Floc-Pac™ Compact flocculant packages by American Cyanamid Co

Flocpress Belt filter press formerly offered by Infilco Degremont, Inc

Flocsettler Combination flocculator/clarifier by Amwell, Inc

Flocsillator Horizontal oscillating flocculator by Baker Process

FlocTreator Coagulation and flocculation unit by the former PWT Americas

Floctrol Multiple stage, horizontal shaft, paddle flocculators by USFilter/Envirex

Flo-Dar™ Noncontact area/velocity flowmeter by Marsh-McBirney, Inc

Flodry® Closed loop sludge drying process by USFilter/Smogless

Flofilter™ Water treatment system combining flotation and filtration by WaterlinkSeparations, Inc

FloGard™ Stormwater catch basin screen by KriStar Enterprises

Flo-Lift™ Vertical screenings lift device by Enviro-Care Co

Flo-Line Fine mesh screening machine by Derrick Corp

FloMag® Magnesium-based granular, powder, and slurry water treatment products

by Martin Marietta Specialties, Inc

FloMaker™ Submersible mixer by ITT Flygt Corp

Flo-Mate Portable flow meter by Marsh-McBirney, Inc

flood plain The lowland area adjoining inland and coastal waters subject to a 1%

or greater chance of flooding in a given year

floor sweep Capture of heavier-than-air gases that collect at floor level

Flo-Poke Portable flow rate instrument by Isco, Inc

flora Plants and plant life of a particular region or period

Flo-Screen™ Reciprocating rake bar screen by Enviro-Care Co

flotables The floating material in a water or wastewater which must be removedprior to treatment or discharge

flotation A treatment process where gas bubbles are introduced to a water andattach to solid particles creating bubble-solid agglomerates that float to thesurface where they are removed

flotation thickening Sludge thickening by means of dissolved air flotation

Flotator™ Dissolved air flotation system by Baker Process

Flotherm® Sludge incineration process by USFilter/Smogless

Flo-Tote Computerized open-channel flow meter by Marsh-McBirney, Inc

flotsam Floating debris resulting from human activity

Flottweg Centrifuge product line by Krauss Maffei Corp

flow control valve A device that controls the rate of fluid flow

flow equalization Transient storage of wastewater for release to a sewer system

or treatment process at a controlled rate to provide a reasonably uniform flow

Flow Logger Flow measuring device by Isco, Inc

flow rate The volume or mass of a gas, liquid, or solid material that passes somepoint in a stated period of time

flow splitter A chamber that divides incoming flow into two or more streams.

Flo-Ware Data logging flow meter software by Marsh-McBirney, Inc

FlowMAX™ Reverse osmosis system by USFilter

Flowminutor™ Horizontal shaft comminutor by Enviro-Care Co

FlowSorb™ Granular-activated carbon canisters by Calgon Carbon Corp

Flowtrex Pleated cartridge filter by Osmonics, Inc

FLP Flash point

FLPMA Federal Land Policy and Management Act

flue Any passage designed to carry combustion gases and entrained particulates

flue gas The gases and smoke released from an incinerator’s chimney

flue gas desulfurization (FGD) The process of removing sulfur dioxide fromexhaust gas, usually by means of a wet scrubbing process

flue gas humidification (FGH) A process to control SO2 emissions by spraying

a water/air mixture into flue gas

FluePac™ Powdered activated carbon by Calgon Carbon Corp

fluid Any material or substance which flows or moves whether in a semisolid,liquid, sludge, or gaseous form or state

Fluid Dynamics® Engineered filter system by USFilter/Filtration & Separation

Fluid Systems Membrane products group of Koch Membrane Systems, Inc

Fluidactor Fluid bed sludge incinerator formerly offered by Walker Process ment

Equip-fluidization The upward flow of a gas or fluid through a granular bed at sufficientvelocity to suspend the grains

fluidized bed combustion A method of burning particulate fuel, such as powderedcoal, where the fuel is burned after injection into a rapidly moving gas stream

fluidized bed furnace An incinerator or furnace used to incinerate sludge bypassing heated air upward through a fluidized sand bed

Fluidizer-Minor Flash dryer by Niro, Inc

flume A channel used to carry water

Flump Floating lagoon pump units by SRS Crisafulli, Inc

Fluoretrack Liquid water tracing dye by Formulabs, Inc

fluoridation The addition of fluoride to drinking water to aid in the prevention oftooth decay

fluorimeter An instrument used to measure the amount of fluorescent materials,dyes, or aromatic hydrocarbons in water

fluorocarbons (FCs) Any of a number of organic compounds analogous to carbons in which one or more hydrogen atoms are replaced by fluorine FCscontaining chlorine are called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

hydro-fluorosis A demineralization of tooth enamel caused by excessive ingestion offluoride by children during the years of tooth calcification which is character-ized by brown staining or mottling of the teeth

fluorspar Common source of commercially available fluoride compounds whichmay be used as a direct source of fluoride for water fluoridation

Fluosolids Fluid bed reactor for sludge disposal by GL&V/Dorr-Oliver, Inc

flush tank A tank in which water is stored for rapid release

flush valve A valve used to expel water and sediment from a pipeline

Flush-Kleen Nonclogging sewage ejector pump by Yeomans Chicago Corp.

fluvial Produced by or found in a river or stream

fluvial deposit Sediment deposited by the actions of a river or stream

flux (1) Flowrate per unit area (2) Heat transfer rate per unit area

fly ash The noncombustible particles in flue gas

Flygt Pump and mixer products by ITT Flygt Corp

Flying Pig Screenings compacting, dewatering, and conveying unit by MeurerIndustries, Inc

Flymitec® Submersible mixing concept by ITT Flygt Corp

FMA Free mineral acidity See “mineral acidity.”

FMC Process Additives Former name of BioLab Inc

FMC-MHS Equipment product line acquired by USFilter/Envirex

FmHA Farmers Home Administration

FML Flexible membrane liner

Foam Ban™ Foam control additive by Ultra Additives, Inc

Foam-Abator Foam abatement product by USFilter/Jet Tech

Foamtex™ Foam control additive by Ultra Additives, Inc

Foamtrol™ Foam control additive by Ultra Additives, Inc

fodder crop A crop grown principally for animal food

FOG Fats, oils, and grease

fogging The application of a pesticide by rapidly heating the liquid chemical sothat it forms very fine droplets that resemble smoke or fog

Folded Flow™ Enhanced flow scheme used in high rate water/wastewater ment processes by USFilter/Envirex

treat-fomite Objects that have been contaminated by pathogens from a diseased personand may serve in their transmission

FONSI Finding of no significant impact

Font’n Aire® Floating decorative aerator/fountain by Air-O-Lator Corp

food chain A feeding hierarchy where food energy is passed from primary ducers (plants) to primary consumers (herbivores) to secondary consumers(carnivores)

pro-food chain crops Crops grown for human consumption and for feed for animalswhose products are used for human consumption

food crop Crops grown primarily for human consumption

food poisoning A gastrointestinal disorder caused by bacteria or their toxic ucts, occurring after consumption of contaminated food

prod-food waste Organic residues generated by the handling, storage, preparation,cooking, and serving of food

food web The complex interconnected network of food chains in a community

food-to-microorganism ratio (F/M or F:M) The ratio of the influent BOD orCOD to the volatile-suspended solids concentration in a wastewater treatmentaeration tank

foot-pound Unit of measure of work performed by a force of 1 pound actingthrough a distance of 1 foot

forage crop Crops that can be used as feed by domestic animals by being grazed

or cut for hay

Forager™ Sponge containing a bonded polymer used to selectively remove heavymetals from water by Dynaphore, Inc.

force main The pipeline through which flow is transported from a point of higherpressure to a point of lower pressure

forced circulation evaporator An evaporator in which circulation is maintained

by pumping liquid through the heating element with relatively low evaporationper pass

forced draft deaerator Device to remove dissolved gases from solution by blowing

an air stream through a packed column countercurrent to downflowing water

forebay A reservoir at the end of a pipeline or channel

formaldehyde A colorless, pungent, and irritating gas, CH2O, used chiefly as adisinfectant and preservative and in synthesizing other compounds like resins

formalin A clear, aqueous solution of 37% formaldehyde and a small amount ofmethanol used as a sanitant

FormAsorb™ Activated carbon product by Waterlink/Barnebey Sutcliffe

formazin turbidity unit (FTU) Unit of measure used in turbidity measurementbased on a known chemical reaction that produces insoluble particulates ofuniform size

Fossil Filter™ Stormwater runoff filter by KriStar Enterprises

fossil fuel Natural gas, petroleum, coal, and any form of solid liquid or gaseousfuel derived from such materials for the purpose of creating useful heat

fossil water See “connate water.”

Fotovap Evaporator to treat photo processing lab wastewater by Licon, Inc

fouling Condition caused when bacterial growth, colloidal material, or scale forms

a deposit on a filter, membrane, or heat transfer surface

fouling factor A design criteria used to allow for some variation of equipmentperformance due to fouling

4-Beam™ Turbidity and suspended-solids measuring instrument by BTG, Inc

4-log removal The removal of 99.99% of a constituent

four 9s DRE Common term for an incinerator destruction and removal efficiency

of 99.99%

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR) Continuous emissions itoring system used to identify organic and inorganic compounds in liquids,solids, and gases

mon-Fox-Pac Sanitation system for marine applications by Red Fox Environmental, Inc

FP Fine particulate

FPA (1) Federal Pesticide Act (FPA) (2) See “flavor profile analysis.”

FPEIS Fine Particulate Emissions Information System

fpm Feet per minute

FPPA Federal Pollution Prevention Act

fps Feet per second

FQPA Food Quality Protection Act

FR Federal Register

fractionation A distillation method used to separate a mixture of several volatilecomponents of different boiling points in successive stages with each stageremoving some proportion of one component

Framco International Product group of ABS Pumps, Inc.

frazil ice Granular or spike-shaped ice crystals that form in supercooled waterwhich is too turbulent to permit coagulation into sheet ice

free available chlorine (FAC) The amount of chlorine available as dissolved gas,hypochlorous acid, and hypochlorite ion that is not combined with ammonia

or other compounds in the water

free available chlorine residual The concentration of residual chlorine remaining

at the end of a specific contact time which is available as dissolved gas,hypochlorous acid, or hypochlorite ion, not combined with ammonia or inanother less readily available form

free carbon dioxide The concentration of gaseous carbon dioxide present in waterthat is not combined in carbonates or bicarbonates

free chlorine See “free available chlorine residual.”

free chlorine residual See “free available chlorine residual.”

free liquids Liquids which readily separate from the solid portion of a waste underambient temperature and conditions

free mineral acidity (FMA) See “mineral acidity.”

free oil Nonemulsified oil that separates from water, usually in 5 minutes or less

free product A regulated substance present as liquid not dissolved in water

free radical A chemical having an unpaired electron that makes it very reactive

free settling The settling of discrete, nonflocculant particles in a dilute suspension

free water knockout (FWKO) Gravity separation vessel used in an oil field toseparate produced water from oil

freeboard The vertical distance between the normal maximum liquid level in abasin and the top of the basin that is provided so that waves and other liquidmovements will not overflow the basin

Free-Flow™ Ceramic diffuser plates for fine bubble aeration by USFilter/Davco

Free-Slide Wire mesh basket configuration for traveling water screens by ter/Rex & Link-Belt Products

USFil-freeze concentration A process involving the removal of heat from an aqueousmixture until one or more of the components crystallize

freeze distillation Production of distillate by freezing a saline solution and ing salts from the pure water crystals prior to melting

wash-Fre-Flo Extruded cement underdrain for gravity filter by Infilco Degremont, Inc

Freon® Refrigerant compound by E.I Dupont De Nemours Inc

fresh water Water that usually contains less than 1000 mg/L of dissolved solids

freshet A stream or current of fresh water that flows into the sea

freshwater lens An occurrence of fresh water found above salt water, usuallyfound in coastal areas

Freundlich isotherm Graphical representation of data related to the removal ofcolloidal matter from water as a result of adsorption

FREX Freon extractable oil and grease

friable Material that may be easily crumbled, pulverized, or reduced to powder

friction factor A measure of the resistance to liquid flow that results from thewall roughness of a pipe or channel

FrictionFlex® Containment liner texturing process by SLT North America, Inc

Fridgevap Package distillation/concentration system by Licon, Inc.

Frontloader Reciprocating rake bar screen by Schreiber Corp

Frontrunner Reciprocating rake bar screen by Waste-Tech, Inc

froth A mass of bubbles in or on the surface of a liquid

frothing The formation of a thick layer of froth on an aeration basin

FRP Fiberglass reinforced plastic

FRS Formal reporting system

fry Juvenile fish

FS Feasibility study

FSA Food Security Act

FSI® Filter Specialists, Inc

FSS See “flocculated suspended solids (FSS).”

FTIR See “Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR).”

FTO Flameless thermal oxidation

FTU See “formazin turbidity unit (FTU).”

Fuchs ATAD Autothermal aerobic digestion system by USFilter/Krüger

fuel economy standard See “corporate average fuel economy standard (CAFE).”

fuel efficiency The proportion of the energy released on combustion of a fuel that

is converted into useful energy

fugitive emission Air pollutants emitted to the atmosphere other than those fromchimneys, stacks, or vents

fugitive source Any source of emissions not controlled by an air pollution controldevice

fuller’s earth A fine, clay-like substance also called “diatomaceous earth.”

Full-Fit™ Membrane separator by Osmonics, Inc

fulvic acid Byproduct of decomposing organic matter that colors water and is aprecursor of disinfection byproducts

fume Finely divided solids trapped in vapor in a gas stream

fumigant A pesticide vaporized to kill pests, commonly used in buildings andgreenhouses

fungi Small, multicellular nonphotosynthetic organisms that feed on organic matter

fungicide A substance used to kill or inhibit the growth of fungi or molds

furans A family of toxic, chlorinated organic compounds present in minuteamounts in the air emissions from hazardous waste incinerators

FURS Federal underground injection control reporting system

fusion An energy-producing nuclear reaction that results from combining nuclei

of small atoms to form larger atoms

Futura-Thane® Potable water tank linings by Futura Coatings Inc

future liability Refers to potentially responsible parties’ obligations to pay foradditional response activities beyond those specified in the Record of Decision

or Consent Decree

Fuzzy Filter® Upflow filter system by Schreiber Corp

fuzzy logic A process control system intended to replace a skilled human operator

by using multi-level logic to adjust process operation based on a set of imate, rather than exact, rules

approx-FWCA Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act

FWER Final water effect ratio The test procedure where a Water Effect Ratiotest is repeated three times under different stream flow conditions See also

“water effect ratio (WER).”

FWKO See “free water knockout (FWKO).”

FWPCA See “Federal Water Pollution Control Act (FWPCA).”

FXB Fixed bed reactor

FY Fiscal year

G

g See “gram (g).”

G value See “velocity gradient (G value).”

G.T.M.™ Gas transfer membrane separation technology by Ecolochem, Inc

GAAP Generally accepted accounting principles

gabion A wire mesh container filled with rocks used to prevent soil erosion

GAC Granular-activated carbon

GAC10 Granular-activated carbon with an empty bed contact time of 10 minutesand a carbon reactivation frequency of no more than 6 months

GACT Granular-activated carbon treatment

gain output ratio (GOR) A measure of evaporator performance which representsthe ratio of mass flow of distillate to steam input

gallon (U.S.) A unit of volume for liquid substances equal to 231 cubic inchesand approximately equivalent to 3.785 liters

gallon, Imperial A unit of volume for liquid substances approximately equal to1.2 gallons (U.S.) or 4.546 liters

gallons per flush The number of gallons used to flush a toilet

galvanic corrosion Corrosion that occurs when two dissimilar metals are nected electrically and immersed in a conductive liquid

con-galvanic series The ranking of the relative nobility of different conducting rials in a certain environment

mate-galvanize An electrolytic or hot dipping process to coat steel products with zinc

to increase corrosion resistance

gamma ray A short wavelength, high energy form of electromagnetic radiation

garbage Solid wastes generated by the handling, storage, preparation, cooking,and serving of food

GARD Gravity-activated rotary trickling filter distributor by USFilter/General Filter

Gardiner Equipment Chemical induction system product line by USFilter/Stranco

Gar-Dur Ultra high molecular weight plastic products for chain and flight sludgecollectors by Garland Manufacturing Co

garnet A dense mineral often used as media in a granular media filter

Garra Membrane bioreactor by USFilter/Memcor

gas One of the three states of matter having no fixed shape or volume and capable

of expanding indefinitely

gas blanket The use of an inert gas in an enclosed tank’s vapor space to minimizevapor formation or keep out unwanted air and moisture.

gas chlorination The application of chlorine gas to water

gas chromatography (GC) An analytical technique used to determine the ular composition and concentrations of various chemicals in water and soilsamples

molec-gas tight Operating with no detectable emissions

gaseous emission Volatile or uncondensed compounds discharged into the sphere

atmo-gasification See “coal gasification.”

GasLifter Anaerobic digester circulation and mixing system by Walker ProcessEquipment

gasohol A motor vehicle fuel containing 80-90% unleaded gasoline and 10-20%ethanol

gasoline oxygenate Combustible liquids containing oxygen that are added to oline to reduce atmospheric pollutants

gas-gastroenteritis An inflammation of the stomach and intestinal tract that is usuallyaccompanied by symptoms that include diarrhea, fever, and vomiting

gastrointestinal Related to the stomach or intestines

gate valve A valve with a disk-shaped closing element that slides over the openingthrough which water flows

GBT See “gravity belt thickener (GBT).”

GC See “gas chromatography (GC).”

GC/MS Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

GCL See “geosynthetic clay liner.”

GDT Gas dissolution technology

GDT Process™ Gas-degas treatment process for VOC removal by GDT Corp

gear pump A positive displacement pump where cavities created between the gearteeth of two meshing gears move from the suction to discharge side of the pump

GEHO® Piston-type pump for heavy sludges by Envirotech Pumpsystems

Geiger counter An instrument used to detect radiation

gel polymer High molecular weight monomers produced with gamma radiation

gel zeolite A synthetic sodium alumiosilicate ion exchanger

Gelex Standards used to standardize turbidimeters by Hach Co

GelGester™ Bacterial additive for grease and odor applications by NuTech ronmental Corp

Envi-Gemco Spent liquor filter by Gauld Equipment Sales Co

Gemini Self-cleaning basket strainer by S.P Kinney Engineers, Inc

Gemini™ Granular-activated carbon contactors by Roberts Filter Group

Gemini Polymaster Emulsion and solution polymer blending equipment by tune Chemical Pump Co

Nep-GEMS Global environmental monitoring system

Gen2® Chemical feed system formerly offered by USFilter/Stranco

General Filter Former name of USFilter/General Filter

generator (1) Any person, group, or organization whose activities produce ardous waste (2) A rotating device used to produce electrical power

haz-Generon On-site gaseous nitrogen generator by MG Generon.

Generox® On-site gaseous chlorine dioxide generator by MG Generon

Genesis Package gravity filter system by Roberts Filter Group

Genesis Sewage shredder by ZMI/Portec Chemical Processing

genome All the genetic material in an organism

genotoxic The ability of a chemical to cause adverse effects in the genetic material

of a living organism

Gen-Ozi Ozone generator by Matheson Gas Products

GeoCarb 6 Engineered granular carbon media by Geoenergy International Corp

GeoCat™ Recuperative catalytic oxidizer by Geoenergy International Corp

geodetic head The total head without deducting velocity head or other losses

geographic information system (GIS) A computer system designed for storing,manipulating, analyzing, and displaying data in a geographic context

Geoguard® Groundwater sampling product by American Sigma, Inc

geosmin A trace organic chemical produced by certain algae which may impart

an earthy/musty odor in surface waters Chemical formula is C12H22O

geosynthetic clay liner (GCL) A landfill liner manufactured of bentonite claysupported by geotexiles

Geothane® Wastewater containment lining by Futura Coatings, Inc

GeoTherm™ Regenerative thermal oxidizer by Geoenergy International Corp

geothermal Energy produced by the transfer of heat from the earth’s interior andconducted to the surface by hot water or steam

GEP Good engineering practice

germ A disease-producing microbe

germ cell A reproductive cell; in humans, sperm or eggs

germicide Any compound that kills disease-causing microorganisms

Gewe Inclined plate settler by Waterlink Separations, Inc

GFC USFilter/General Filter

GFF Glass fiber filter

GFS Gravity Flow Systems, Inc

ghanat See “falaj.”

GHG See “greenhouse gases (GHG).”

Giardia lamblia A protozoan parasite responsible for giardiasis

giardiasis A gastrointestinal disease caused by the ingestion of waterborne Giardia

lamblia, often resulting from the activity of beavers, muskrats, or other

warm-blooded animals in surface water used as a potable water source

gill net A vertical net used to capture fish of a certain size by allowing their heads

to pass through the openings while catching their gills in the mesh

Girasieve® Externally fed rotating drum screen by Andritz Sprout-Bauer S.A

GIS See “geographic information system (GIS).”

glacial water Bottled water originating from a glacier

glacier A large mass of accumulating ice and compacted snow that slowly movesdown mountain valleys

Gladiator Groundwater remediation pump by Ejector Systems, Inc

GLASdek Synthetic media for evaporative cooling systems by Munters

Glauber’s salt Sodium sulfate with ten waters of hydration