Week 2 - Noun Phrase (p1) pptx

Reference – The articles 2.2Definite article ‘the’ E.g.. Reference – The articles 2.2Indefinite articles a/an Indefinite articles a/an Substitution uses for ONE substitute and generic

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E_English Grammar Course

Unit 2 NOUN PHRASE

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1 Noun and noun classes

2 Reference and the articles

3 Grammatical categories of nouns

4 Pronouns

Issues

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4 Pronouns

Issues

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Noun – Noun classes 1.1

Noun = a word used TO NAME …

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1/2

Noun classes

See more in 4.2 - 4.4

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personal names

names of institutions/

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Noun – Noun classes

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 Let’s check

– To which classes does each of the following

nouns belong to?

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 Let’s check

1.2

1/8

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4 Pronouns

Issues

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Reference – The articles 2.1

2/1

Reference

See more in 4.16 - 4.30

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2/2

E.g.: - John loves Mary

Reference

Unique proper noun

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2/3

Reference

C/f

(1) A lion and two tigers are sleeping in the cage.

(2) Tigers are dangerous animals.

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2/4

(1) A lion and two tigers are sleeping in the cage.

(1) = SPECIFIC (referring to particular specimens of

the class ‘tiger’

(2) Tigers are dangerous animals.

(2) = GENERIC (referring to the class ‘tiger’ without

specific reference to particular tigers)

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Generic Reference & the Articles

2/5

1 A German is a good musician

2 Germans are good musicians

3 The Germans are good musicians

4 The German is a good musician (not common)

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Specific Reference & the Articles

2/6

COUNT NONCOUNT COUNT NONCOUNT

SINGULAR the tiger the furniture a tiger (some)

furniture

PLURAL the tigers (some)

tigersDEFINITE INDEFINITE

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2/7

The articles

E.g.: - The earth goes around the sun (definite)

- He bought a new bike yesterday (indefinite)

- He has just arrived in Ø London (zero)

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Definite article ‘the”

Logical use of THE

With body parts

2/8

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Definite article ‘the’

E.g The wine that France

produces

Reference is made to an institution which may be observed recurrently at various places and times.

E.g the theatre, the

cinema, the press, etc.

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2/10

Anaphoric reference Direct

= The same head noun has occurred in the text and a relation of

co-reference exists between two NPs

E.g.: Susan bought a TV and a video recorder, but she returned the

video recorder because it was defective.

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2/11

Anaphoric reference Indirect

= A reference becomes part of the hearer’s knowledge indirectly

E.g.: John bought a new bicycle, but found that one of the wheels was

defective.

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Immediate situation = derived from the

extra-linguistic situation

E.g.: - The roses are beautiful (said in the garden)

2/12

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= general knowledge

which is shared or worldwide

E.g.: the sun the Equator

the Republic the North Polethe cosmos the Renaissance

Larger situation

2/13

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= the unique reference explained

by the logical interpretation of

certain words as post-determiners

and adjectives

2/14

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• Ordinals (E.g.: first, second)

• General ordinals(E.g.: next, last, only)

• Superlative Adjs(E.g.: best, largest)

E.g.: - When is the first flight to Chicago?

- This is the only remaining copy.

- Of the three newspapers we have in

this city, this is the best.

2/15

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= when the possessor…

• is subject (1)

• may be implied rather than stated (2)

• is relevant or clear (3)

With body parts

E.g.: - My mother complains of a pain

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Indefinite articles a/an

The referent: not mentioned before, and assumedly unfamiliar to the speaker or hearer

C/f:

(1) A house on the corner is for sale.

(2) The house on the corner is for sale.

2/17

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2/18

Non-referring uses Substitution uses for ONE

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2/19

Non-referring uses = with complement function, and a descriptive role rather than a referring role= with complement function, and a descriptive role rather than a referring role

E.g.: - What a miserable day it is!

= sometimes not referring to anything in reality

E.g.: - Bob wants to marry a princess who speaks five languages.

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Substitution uses for ONE

substitute and generic function

numerical or quantifying function

2/19

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Substitution uses for ONEnumerical or quantifying function

numerical or quantifying function

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Substitution uses for ONEsubstitute and generic function

2/21

= any representative of the class

E.g.: - A woman needs love and support from a man.

= any representative of the class

E.g.: - A woman needs love and support from a man.

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Zero (Ø) article

Noun phrases in a copular relation

Noun phrases with sporadic reference

Parallel structures

Fixed phrases

2/22

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Zero (Ø) article

= where the complement means a

unique role or task

E.g.: - John F Kennedy was (the) President of the United States in 1961.

2/23

= When the appositional N.P

indicating a unique role or task is

placed first

= When the complement of turn is

used (even when there is no

E.g.: - Chelsea centre-forward Milton

Smith

E.g.: - Jenny started out as a music

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Zero (Ø) article

Zero (Ø) article Noun phrases with sporadic reference

Means of transport

and communication

Institutions Times of day

2/24

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Zero (Ø) article

Institutions

2/25

= nouns do not refer to actual buildings or places, but

to institutions associated with them

E.g.: - “to be in prison” means to be a prisoner

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by

bicycle bus radiopost

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Zero (Ø) article

Times of day and night

2/27

= take a zero article particularly after at, by, after and before

E.g.: at/ before dawn by day and night

when day breaks after nightfall

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E.g.: - She’s having lunch with her client

- That day, the lunch was served on the terrace

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E.g.: - Winter is coming.

- The spring of last year was cold

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E.g.: diabetes influenza pneumonia

(the) flu (the) mumps (the) measles

a fever a temperature a cold

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one noun balanced against another noun

of contrasting meaning

the same noun repeated after a preposition

E.g.: day by day eye to eye

E.g.: from father to son husband and wife

2/31

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Idioms = nouns with prepositions

before/after

E.g.: in turn

on foot

E.g.: set fire to get word of

Idioms = verbs with nouns and

prepositions

2/32

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4 Pronouns

Issues

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Grammatical categories of Ns 3

2/33

Grammatical Categories

E.g.: mouse - mice

mother-in-law

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2/34

Grammatical Categories Number

Invariables

Variables

= nouns that do not vary

= nouns that do vary

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Grammatical categories of Ns

3

2/35

Invariables Singular only Plural only

Non-count Ns N-ending

in “s” Substantive Adj Ns with plural

meaning

Pluralia tantums Collective Ns Substantive Adj

(abstract)

the true the ugly

scissors pants

arms customs

people cattle

(concrete)

the poor the blind

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Grammatical categories of Ns

3

2/36

Variables Regular plural Irregular plural Zero plural

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3/1

Case

“of” genitive

“s” genitive double genitive

E.g.: her mom’s car E.g.: the paint of the room

= with the nouns of

higher gender class

See more in 4.66 - 4.77

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3/2

Case – Genitive meaning

Genitive meaning Examples Equivalents

Possessive My father’s hat My father has a hat.

Human relation Her sister’s nephew Her sister has a nephew.

Subjective

(+ original)

My father’s permission The arrival of the bus

My father permits.

The bus arrived.

Objective The criminal’s arrest Someone arrested the criminal.

Descriptive Two days’ visit A visit lasts 2 days.

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See more in 4.58 - 4.65

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4 Pronouns

Issues

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Pronouns 4

3/4

Pronouns

Features Types

See more in 4.78 - 4.95

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Pronouns 4.1

4/1

Pronouns

Case Gender

Gender

Number Main features

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Pronouns 4.1

4/2

Pronouns

Features Main features

• without determiners

• with an objective case

• with person distinction (1 st – I/

we; 2 nd – you; 3 rd – he/she/it/they)

• with overt gender contrast (masculine, feminine & non- personal)

• singular and plural form:

not often morphologically related

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Pronouns 4.1

4/3

Pronouns

Features

Person Case Genitive Number

Main features • first person: the speaker

(and one or more other)

• second person: the interlocutor(s)

• third person: one/more other persons other than the

interlocutor(s)

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Pronouns 4.1

4/4

Pronouns

Case Genitive Number

Main features • Most pronouns: two-case

system (subjective & genitive)

• Other 6 pronouns: case system (subjective, objective, genitive)

(I, we, he, she, they, who) (me, us, him, her, them, whom) (my, our, his, her, their, whose)

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Pronouns 4.1

4/5

Pronouns

Case Gender

Gender

Number

Main features • with a distinction

between masculine and feminine in 3rd person singulars: personal, reflexive, and possessive.

(he - she; himself - herself; her - his )

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Pronouns 4.1

4/6

Pronouns

Case Genitive Number

Main features • The 2nd person: a common

form for singular & plural in the personal & possessive series, but a separate form for

plural in the reflexive

(you – your but

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Pronouns 4.2

4/7

Pronouns

Types

Personal Pronouns

Reflexive Pronouns

Reciprocal Pronouns

Possessive Pronouns

Relative Pronouns

Interrogative Pronouns

Demonstrative Pronouns

Demonstrative Pronouns Quantifying Pronouns

Quantifying Pronouns

Partitive Pronouns

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Pronouns 4.2

4/8

Pronouns

Types

Personal Pronouns

Personal Pronouns • Subjective forms: (I, you, we, they, he, she, it) as

Subjects and Subject complements E.g.: He is a student at this university

• Objective forms: (me, you, us, them, him, her, it)

as Objects and prepositional complements

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Pronouns 4.2

4/9

Pronouns

Types

Reflexive Pronouns

Reflexive Pronouns • Include: myself, yourself(ves), ourselves,

themselves, himself, herself, itself

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Pronouns 4.2

4/10

Pronouns

Types

Reciprocal Pronouns

Reciprocal Pronouns • include: each other, one another

E.g.: - Mary likes Mike and Mike likes Mary.

 They like each other.

- I have 3 friends They don’t like one

another.

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Pronouns 4.2

4/11

Pronouns

Types

Possessive Pronouns

• Determiner function

(my, your, our, their, his, her, its)

E.g.: This is my friend.

• Nominal function

(mine, yours, ours, theirs, his, hers, its) E.g.: This friend is mine.

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Pronouns 4.2

4/12

Pronouns

Types

Relative Pronouns

• Personal

(who (ever), whom, whose, that)

E.g.: Whoever comes here needs an ID card.

• Non-personal

(which(ever), whose, that, what(ever)) E.g.: Whose is this book?

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Pronouns 4.2

4/13

Pronouns

Types

Interrogative Pronouns

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Pronouns 4.2

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Pronouns 4.2

4/15

Pronouns

Types

Quantifying Pronouns

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Pronouns 4.2

& determiners • Include: each, all, every, and “every”

compounds (everything, everyone, etc.) E.g.: Each of the students should have

his own books.

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Pronouns 4.2

4/17

Pronouns

Types

Partitive Pronouns

• Assertive ProNs: someone/body, something, somewhere, some (pronoun or determiner) E.g.: Somebody has turned on the light

• Non-assertive ProNs: anyone, anybody, anything, anywhere, either, any (pronoun or determiner)

• E.g.: - Have you got anything to eat now?

- Have you got any paper? I need some.

• Negative ProNs: no one/body, nowhere, neither, none, no (pronoun or determiner)

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 Workbook exercises 45, 48-65

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